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81100.8389Genomic analysis of five antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from the environment. Our study presents the whole-genome sequences and annotation of five bacteria isolates, each demonstrating distinct antibiotic resistance. These isolates include Bacillus paranthracis RIT 841, Atlantibacter hermanii RIT 842, Pantoea leporis RIT 844, Enterococcus casseliflavus RIT 845, and Pseudomonas alkylphenolica RIT 846, underscoring the importance of understanding antimicrobial resistance.202439189722
82210.8261Exoglucanase-encoding genes from three Wickerhamomyces anomalus killer strains isolated from olive brine. Wickerhamomyces anomalus killer strains are important for fighting pathogenic yeasts and for controlling harmful yeasts and bacteria in the food industry. Targeted disruption of key genes in β-glucan synthesis of a sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain conferred resistance to the toxins of W. anomalus strains BS91, BCA15 and BCU24 isolated from olive brine. Competitive inhibition of the killing activities by laminarin and pustulan refer to β-1,3- and β-1,6-glucans as the main primary toxin targets. The extracellular exoglucanase-encoding genes WaEXG1 and WaEXG2 from the three strains were sequenced and were found to display noticeable similarities to those from known potent W. anomalus killer strains.201323148020
601120.8239Identification and characterization of tetracycline resistance in Lactococcus lactis isolated from Polish raw milk and fermented artisanal products. To assess the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in Polish raw milk and fermented artisanal products, a collection comprising 500 isolates from these products was screened. Among these isolates, six strains (IBB28, IBB160, IBB161, IBB224, IBB477 and IBB487) resistant to tetracycline were identified. The strains showing atypical tetracycline resistance were classified as Lactococcus lactis: three of them were identified as L. lactis subsp. cremoris (IBB224, IBB477 and IBB487) and the other three (IBB28, IBB160, IBB161) were identified as L. lactis subsp. lactis. The mechanism involving Ribosomal Protection Proteins (RPP) was identified as responsible for tetracycline resistance. Three of the tested strains (IBB28, IBB160 and IBB224) had genes encoding the TetS protein, whereas the remaining three (IBB161, IBB477 and IBB487) expressed TetM. The results also demonstrated that the genes encoding these proteins were located on genetic mobile elements. The tet(S) gene was found to be located on plasmids, whereas tet(M) was found within the Tn916 transposon.201526204235
290230.8223Erythromycin resistance in the commensal throat flora of patients visiting the general practitioner: a reservoir for resistance genes for potential pathogenic bacteria. The prevalence and mechanism of erythromycin resistance in commensal throat streptococci was determined from October 2000 until December 2002 as part of an ongoing study of the NIVEL in general practice patients (N=678). Resistance prevalence for 1mg/L and 16 mg/L erythromycin was 57% and 20%, respectively. The percentage of total commensal flora resistant within each patient ranged from 1% to 100% (median, 1%). mefA was predominantly found among isolates on the 1mg/L plates, and ermB was found in 64% of the isolates on the 16 mg/L plates. Erythromycin resistance was transferred from a commensal isolate to Streptococcus pneumoniae with a frequency of 1 x 10(-9). Commensal streptococci of general practice patients in The Netherlands form a large reservoir of transferable erythromycin resistance (genes) for potential pathogenic microorganisms.200515963697
538140.8217Draft genome sequence of Staphylococcus urealyticus strain MUWRP0921, isolated from the urine of an adult female Ugandan. Staphylococcus urealyticus bacteria are pathogenic among immune-compromised individuals. A strain (MUWRP0921) of Staphylococcus urealyticus with a genome of 2,708,354 bp was isolated from Uganda and carries genes that are associated with antibiotic resistance, including resistance to macrolides (erm(C) and mph(C')), aminoglycosides (aac(6")-aph(2")), tetracyclines (tet(K)), and trimethoprim (dfrG).202438078696
148350.8212Clinical Evaluation of the iCubate iC-GPC Assay for Detection of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Resistance Markers from Positive Blood Cultures. The iC-GPC Assay (iCubate, Huntsville, AL) is a qualitative multiplex test for the detection of five of the most common Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium) responsible for bacterial bloodstream infections, performed directly from positive blood cultures. The assay also detects the presence of the mecA, vanA, and vanB resistance determinants. This study comparatively evaluated the performance of the iC-GPC Assay against the Verigene Gram-positive blood culture (BC-GP) assay (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX) for 1,134 patient blood culture specimens positive for Gram-positive cocci. The iC-GPC Assay had an overall percent agreement with the BC-GP assay of 95.5%. Discordant specimens were further analyzed by PCR and a bidirectional sequencing method. The results indicate that the iC-GPC Assay together with the iCubate system is an accurate and reliable tool for the detection of the five most common Gram-positive bacteria and their resistance markers responsible for bloodstream infections.201829899000
541260.8206Molecular basis of resistance to macrolides and other antibiotics in commensal viridans group streptococci and Gemella spp. and transfer of resistance genes to Streptococcus pneumoniae. We assessed the mechanisms of resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS(B)) antibiotics and related antibiotics in erythromycin-resistant viridans group streptococci (n = 164) and Gemella spp. (n = 28). The macrolide resistance phenotype was predominant (59.38%); all isolates with this phenotype carried the mef(A) or mef(E) gene, with mef(E) being predominant (95.36%). The erm(B) gene was always detected in strains with constitutive and inducible MLS(B) resistance and was combined with the mef(A/E) gene in 47.44% of isolates. None of the isolates carried the erm(A) subclass erm(TR), erm(A), or erm(C) genes. The mel gene was detected in all but four strains carrying the mef(A/E) gene. The tet(M) gene was found in 86.90% of tetracycline-resistant isolates and was strongly associated with the presence of the erm(B) gene. The cat(pC194) gene was detected in seven chloramphenicol-resistant Streptococcus mitis isolates, and the aph(3')-III gene was detected in four viridans group streptococcal isolates with high-level kanamycin resistance. The intTn gene was found in all isolates with the erm(B), tet(M), aph(3')-III, and cat(pC194) gene. The mef(E) and mel genes were successfully transferred from both groups of bacteria to Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 by transformation. Viridans group streptococci and Gemella spp. seem to be important reservoirs of resistance genes.200415328112
122870.8202High Prevalence and Significant Association of ESBL and QNR Genes in Pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates of Patients from Kolkata, India. Pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae, resistant to beta-lactam and quinolone drugs, is widely recognized as important bacteria causing array of diseases. The resistance property is obtained by acquisition of plasmid encoded blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, QNRA, QNRB and QNRS genes. The aim of this study was to document the prevalence and association of these resistant genes in K. pneumoniae infecting patients in India. Approximately 97 and 76.7 % of the 73 K. pneumoniae isolates showed resistance towards beta-lactam and quinolone drugs respectively. Bla genes were detected in 74 % of K. pneumoniae isolates; with prevalence in the following order: blaTEM > blaSHV > blaCTXM. QNR genes were detected in 67 % samples. Chi-square analysis revealed significant association between presence of bla and qnr genes in our study (P value = 0.000125). Sequence analysis of some blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M and QNRB PCR products revealed presence of blaTEM1 (GenBank accession: JN193522), blaTEM116 (JN193523 and JN193524), blaSHV11, blaCTXM72 variants (JF523199) and QNRB1 (JN193526 and JN193527) in our samples.201224293710
613380.8199Comparative genomic study of three species within the genus Ornithinibacillus, reflecting the adaption to different habitats. In the present study, we report the whole genome sequences of two species, Ornithinibacillus contaminans DSM22953(T) isolated from human blood and Ornithinibacillus californiensis DSM 16628(T) isolated from marine sediment, in genus Ornithinibacillus. Comparative genomic study of the two species was conducted together with their close relative Ornithinibacillus scapharcae TW25(T), a putative pathogenic bacteria isolated from dead ark clam. The comparisons showed O. contaminans DSM22953(T) had the smallest genome size of the three species indicating that it has a relatively more stable habitat. More stress response and heavy metal resistance genes were found in the genome of O. californiensis DSM 16628(T) reflecting its adaption to the complex marine environment. O. scapharcae TW25(T) contained more antibiotic resistance genes and virus factors in the genome than the other two species, which revealed its pathogen potential.201626706221
538390.8196Draft genome sequence of Acinetobacter haemolyticus strain MUWRP1017 isolated from the pus of a female inpatient at Bwera General Hospital in Uganda. The bacterium Acinetobacter haemolyticus, with a genome size of 3.4 Mb, was isolated from a pus swab of a wound on the left lower limb above the ankle joint of a female patient. This strain carries the antimicrobial resistance genes cephalosporinase blaADC-25, oxallinase blaOXA-264, floR, and sul2 and other resistance and virulence genes.202439162454
815100.8196The sequence of the mer operon of pMER327/419 and transposon ends of pMER327/419, 330 and 05. Three different, independently isolated mercury-resistance-conferring plasmids, pMER327/419, pMER330 and pMER05, from cultures originating from the river Mersey (UK), contain identical regulatory merR genes and transposon ends. The mer determinant from pMER327/419 contains an additional potential ORF (ORF F) located between merP and merA when compared with the archetypal Tn501. Although these plasmids confer narrow-spectrum resistance (resistance to Hg2+, but not organomercurials) their merR genes encode a potential organomercurial-sensing protein. Transposition of the mer of pMER05 into plasmid RP4 was demonstrated and, as with Tn502 and Tn5053, insertion occurred at a specific region. The sequence of pMER05 is identical at the 'left' and 'right' termini and across merR to Tn5053, which was independently isolated from the chromosome of a Xanthomonas sp. bacteria from the Khaidarkan mercury mine in Kirgizia, former Soviet Union [Kholodii et al., J. Mol. Biol. 230 (1993a) 1103-1107]. The transpositional unit of pMER05 is, like that of Tn5053, bounded by DNA homologous to the imperfect 25-bp inverted repeats (IR) of the In2 integron, which brackets antibiotic-resistance cassettes in Tn21 subgroup transposons. At one end of the transposable element, and internal to the In2-like IR, is a 38-bp IR which closely resembles the IR that bounds Tn21.19948063107
5843110.8194Genome sequences of copper resistant and sensitive Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from copper-fed pigs in Denmark. Six strains of Enterococcus faecalis (S1, S12, S17, S18, S19 and S32) were isolated from copper fed pigs in Denmark. These Gram-positive bacteria within the genus Enterococcus are able to survive a variety of physical and chemical challenges by the acquisition of diverse genetic elements. The genome of strains S1, S12, S17, S18, S19 and S32 contained 2,615, 2,769, 2,625, 2,804, 2,853 and 2,935 protein-coding genes, with 41, 42, 27, 42, 32 and 44 genes encoding antibiotic and metal resistance, respectively. Differences between Cu resistant and sensitive E. faecalis strains, and possible co-transfer of Cu and antibiotic resistance determinants were detected through comparative genome analysis.201526203344
1259120.8193Tetracycline resistance potential of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from freshwater fin-fish aquaculture system. AIMS: This study investigated the tetracycline resistance potential of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from twenty-four freshwater fin-fish culture ponds in Andhra Pradesh, India. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 261 tetracycline resistant bacteria (tetR) were recovered from pond water, pond sediment, fish gills, fish intestine, and fish feed. Bacteria with high tetracycline resistance (tetHR) (n = 30) that were resistant to tetracycline concentrations above 128  μg mL-1 were predominantly Lactococcus garvieae followed by Enterobacter spp., Lactococcus lactis, Enterobacter hormaechei, Staphylococcus arlettae, Streptococcus lutetiensis, Staphylococcus spp., Brevundimonas faecalis, Exiguobacterium profundum, Lysinibacillus spp., Stutzerimonas stutzeri, Enterobacter cloacae, and Lactococcus taiwanensis. Resistance to 1024 μg mL-1 of tetracycline was observed in L. garvieae, S. arlettae, Enterobacter spp., B. faecalis. Tet(A) (67%) was the predominant resistance gene in tetHR followed by tet(L), tet(S), tet(K), and tet(M). At similar concentrations of exposure, tetracycline procured at the farm level (69.5% potency) exhibited lower inhibition against tetHR bacteria compared to pure tetracycline (99% potency). The tetHR bacteria showed higher cross-resistance to furazolidone (100%) followed by co-trimoxazole (47.5%) and enrofloxacin (11%). CONCLUSIONS: The maximum threshold of tetracycline resistance at 1024 μg mL-1 was observed in S. arlettae, Enterobacter spp., B. faecalis, and L. garvieae and tet(A) was the major determinant found in this study.202336958862
5388130.8192Molecular identification and antibiotic resistance of bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria isolated from table olives. In the present study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from table olive in Morocco. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA fingerprinting with (GTG)'(5) primer revealed a remarquable variability within isolates. According to the molecular identification, Enterococcus faecium was the most dominant species isolated with 32 strains (84.21%), followed by 4 strains of Weissella paramesenteroides (10.52%), 1 strain of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (2.63%) and Lactobacillus plantarum (2.63%). All of the strains that were identified showed occurrence of more than one bacteriocin-encoding gene. Based on the results obtained, L. plantarum 11 showed a mosaic of loci coding for nine bacteriocins (pln A, pln D, pln K, pln G, pln B, pln C, pln N, pln J, ent P). A phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance was also examined. L. plantarum 11, L. mesenteroides 62, W. paramesenteroides 9 and W. paramesenteroides 36 as well as all the strains of E. faecium were susceptible to ampicillin, clindamycin and teicoplanin; however, isolates showed a resistance profile against tetracycline and erythromycin. Except E. faecium 114, E. faecium 130 and L. plantarum 11, no antibiotic resistance genes were detected in all of the strains, which might be due to resistances resulting from non-transferable or non-acquired resistance determinants (intrinsic mechanism).202132995979
5435140.8191Distribution of fibronectin-binding protein genes (prtF1 and prtF2) and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin genes (spe) among Streptococcus pyogenes in Japan. Two hundred and seventy-two strains of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from patients with invasive and noninvasive infections in Japan were evaluated for the prevalence of fibronectin-binding protein genes (prtF1 and prtF2). The possible associations of the genes with streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin genes, macrolide resistance genes, and emm types were also evaluated. Overall, about 50% of S. pyogenes isolates carried fibronectin-binding protein genes. The prevalence of the prtF1 gene was significantly higher among isolates from noninvasive infections (71.4%) than among isolates from invasive infections (30.8%; P = 0.0037). Strains possessing both the prtF1 and prtF2 genes were more likely to be isolates from noninvasive infections than isolates from invasive infections (50.6% vs 15.4%; P = 0.019). S. pyogenes isolates with streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin genes (speA and speZ) were more common among isolates without fibronectin-binding protein genes. The speC gene was more frequently identified among isolates with fibronectin-binding protein genes (P = 0.05). Strains belonging to emm75 or emm12 types more frequently harbored macrolide resistance genes than other emm types (P = 0.0094 and P = 0.043, respectively). Strains carrying more than one repeat at the RD2 region of the prtF1 gene and the FBRD region of the prtF2 gene were more prevalent among strains with macrolide resistance genes than among strains negative for macrolide resistance genes. These genes (i.e., the prtF1, prtF2, and spe genes) may enable host-bacteria interaction, and internalization in the host cell, but may not enable infection complications such as invasive diseases.200920012726
1484150.8191Use of a commercial PCR-based line blot method for identification of bacterial pathogens and the mecA and van genes from BacTAlert blood culture bottles. In this study, the PCR-based DNA strip assay GenoType BC for the identification of bacteria and the resistance genes mecA, vanA, vanB, vanC1, and vanC2/3 directly from positive BacTAlert blood culture bottles was evaluated in a multicenter study. Of a total of 511 positive blood cultures, correct identification percentages for Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and the mecA gene were 96.1%, 89.9%, and 92.9%, respectively. Results were available 4 h after growth detection.201222075585
1298160.8190Molecular investigation of macrolide and Tetracycline resistances in oral bacteria isolated from Tunisian children. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of strains isolated from the oral cavity of Tunisian children. DESIGN: Strains were isolated from the oral cavity of Tunisian children (60 caries-actives and 30 caries-free). Molecular characterization was assessed by PCR assay to detect erythromycin methylase gene (ermB), macrolide efflux (mefI) and tetracycline resistance genes (tetM and tetO). RESULTS: A total of 21 species were isolated and identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility revealed that the resistance rate to antibiotics was as follow: erythromycin (22%), tetracycline (15.6%), cefotaxim, (7.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol (37.6%), nitrofurantoine (2.8%), pristinamycin (17.4%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (15.6%), and rifampicin (3.7%). The majority of mefI positive strains (31.2%) were isolated from the carious children (n=34) in comparison with 8.25% from the control group (n=9). In addition, frequency of strains caring resistance genes were as follow: 12.84% for ermB, 9.17% for tetM and 27.52% for tetO from the carious children in comparison to 0.092%, 3.67% and 3.67% from the caries free group respectively. CONCLUSION: Multi-resistance strains towards macrolides and tetracycline were recorded. The majority of strains carrying antibiotics resistance genes were isolated from the caries active children. The presence of multi-resistant bacteria in the oral cavity can be the major cause of antibiotic prophylaxis failure in dental practise.201120950793
5387170.8189Assessment of antibiotic susceptibility within lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from wine. Susceptibility to 12 antibiotics was tested in 75 unrelated lactic acid bacteria strains of wine origin of the following species: 38 Lactobacillus plantarum, 3 Lactobacillus hilgardii, 2 Lactobacillus paracasei, 1 Lactobacillus sp, 21 Oenococcus oeni, 4 Pediococcus pentosaceus, 2 Pediococcus parvulus, 1 Pediococcus acidilactici, and 3 Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations of the different antibiotics that inhibited 50% of the strains of the Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus genera were, respectively, the following ones: penicillin (2, < or =0.5, and < or =0.5 microg/ml), erythromycin (< or =0.5 microg/ml), chloramphenicol (4 microg/ml), ciprofloxacin (64, 8, and 128 microg/ml), vancomycin (> or =128 microg/ml), tetracycline (8, 2, and 8 microg/ml), streptomycin (256, 32, and 512 microg/ml), gentamicin (64, 4, and 128 microg/ml), kanamycin (256, 64, and 512 microg/ml), sulfamethoxazole (> or =1024 microg/ml), and trimethoprim (16 microg/ml). All 21 O. oeni showed susceptibility to erythromycin, tetracycline, rifampicin and chloramphenicol, and exhibited resistance to aminoglycosides, vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, that could represent intrinsic resistance. Differences were observed among the O. oeni strains with respect to penicillin or ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Antibiotic resistance genes were studied by PCR and sequencing, and the following genes were detected: erm(B) (one P. acidilactici), tet(M) (one L. plantarum), tet(L) (one P. parvulus), aac(6')-aph(2") (four L. plantarum, one P. parvulus, one P. pentosaceus and two O. oeni), ant(6) (one L. plantarum, and two P. parvulus), and aph(3')-IIIa (one L. plantarum and one O. oeni). This is the first time, to our knowledge, that ant(6), aph(3')-IIIa and tet(L) genes are found in Lactobacillus and Pediococcus strains and antimicrobial resistance genes are reported in O. oeni strains.200616876896
2168180.8189PREVALENCE OF GENETIC MARKERS OF RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS IN BIOFILM-FORMING STRAINS OF OBLIGATE AND ELECTIVE ANAEROBES. AIM: Comparative study of frequency of detection of genetic markers of resistance to antibiotics forming in anaerobic bacteria under the conditions of mixed biofilms in a clinical setting and comparison of data of phenotypic and genotypic methods of study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 66 strains of bacteria forming biofilm with PCR detection of antibiotics were studied: Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epi- dermidis, Enterococcusfaecalis, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anaero- bic pathogens - Porphyromonasgingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Parvinonas micra, Prevotella intermedia. Modelling of microbial biofilms in vitro and scanning electron microscopy were carried out. RESULTS: The studied strains of resident and pathogenic microbiota were established to have genes that code resistance to P-lactam antibiotics; carbapenems, macrolides, tetra- cyclines. Genetic markers of resistance to P-lactam antibiotics (STX-M 14 MECA - cepha- losporines), including carbapenems.(VIM and NDM, but not Oxa-48), glycopeptides (VanA and VanB), macrolides (ERM), tetracycline (Tet) and QNRB plasmids (fluoroquinolones) were detected in strains by PCR. CONCLUSION: The most frequently used preparations in dental practice - metronidazole and lincomycin (for the last 20 - 30 years) have shown the highest number of resistant strains - 52.3 and 22.7%, respectively. The frequency of detection of genetic markers of resistance to other studied preparations did not exceed 2.5 - 11.4%. Minimal quantity of resistant strains of anaerobic bacteria was detected for carbapenems and fluoroquinolones.201730695540
5213190.8187Draft genome sequences of Limosilactobacillus fermentum IJAL 01 335, isolated from a traditional cereal fermented dough. Limosilactobacillus fermentum IJAL 01 335 was isolated from mawè, a spontaneously fermented cereal dough from Benin. The 1.83 Mb draft genome sequence (52.37% GC) comprises 154 contigs, 1,836 coding sequences, and 23 predicted antibiotic resistance genes, providing insights into its genetic features and potential application in food fermentation.202541170963