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122600.9810Multi-drug resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from flies at Chengdu Airport, China. We collected flies from Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport to examine for the presence of bacteria and to determine the sensitivity patterns of those bacteria. A total of 1,228 flies were collected from 6 sites around Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport from April to September 2011. The predominant species was Chrysomya megacephala (n=276, 22.5%). Antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria (n=48) were isolated from flies using MacConkey agar supplemented with cephalothin (20 microg/ml). These were identified as Escherichia coli (n=37), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=6), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=3) and Aeromonas hydrophila (n=2). All isolated bacteria were tested for resistance to 21 commonly used antimicrobials: amoxicillin (100%), ticarcillin (100%), cephalothin (100%), cefuroxime (100%), ceftazidime 1 (93.8%), piperacillin (93.8%), cefotaxime (89.6%), ticarcillin-clavulanate (81.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (62.5%), ciprofloxacin (54.2%), gentamicin (45.8%), cefepime (39.6%), tobramycin (39.6%), ceftazidime (22.9%), cefoxitin (16.7%), amikacin (16.7%), netilmicin (14.6%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (6.3%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (2.1%). No resistance to meropenem or imipenem was observed. Antibiotic resistance genes among the isolated bacteria were analyzed for by polymerase chain reaction. Thirty of the 48 bacteria with resistance (62.5%) possessed the blaTEM gene.201324450236
138210.9809Surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in Sheltered dogs in the Kanto Region of Japan. There is a lack of an established antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance system in animal welfare centers. Therefore, the AMR prevalence in shelter dogs is rarely known. Herein, we conducted a survey in animal shelters in Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures, in the Kanto Region, Japan, to ascertain the AMR status of Escherichia coli  (E. coli) prevalent in shelter dogs. E. coli was detected in the fecal samples of all 61 and 77 shelter dogs tested in Chiba and Kanagawa, respectively. The AMR was tested against 20 antibiotics. E. coli isolates derived from 16.4% and 26.0% of samples from Chiba and Kanagawa exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, respectively. E. coli in samples from Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures were commonly resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid; that from the Kanagawa Prefecture to cefazolin, cefotaxime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin and that from Chiba Prefecture to chloramphenicol and imipenem. Multidrug-resistant bacteria were detected in 18 dogs from both regions; β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaDHA-1, blaCTX-M-9 group CTX-M-14), quinolone-resistance protein genes (qnrB and qnrS), and mutations in quinolone-resistance-determining regions (gyrA and parC) were detected. These results could partially represent the AMR data in shelter dogs in the Kanto Region of Japan.202235031646
123320.9808Prevalence, Antibiogram, and Resistance Profile of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Pig Farms in Luzon, Philippines. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antibiogram, and resistance profile of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms in Luzon, Philippines. A total of 162 rectal samples from healthy finisher and breeder pigs and boot swab samples from pig houses were collected from 54 randomly selected pig farms. Bacteria were isolated and screened using MacConkey agar plate supplemented with 1 mg/L cefotaxime. Identification of bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility test were carried out through Vitek(®) 2 and combined disk test. PCR amplifications were carried out in all isolates targeting bla(CTX-M) and its five major groupings, bla(TEM), and bla(SHV). The farm prevalence of ESBL-EC was 57.41% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 43.21-70.77). A total of 48 (29.63%) ESBL-EC isolates were isolated from samples that showed 14 different phenotypic multidrug resistance patterns. The prevalence of bla(CTX-M) gene was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02-97.68). All major bla(CTX-M-groups) except bla(CTX-M-25group) were detected. The bla(CTX-M-1) was the most prevalent bla(CTX-M) gene, 75.0% (95% CI = 60.40-86.36). The prevalence of bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) genes was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02-97.68) and 60.42% (95% CI = 45.27-74.23), respectively. Coexistence of different bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), and bla(SHV) genes was observed in 44 isolates with 20 different genotypic patterns. High prevalence, diverse antibiogram profile, and genotypic resistance pattern of ESBL-EC isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms were observed in this study that could result in possible transmission to farm workers, susceptible bacteria, and the environment.202031532307
125830.9807Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy rabbits. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Methicillin-resistant globally, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of disease in both humans and animals. Several studies have documented the presence of MRSA in healthy and infected animals. However, there is less information on MRSA occurrence in exotic pets, especially healthy rabbits. This study aimed to look into the antimicrobial resistance profile, hidden antimicrobial-resistant genes in isolated bacteria, and to estimate prevalence of MRSA in healthy rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-hundreds and eighteen samples, including 42 eyes, 44 ears, 44 oral, 44 ventral thoracic, and 44 perineal swabs, were taken from 44 healthy rabbits that visited the Prasu-Arthorn Animal Hospital, in Nakornpathom, Thailand, from January 2015 to March 2016. The traditional methods of Gram stain, mannitol fermentation, hemolysis on blood agar, catalase test, and coagulase production were used to confirm the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in all specimens. All bacterial isolates were determined by antimicrobial susceptibility test by the disk diffusion method. The polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the antimicrobial-resistant genes (blaZ, mecA, aacA-aphD, msrA, tetK, gyrA, grlA, and dfrG) in isolates of MRSA with a cefoxitin-resistant phenotype. RESULTS: From 218 specimens, 185 S. aureus were isolated, with the majority of these being found in the oral cavity (29.73%) and ventral thoracic area (22.7%), respectively. Forty-seven (25.41%) MRSAs were found in S. aureus isolates, with the majority of these being found in the perineum (16, 34.04%) and ventral thoracic area (13, 27.66%) specimens. Among MRSAs, 29 (61.7%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Most of MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin (100%), followed by ceftriaxone (44.68%) and azithromycin (44.68%). In addition, these bacteria contained the most drug-resistance genes, blaZ (47.83%), followed by gyrA (36.17%) and tetK (23.4%). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that MRSA could be found even in healthy rabbits. Some MRSAs strains were MDR-MRSA, which means that when an infection occurs, the available antibiotics were not effective in treating it. To prevent the spread of MDR-MRSA from pets to owners, it may be helpful to educate owners about effective prevention and hygiene measures.202236590129
133240.9806First study on capsular serotypes and virulence factors of Pasteurella multocida isolates from Phan Rang sheep in Vietnam. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Pasteurella multocida is considered as a main factor mediating pneumonic pasteurellosis in ruminants, including sheep. It is also a current threat to Phan Rang sheep in Vietnam. This study aimed to characterize P. multocida isolated from Phan Rang sheep, their antibiotic resistance profile, and the prevalence of some virulence-associated genes of these strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bacteria were isolated on brain heart infusion, 10% sheep blood agar plates, and screened by biochemical tests. The polymerase chain reaction technique was used with specific primers to identify P. multocida, the presence of virulence-associated genes, and serotypes of isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation of isolates were examined using the disk diffusion method and crystal violet-based method, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 41 P. multocida strains were isolated from 485 samples from clinically sick and healthy sheep. Of the isolates, 58.53% were serotype A, 9.75% were serotype B, and 31.71% were serotype D. Healthy animals were infected with serotype D only. All 15 virulence genes were identified in all strains isolated from clinically sick sheep, while strains isolated from healthy sheep carried 11/15 virulence genes tested. Among virulence-associated genes exbB, exbD, tonB, ompA, oma87, fimA, hgbA, and nanB were detected in over 90% of isolates, whereas hgbB, nanH, tbpA and pfhA were less frequent. Interestingly, pmHAS and tadD were highly prevalent in capsular type A strains, whereas the toxA gene was detected in capsular type D strains only. All of the isolated strains were fully susceptible to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, neomycin, and ofloxacin. About 92.68% were susceptible to chloramphenicol and 90.24% to amikacin, but there was high resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. Our results reveal that 53.65% of 41 isolates could produce biofilm, whereas 46.34% could not. CONCLUSION: Pasteurella multocida from Phan Rang sheep possess many virulence genes and resistance to several common antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. The results are an important warning regarding antibiotic resistance of P. multocida.202337042011
123150.9805Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-mediated Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Genes (balaTEM, blaCTX and blASHV) Among Urinary Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates in Mashhad, Iran. OBJECTIVES: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria have an important role in nosocomial infections. Due to the limited availability of information about the molecular epidemiology of ESBL producing bacteria in Mashhad, we decided to investigate about TEM, CTX and SHV ESBLs among urinary Escherichia coli isolates in Mashhad, a city in northeast Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and eleven clinical isolates of E. coli were diagnosed from hospitalized patients in 2009. After performing antibiogram and phenotypic confirmation test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX primers and restriction digestion was carried out using PstI and TaqI (Fermentas-Lithuania) for confirmation. RESULTS: ESBL producers of E. coli isolates were 33.3%. Among 37 ESBL-producing isolates, 35 (94.6%), 21 (56.8%) and 5 (13.5%) were shown to have blaCTX, blaTEM and blaSHV, genes respectively. Co-resistance to non-beta lactam antibiotics was observed more with ESBL producers (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results showed that the studied ESBL genes are found with high prevalence and among them blaCTX is more widespread in urine E. coli isolates in Mashhad.201223493415
133560.9804Prevalence of virulence factor, antibiotic resistance, and serotype genes of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from pigs in Vietnam. AIM: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and characterization of the Pasteurella multocida isolates from suspected pigs in Vietnam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 83 P. multocida strains were isolated from lung samples and nasal swabs collected from pigs associated with pneumonia, progressive atrophic rhinitis, or reproductive and respiratory symptoms. Isolates were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for capsular typing, detection of virulence-associated genes and antibiotic resistance genes by PCR. The antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the isolates were tested by disk diffusion method. RESULTS: All the isolates 83/83 (100%) were identified as P. multocida by PCR: serogroup A was obtained from 40/83 (48.19%), serogroup D was detected from 24/83 strains (28.91%), and serogroup B was found in 19/83 (22.35%) isolates. The presence of 14 virulence genes was reported including adhesins group (ptfA - 93.97%, pfhA - 93.97%, and fimA - 90.36%), iron acquisition (exbB - 100%, and exbD - 85.54%), hyaluronidase (pmHAS - 84.33%), and protectins (ompA - 56.62%, ompH 68.67%, and oma87 - 100%). The dermonecrotoxin toxA had low prevalence (19.28%). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that cephalexin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin were the drugs most likely active against P. multocida while amoxicillin and tetracycline were inactive. The usage of PCR revealed that 63/83 isolates were carrying at least one of the drug resistance genes. CONCLUSION: Unlike other parts of the word, serotype B was prevalent among Vietnamese porcine P. multocida strains. The high antibiotic resistance detected among these isolates gives us an alert about the current state of imprudent antibiotic usage in controlling the pathogenic bacteria.202032636585
145770.9804Detection of TEM and CTX-M Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Clinical Specimens at Tertiary Care Heart Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative pathogens, predominantly ESBL-producing clinical isolates, are increasing worldwide. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing clinical isolates, their antibiogram, and the frequency of ESBL genes (bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M)) in the clinical samples from patients. METHODS: A total of 1065 clinical specimens from patients suspected of heart infections were collected between February and August 2019. Bacterial isolates were identified on colony morphology and biochemical properties. Thus, obtained clinical isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, while ESBL producers were identified by using a combination disk diffusion method. ESBL positive isolates were further assessed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the ESBL genes bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M). RESULTS: Out of 1065 clinical specimens, 17.8% (190/1065) showed bacterial growth. Among 190 bacterial isolates, 57.4% (109/190) were Gram-negative bacteria. Among 109 Gram-negative bacteria, 40.3% (44/109) were E. coli, and 30.2% (33/109) were K. pneumoniae. In AST, 57.7% (n = 63) Gram-negative bacterial isolates were resistant to ampicillin and 47.7% (n = 52) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Over half of the isolates (51.3%; 56/109) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Of 44 E. coli, 27.3% (12/44) were ESBL producers. Among ESBL producer E. coli isolates, 58.4% (7/12) tested positive for the bla(CTX-M) gene and 41.6% (5/12) tested positive for the bla(TEM) gene. CONCLUSION: Half of the Gram-negative bacteria in our study were MDR. Routine identification of an infectious agent followed by AST is critical to optimize the treatment and prevent antimicrobial resistance.202133562276
122380.9804Characterization of Escherichia coli virulence genes, pathotypes and antibiotic resistance properties in diarrheic calves in Iran. BACKGROUND: Calf diarrhea is a major economic concern in bovine industry all around the world. This study was carried out in order to investigate distribution of virulence genes, pathotypes, serogroups and antibiotic resistance properties of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic calves. RESULTS: Totally, 76.45% of 824 diarrheic fecal samples collected from Isfahan, Chaharmahal, Fars and Khuzestan provinces, Iran were positive for E. coli and all of them were also positive for cnf2, hlyA, cdtIII, f17c, lt, st, stx1, eae, ehly, stx2 and cnf1 virulence genes. Chaharmahal had the highest prevalence of STEC (84.61%), while Isfahan had the lowest (71.95%). E. coli serogroups had the highest frequency in 1-7 days old calves and winter season. Distribution of ETEC, EHEC, AEEC and NTEC pathotypes among E. coli isolates were 28.41%, 5.07%, 29.52% and 3.49%, respectively. Statistical analyses were significant for presence of bacteria between various seasons and ages. All isolates had the high resistance to penicillin (100%), streptomycin (98.25%) and tetracycline (98.09%) antibiotics. The most commonly detected resistance genes were aadA1, sul1, aac[3]-IV, CITM, and dfrA1. The most prevalent serogroup among STEC was O26. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings should raise awareness about antibiotic resistance in diarrheic calves in Iran. Clinicians should exercise caution when prescribing antibiotics.201425052999
145590.9801Resistance to bacterial infection, complication occurring after cardiac surgery. To analyze the occurrence of resistant bacterial infection in patients undergoing cardiac surgery hospitalized in the surgical specialty hospital, in Erbil city, Iraq. A prospective study was done on a total of 138 patients operated and hospitalized in an intensive care unit and surgical wards. Bacterial isolates identification was done according to cultural characteristics, microscopic examination, some biochemical tests, analytic Profile Index 20E& API Staph, confirmed with VITEK® 2 compact system (BioMérieux). Antimicrobial susceptibility for disc diffusion tested to 17 antimicrobial agents. Resistance isolates were confirmed phenotypically for carbapenemase by Rapidec Carba NP Test (bioMe´rieux SA, Marcy-l'E´toile, France) for ESBLs producers by ESBL screening test VITEK 2 system. Molecularly blaIMP blaTEM, blaKPC, AmpC and blaCTX-M were detected by PCR. In 134 patients, 28.3% of patients got infected post-operatively. The most frequent source of isolation was from ICU patients (75%). Isolated bacteria included gram-positive 29 (54.7%) and gram-negative bacteria 24 (45.3%). Most frequently:  Staphylococcus aureus (24.4%), each of pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia (15.1%), Streptococcus spp. (11.3%), Escherichia coli (9.4%). Whereas included Coagulase Negative Staphylococci species (CoNS) (13.2%) and Enterococci species (5.7) Statistical analysis showed significantly higher sensitive isolates as compared with resistance isolates. Resistance to Carbapenems calss was 18.9% and Cephalosporins class 41.5% of isolates. The antimicrobial resistance pattern indicated that MDR bacterial isolates (81.1%) were widespread. Of the 34 phenotypically ESBL positive isolates, the ESBL genes (AmpC, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM) were amplified in 7(20.6), 6(17.6) and 6(17.6) isolates respectively. Out of 8 K. pneumonia (37.5%) harboring both blaAmpC and bla-CTX-M genes, while 6(75%) carries blaTEM. The blaCTX-M gene was found in only 1 (12.5%) out of 8 isolates of P. aeruginosa. While blaAmpC genotyping revealed that 1(7.7%) out of 13 Staph. aureus isolates were harboring it. Finally, 3(60%) out of 5 E. coli isolates harboring both AmpC and bla-CTX-M genes. Cardiac surgery patients wound show increasingly emerging strains of ESBL-producing gram-negative bacteria K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa and E. coli especially patients prolonged in the intensive care unit.202034174972
2190100.9801Microbial Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Diabetic Patients with Mild, Moderate, and Severe Foot Infections in Tehran. It is estimated that 10-25% of diabetic patients will encounter diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) during their lifetime. This study evaluated the microbiology of DFUs and determined the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates based on the severity of wounds and infections in different grades of ulcer. The specimens were collected from115 diabetic foot infections (DFI) deep tissue by needle aspiration and biopsy. The aerobic and anaerobic cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out. The presence of resistance genes including metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), ermA, ermC, and mecA was also determined. A total of 222 microorganisms were isolated. The prevalence of poly-microbial infections was 69.6%. Bacterial isolates comprised 64.2% Gram-positive bacteria (GPB), 33.5% Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), and five isolates of anaerobic bacteria were also detected. The most prevalent GPB and GNB were Staphylococcus spp. (52.2%) and Escherichia coli (33.3%), respectively. The prevalence of poly-microbial infections and GNB was positively associated with increased grades of Wagner and IDSA classifications. Among Staphylococcus aureus isolates, resistance to clindamycin (73.5%), ciprofloxacin (70.6%), and erythromycin (70.6%) were noticeable. GNB was also highly resistant to cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin. ESBL genes were detected in approximately 40% of isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. The prevalence of ermA, ermC, and mecA genes in S. aureus isolates were 8.8%, 32.3%, and 14.7%, respectively. In conclusion, our data suggest that GPBs are the most common isolates from DFIs. Furthermore, with the development of wounds and infection, the prevalence of GNB in DFIs are increased.202237123144
1276110.9800Should we leave the paper currency? A microbiological examination. OBJECTIVE: Pathogens can be transmitted to banknotes due to the personal unhygienic habits. The aim of study was to find the possible pathogens on the banknotes circulating in the market and also to present their antibacterial resistance and their various virulence factors using genotypic and phenotypic methods. METHODS: A total of 150 samples of bank-notes were randomly collected between August 2017 and March 2018. VITEK systems were used for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing respectively. Antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA, van, extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL] and carbapenemases) and staphyloccoccal virulence genes (staphyloccoccal enterotoxins [SEs], pvl, and tsst-1) were determined using with real-time PCR. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Enterococcus spp., Gram-negative enteric bacteria, non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria and Candida spp. were detected 48%, 54.7%, 56%, 21.3%, 18.7%, and 4%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and ESBL producing Gram-negative were found 46.8%, 1.3%, and 28.7%, respectively. Pvl, tsst-1, and SEs genes were found in a 2.8/4.9%, 1.4/1.2%, and 100/ 87.8% of the S. aureus/CoNS strains, respectively. The sea gene was found the most common enterotoxigenic gene. blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-1, blaKPC, and blaOXA-48 were found 55.8%, 46.5%, 41.2%, 18.6%, 18.6%, and 18.6%, respectively in Gram-negative strains. CONCLUSIONS: These results is very important to highlight hygienic status of paper currencies. This can be considered as an indication that banknotes may contribute to the spread of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, we may need to start using alternative products instead of banknotes.202032066229
1301120.9800Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Retail Meat. BACKGROUND: Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are determined to be one of the main causes of foodborne diseases. PURPOSE: This survey was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus bacteria isolated from retail meat. METHODS: Four-hundred and eighty-five retail meat samples were collected and examined. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The phenotypic profile of antibiotic resistance was examined using the disk diffusion method. The genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Forty-eight out of 485 (9.89%) raw retail meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Raw retail buffalo meat (16%) had the highest incidence of S. aureus, while raw camel meat (4%) had the lowest. S. aureus bacteria exhibited the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (79.16%), penicillin (72.91%), gentamicin (60.41%), and doxycycline (41.666%). The incidence of resistance toward chloramphenicol (8.33%), levofloxacin (22.91%), rifampin (22.91%), and azithromycin (25%) was lower than other examined antibiotics. The most routinely detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaZ (58.33%), tetK (52.08%), aacA-D (33.33%), and ermA (27.08%). Cat1 (4.16%), rpoB (10.41%), msrA (12.50%), grlA (12.50%), linA (14.58%), and dfrA1 (16.66%) had the lower incidence rate. CONCLUSION: Raw meat of animals may be sources of resistant S. aureus which pose a hygienic threat about the consumption of raw meat. Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand supplementary epidemiological features of S. aureus in retail meat.202032440171
1467130.9800Detection of bla (CTX-M15) and bla (OXA-48) genes in Gram-negative isolates from neonatal sepsis in central of Iran. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of neonatal sepsis with a focus on antibiotic resistance and the frequency of the bla (CTX-M-15) and bla (OXA-48) genes in Gram-negative isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 108 Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) and 153 peripheral blood samples were cultured via BACTEC from May 2017 to June 2018. The bacterial isolates were identified using phenotypic and genotypic analyses. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined by disk diffusion. PCR was used to determine the frequency of β-lactamase genes. RESULTS: Among the 153 infants, 21 (13.7%) proved positive for sepsis. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most frequent isolates in the peripheral blood cultures. E. coli and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were isolated from two UCB cultures. The highest resistance among the Gram-positive strains was to cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and clindamycin. In the Gram-negative bacteria the highest rates of resistance were to ampicillin (91.7%). The frequency of bla (OXA-48) and bla (CTX-M-15) genes was 25% and 50%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The high antibiotic resistance among the isolates reveals the importance of monitoring antibiotic consumption and improving control standards in the health care system, especially in neonatal wards.201931719958
1266140.9799Characterization of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in milk from cows with mastitis in Brazil. Staphylococci are one of the most prevalent microorganisms in bovine mastitis. Staphylococcus spp. are widespread in the environment, and can infect animals and humans as opportunistic pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of methicillin-resistance (MR) among coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) previously obtained from milk of mastitic cows in Brazil and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and the SCCmec type of MRCoNS isolates. Identification of MRCoNS was based on both biochemical and molecular methods. Susceptibility testing for eleven antimicrobials was performed by disk-diffusion agar. Antimicrobial resistance genes and SCCmec were investigated by specific PCRs. Twenty-six MRCoNS were detected (20 % of total CoNS), obtained from 24 animals, and were identified as follows: S. epidermidis (7 isolates), S. chromogenes (7), S. warneri (6), S. hyicus (5) and S. simulans (1). All MRCoNS isolates carried mecA while the mecC gene was not detected in any CoNS. The SCCmec IVa was demonstrated in nine MRCoNS, while the remaining 17 isolates harbored non-typeable SCCmec cassettes. In addition to oxacillin and cefoxitin resistance, MRCoNS showed resistance to tetracycline (n = 7), streptomycin (n = 6), tobramycin (n = 6), and gentamicin (n = 4), and harbored the genes tet(K) (n = 7), str (n = 3), ant(4') (n = 6) and aac(6')-aph(2″) (n = 4), respectively. In addition, seven strains showed intermediate resistance to clindamycin and two to streptomycin, of which two harboured the lnu(B) and lsa(E) genes and two the aad(E) gene, respectively. One isolate presented intermediate erythromycin and clindamycin resistance and harbored an erm(C) gene with an uncommon 89-bp deletion rendering a premature stop codon. MRCoNS can be implicated in mastitis of cows and they constitute a reservoir of resistance genes that can be transferred to other pathogenic bacteria.201424817534
1466150.9799Antibiotic resistance and genotype of beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in nosocomial infections in Cotonou, Benin. BACKGROUND: Beta lactams are the most commonly used group of antimicrobials worldwide. The presence of extended-spectrum lactamases (ESBL) affects significantly the treatment of infections due to multidrug resistant strains of gram-negative bacilli. The aim of this study was to characterize the beta-lactamase resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from nosocomial infections in Cotonou, Benin. METHODS: Escherichia coli strains were isolated from various biological samples such as urine, pus, vaginal swab, sperm, blood, spinal fluid and catheter. Isolated bacteria were submitted to eleven usual antibiotics, using disc diffusion method according to NCCLS criteria, for resistance analysis. Beta-lactamase production was determined by an acidimetric method with benzylpenicillin. Microbiological characterization of ESBL enzymes was done by double disc synergy test and the resistance genes TEM and SHV were screened by specific PCR. RESULTS: ESBL phenotype was detected in 29 isolates (35.5%). The most active antibiotic was imipenem (96.4% as susceptibility rate) followed by ceftriaxone (58.3%) and gentamicin (54.8%). High resistance rates were observed with amoxicillin (92.8%), ampicillin (94%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (85.7%). The genotype TEM was predominant in ESBL and non ESBL isolates with respectively 72.4% and 80%. SHV-type beta-lactamase genes occurred in 24.1% ESBL strains and in 18.1% of non ESBL isolates. CONCLUSION: This study revealed the presence of ESBL producing Eschericiha coli in Cotonou. It demonstrated also high resistance rate to antibiotics commonly used for infections treatment. Continuous monitoring and judicious antibiotic usage are required.201525595314
2185160.9799Isolation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. from dogs in Chattogram Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES: Antibacterial resistance is a great concern in human and food animal medicine, and it poses a significant concern in pet animals like dogs. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. along with the carryover of some resistance genes in E. coli from dogs in the Chattogram metropolitan area, Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rectal swab (n = 50), nasal swab (n = 50), and skin swab (n = 50) samples were collected from dogs having respiratory infections, skin infections, and/or enteritis, respectively. Three types of bacteria were identified and isolated by conventional bacteriological techniques and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out against 12 antimicrobials by disk diffusion methods. Six resistance genes, namely bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II, were screened for phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates by the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 39 (78%) E. coli, 25 (50%) Staphylococcus spp., and 24 (48%) Streptococcus spp. isolates were isolated from the rectal swab, nasal swab, and skin swab samples, respectively. In the cultural sensitivity test, the E. coli isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone (79%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (64%). Doxycycline (80%) demonstrated the highest resistance among Staphylococcus isolates, followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (60%). Streptococcus isolates showed the highest resistance to penicillin (63%), followed by ceftriaxone (54%), while no isolate showed resistance to gentamycin. The prevalence of bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II genes in phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates were 100%, 61.29%, 100%, 8.33%, 56%, and 72%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Spillover of such multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes from pet dogs pose a serious public health risk.202033409311
1418170.9799Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among patients admitted to intensive care unit of Imam Khomeini hospital in Ilam, Iran. INTRODUCTION: Nosocomial infections (NIs) are a major challenge worldwide. Identification of antibiotic resistance pattern extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) were the objectives of this study. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates collected from patients with NIs in ICU was determined. Overall, 42 Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from different infection sites were used to determine phenotypic tests of ESBLs, Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) and CRE. Detection of ESBLs, MBLs and CRE genes were performed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS: From 71 patients with NIs, 103 different bacterial strains were isolated. The most frequently isolated bacteria were E. coli (n = 29; 28.16%), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 15; 14.56%), and K. pneumoniae (n = 13; 12.26%). Also, the rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates was 58.25% (60/103). Based on phenotypic confirmation tests, 32 (76.19%) isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae produced ESBLs, and 6 (14.28%) isolates were identified as CRE producers. PCR showed the high prevalence of the bla(CTX-M) (n = 29; 90.62%) in ESBL genes. In addition, bla(NDM) was detected in 4 (66.66%), bla(OXA-23) in 3 (50%), and bla(OXA-48) gene in 1 (16.66%) isolates. The bla(VIM), bla(KPC), and bla(IMP) genes were not detected in any of the isolates. CONCLUSION: The Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae with high resistance levels were the most common bacteria causing NIs in the ICU. This study for the first time identified bla(OXA-11), bla(OXA-23), and bla(NDM-1) genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Ilam city of Iran.202337155016
1302180.9799A survey of prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic assessment of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples collected from Tehran Province, Iran. BACKGROUND: Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are considered among the major causes of foodborne diseases. This survey aims to assess genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples. METHODS: According to the previously reported prevalence of S. aureus in ready-to-eat food samples, a total of 415 ready-to-eat food samples were collected from Tehran province, Iran. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. Besides, the phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile was determined by disk diffusion. In addition, the genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the PCR. RESULTS: A total of 64 out of 415 (15.42%) ready-to-eat food samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Grilled mushrooms and salad olivieh harbored the highest contamination rate of (30%), while salami samples harbored the lowest contamination rate of 3.33%. In addition, S. aureus bacteria harbored the highest prevalence of resistance to penicillin (85.93%), tetracycline (85.93%), gentamicin (73.43%), erythromycin (53.12%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51.56%), and ciprofloxacin (50%). However, all isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotic agents. Accordingly, the prevalence of tetK (70.31%), blaZ (64.06%), aacA-D (57.81%), gyrA (50%), and ermA (39.06%) was higher than that of other detected antibiotic resistance genes. Besides, AacA-D + blaZ (48.43%), tetK + blaZ (46.87%), aacA-D + tetK (39.06%), aacA-D + gyrA (20.31%), and ermA + blaZ (20.31%) were the most frequently identified combined genotypic patterns of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION: Ready-to-eat food samples may be sources of resistant S. aureus, which pose a hygienic threat in case of their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of S. aureus in ready-to-eat foods.202134635183
1244190.9798Identification of antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli from subclinical mastitis milk in dairy cows and goats, East Java Province. Antibiotics are still used to treat mastitis in dairy cows in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyse antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) from subclinical mastitis milk in East Java Province, Indonesia. The samples consisted of subclinical mastitis milk from cows and goats. A total of 592-quarter cow's milk and 71 goat's milk samples from both halves of the udder were collected from 67 farms in Lumajang, Banyuwangi, Malang, Sidoarjo, Jember, Pasuruan, Probolinggo, and Mojokerto. Subclinical mastitis samples were screened using the California mastitis test (CMT). E. coli was identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. E. coli was confirmed with a primer specific to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Gene resistance of E. coli was tested using the multiplex-PCR (mPCR) technique with primers encoding the genes temoneira enzyme (TEM), oxacillinase (OXA), sulfhydryl variable (SHV), and cefotaximase-munich IV (CTX-M IV). These genes were chosen because mastitis treatment generally uses oxacilline and β-lactam antibiotics. All data obtained were analysed descriptively. The results show that six isolates of E. coli (46.15%) carried a single resistance gene (TEM or SHV) and two isolates (33.33%) were confirmed as multiple drug-resistant organisms (MDROs) (TEM and SHV). The resistance genes were found in samples originating from Blitar, Banyuwangi, Lumajang, and Pasuruan Regencies. This research implies that antibiotic-resistance genes found in E. coli on certain farms are dangerous and may allow gene transmission to other bacteria that make treatment for mastitis or other bacterial infections ineffective.202438550619