# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 9905 | 0 | 1.0000 | Mobile genetic elements in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a clinically important pathogenic bacteria that poses a serious threat to human health. In particular, the emergence of hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae has posed great challenges in clinical anti-infective therapy. In the K. pneumoniae genome, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids, prophages, transposons, and insertion sequences, enhance bacterial viability and adaptation by mediating the horizontal transfer of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes, and other adaptive genes. This paper reviews the types and characteristics of the main MGEs in K. pneumoniae, focusing on their effects on bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance, with the aim of providing clues for developing infection control measures and new antibacterial drugs. | 2025 | 40298401 |
| 9908 | 1 | 0.9999 | Insights on the Horizontal Gene Transfer of Carbapenemase Determinants in the Opportunistic Pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a driving force to the evolution of bacteria. The fast emergence of antimicrobial resistance reflects the ability of genetic adaptation of pathogens. Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged in the last few decades as an important opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, in part due to its high capacity of acquiring resistance to diverse antibiotic families, including to the so-called last line drugs such as carbapenems. The rampant selective pressure and genetic exchange of resistance genes hinder the effective treatment of resistant infections. A. baumannii uses all the resistance mechanisms to survive against carbapenems but production of carbapenemases are the major mechanism, which may act in synergy with others. A. baumannii appears to use all the mechanisms of gene dissemination. Beyond conjugation, the mostly reported recent studies point to natural transformation, transduction and outer membrane vesicles-mediated transfer as mechanisms that may play a role in carbapenemase determinants spread. Understanding the genetic mobilization of carbapenemase genes is paramount in preventing their dissemination. Here we review the carbapenemases found in A. baumannii and present an overview of the current knowledge of contributions of the various HGT mechanisms to the molecular epidemiology of carbapenem resistance in this relevant opportunistic pathogen. | 2016 | 27681923 |
| 4562 | 2 | 0.9998 | The Dynamics of the Antimicrobial Resistance Mobilome of Salmonella enterica and Related Enteric Bacteria. The foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica is considered a global public health risk. Salmonella enterica isolates can develop resistance to several antimicrobial drugs due to the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, thus increasing the impact on hospitalization and treatment costs, as well as the healthcare system. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play key roles in the dissemination of AMR genes in S. enterica isolates. Multiple phenotypic and molecular techniques have been utilized to better understand the biology and epidemiology of plasmids including DNA sequence analyses, whole genome sequencing (WGS), incompatibility typing, and conjugation studies of plasmids from S. enterica and related species. Focusing on the dynamics of AMR genes is critical for identification and verification of emerging multidrug resistance. The aim of this review is to highlight the updated knowledge of AMR genes in the mobilome of Salmonella and related enteric bacteria. The mobilome is a term defined as all MGEs, including plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences (ISs), gene cassettes, integrons, and resistance islands, that contribute to the potential spread of genes in an organism, including S. enterica isolates and related species, which are the focus of this review. | 2022 | 35432284 |
| 9904 | 3 | 0.9998 | Genome plasticity as a paradigm of antibiotic resistance spread in ESKAPE pathogens. The major reason behind the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is persistent selective pressure in the environment encountered by bacteria. Genome plasticity plays a crucial role in dissemination of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens. Mobile genetic elements harboring ARGs are reported to dodge bacterial immune system and mediate horizontal gene transfer (HGT) under selective pressure. Residual antibiotic pollutants develop selective pressures that force the bacteria to lose their defense mechanisms (CRISPR-cas) and acquire resistance. The present study targets the ESKAPE organisms (namely, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) causing various nosocomial infections and emerging multidrug-resistant species. The role of CRISPR-cas systems in inhibition of HGT in prokaryotes and its loss due to presence of various stressors in the environment is also focused in the study. IncF and IncH plasmids were identified in all strains of E. faecalis and K. pneumoniae, carrying Beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, whereas sal3, phiCTX, and SEN34 prophages harbored aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA, aac). Various MGEs present in selected environmental niches that aid the bacterial genome plasticity and transfer of ARGs contributing to its spread are also identified. | 2022 | 35349073 |
| 9910 | 4 | 0.9998 | Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence in Gram-Negatives: the Klebsiella pneumoniae Paradigm. Plasmids harbor genes coding for specific functions including virulence factors and antibiotic resistance that permit bacteria to survive the hostile environment found in the host and resist treatment. Together with other genetic elements such as integrons and transposons, and using a variety of mechanisms, plasmids participate in the dissemination of these traits, resulting in the virtual elimination of barriers among different kinds of bacteria. In this article we review the current information about the physiology of plasmids and their role in virulence and antibiotic resistance from the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. This bacterium has acquired multidrug resistance and is the causative agent of serious community- and hospital-acquired infections. It is also included in the recently defined ESKAPE group of bacteria that cause most U.S. hospital infections. | 2014 | 26104358 |
| 6614 | 5 | 0.9998 | Whole-Genome Sequencing of Pathogenic Bacteria-New Insights into Antibiotic Resistance Spreading. In recent years, the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by both pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria has become a major problem worldwide, which was already noticed as a global healthcare threat by the World Health Organization [...]. | 2021 | 34946225 |
| 6613 | 6 | 0.9998 | Approaches for characterizing and tracking hospital-associated multidrug-resistant bacteria. Hospital-associated infections are a major concern for global public health. Infections with antibiotic-resistant pathogens can cause empiric treatment failure, and for infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria which can overcome antibiotics of "last resort" there exists no alternative treatments. Despite extensive sanitization protocols, the hospital environment is a potent reservoir and vector of antibiotic-resistant organisms. Pathogens can persist on hospital surfaces and plumbing for months to years, acquire new antibiotic resistance genes by horizontal gene transfer, and initiate outbreaks of hospital-associated infections by spreading to patients via healthcare workers and visitors. Advancements in next-generation sequencing of bacterial genomes and metagenomes have expanded our ability to (1) identify species and track distinct strains, (2) comprehensively profile antibiotic resistance genes, and (3) resolve the mobile elements that facilitate intra- and intercellular gene transfer. This information can, in turn, be used to characterize the population dynamics of hospital-associated microbiota, track outbreaks to their environmental reservoirs, and inform future interventions. This review provides a detailed overview of the approaches and bioinformatic tools available to study isolates and metagenomes of hospital-associated bacteria, and their multi-layered networks of transmission. | 2021 | 33582841 |
| 4877 | 7 | 0.9998 | Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in aquatic environments: a review. Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest public-health challenges worldwide, especially with regard to Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Carbapenems are the β-lactam antibiotics of choice with the broadest spectrum of activity and, in many cases, are the last-resort treatment for several bacterial infections. Carbapenemase-encoding genes, mainly carried by mobile genetic elements, are the main mechanism of resistance against carbapenems in GNB. These enzymes exhibit a versatile hydrolytic capacity and confer resistance to most β-lactam antibiotics. After being considered a clinical issue, increasing attention is being giving to the dissemination of such resistance mechanisms in the environment and especially through water. Aquatic environments are among the most significant microbial habitats on our planet, known as a favourable medium for antibiotic gene transfer, and they play a crucial role in the huge spread of drug resistance in the environment and the community. In this review, we present current knowledge regarding the spread of carbapenemase-producing isolates in different aquatic environments, which may help the implementation of control and prevention strategies against the spread of such dangerous resistant agents in the environment. | 2021 | 33895415 |
| 4873 | 8 | 0.9998 | Farm animals and aquaculture: significant reservoirs of mobile colistin resistance genes. Colistin resistance has attracted substantial attention after colistin was considered as a last-resort drug for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant and/or multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria in clinical settings. However, with the discovery of highly mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, colistin resistance has become an increasingly urgent issue worldwide. Despite many reviews, which summarized the prevalence, mechanisms, and structures of these genes in bacteria of human and animal origin, studies on the prevalence of mobile colistin resistance genes in aquaculture and their transmission between animals and humans remain scarce. Herein, we review recent reports on the prevalence of colistin resistance genes in animals, especially wildlife and aquaculture, and their possibility of transmission to humans via the food chain. This review also gives some insights into the routine surveillance, changing policy and replacement of polymyxins by polymyxin derivatives, molecular inhibitors, and traditional Chinese medicine to tackle colistin resistance. | 2020 | 32114703 |
| 9909 | 9 | 0.9998 | Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. Enterobacter aerogenes and E. cloacae have been reported as important opportunistic and multiresistant bacterial pathogens for humans during the last three decades in hospital wards. These Gram-negative bacteria have been largely described during several outbreaks of hospital-acquired infections in Europe and particularly in France. The dissemination of Enterobacter sp. is associated with the presence of redundant regulatory cascades that efficiently control the membrane permeability ensuring the bacterial protection and the expression of detoxifying enzymes involved in antibiotic degradation/inactivation. In addition, these bacterial species are able to acquire numerous genetic mobile elements that strongly contribute to antibiotic resistance. Moreover, this particular fitness help them to colonize several environments and hosts and rapidly and efficiently adapt their metabolism and physiology to external conditions and environmental stresses. Enterobacter is a versatile bacterium able to promptly respond to the antibiotic treatment in the colonized patient. The balance of the prevalence, E. aerogenes versus E. cloacae, in the reported hospital infections during the last period, questions about the horizontal transmission of mobile elements containing antibiotic resistance genes, e.g., the efficacy of the exchange of resistance genes Klebsiella pneumoniae to Enterobacter sp. It is also important to mention the possible role of antibiotic use in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases in this E. aerogenes/E. cloacae evolution. | 2015 | 26042091 |
| 9907 | 10 | 0.9998 | Mobile Genetic Elements Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance. Strains of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, particularly those that are multiresistant, are an increasing major health care problem around the world. It is now abundantly clear that both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are able to meet the evolutionary challenge of combating antimicrobial chemotherapy, often by acquiring preexisting resistance determinants from the bacterial gene pool. This is achieved through the concerted activities of mobile genetic elements able to move within or between DNA molecules, which include insertion sequences, transposons, and gene cassettes/integrons, and those that are able to transfer between bacterial cells, such as plasmids and integrative conjugative elements. Together these elements play a central role in facilitating horizontal genetic exchange and therefore promote the acquisition and spread of resistance genes. This review aims to outline the characteristics of the major types of mobile genetic elements involved in acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, focusing on the so-called ESKAPEE group of organisms (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., and Escherichia coli), which have become the most problematic hospital pathogens. | 2018 | 30068738 |
| 9882 | 11 | 0.9998 | Integrons in Enterobacteriaceae: diversity, distribution and epidemiology. Integrons are versatile gene acquisition systems that allow efficient capturing of exogenous genes and ensure their expression. Various classes of integrons possessing a wide variety of gene cassettes are ubiquitously distributed in enteric bacteria worldwide. The epidemiology of integrons associated multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is rapidly evolving. In the past two decades, the incidence of integrons in enteric bacteria has increased drastically with evolution of multiple gene cassettes, novel gene arrangements and complex chromosomal integrons such as Salmonella genomic islands. This review focuses on the distribution, versatility, spread and global trends of integrons among important members of the Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Shigella and Salmonella, which are known to cause infections globally. Such a comprehensive understanding of integron-associated antibiotic resistance, their role in the spread of such resistance traits and their clinical relevance especially with regard to each genus individually is paramount to contain the global spread of antibiotic resistance. | 2018 | 29038087 |
| 4320 | 12 | 0.9998 | The mobilome landscape of biocide-resistance in Brazilian ESKAPE isolates. The increasing frequency of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a constant threat to global human health. Therefore, the pathogens of the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacter spp.) are among the most relevant causes of hospital infections responsible for millions of deaths every year. However, little has been explored about the danger of microorganisms resistant to biocides such as antiseptics and disinfectants. Widely used in domestic, industrial, and hospital environments, these substances reach the environment and can cause selective pressure for resistance genes and induce cross-resistance to antibiotics, further aggravating the problem. Therefore, it is necessary to use innovative and efficient strategies to monitor the spread of genes related to resistance to biocides. Whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis aiming to search for sequences encoding resistance mechanisms are essential to help monitor and combat these pathogens. Thus, this work describes the construction of a bioinformatics tool that integrates different databases to identify gene sequences that may confer some resistance advantage about biocides. Furthermore, the tool analyzed all the genomes of Brazilian ESKAPE isolates deposited at NCBI and found a series of different genes related to resistance to benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, and triclosan, which were the focus of this work. As a result, the presence of resistance genes was identified in different types of biological samples, environments, and hosts. Regarding mobile genetic elements (MGEs), around 52% of isolates containing genes related to resistance to these compounds had their genes identified in plasmids, and 48.7% in prophages. These data show that resistance to biocides can be a silent, underestimated danger spreading across different environments and, therefore, requires greater attention. | 2024 | 39028534 |
| 4319 | 13 | 0.9998 | Threat and Control of tet(X)-Mediated Tigecycline-Resistant Acinetobacter sp. Bacteria. Tigecycline is regarded as one of the last-resort antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter sp. bacteria. Recently, the tigecycline-resistant Acinetobacter sp. isolates mediated by tet(X) genes have emerged as a class of global pathogens for humans and food-producing animals. However, the genetic diversities and treatment options were not systematically discussed in the era of One Health. In this review, we provide a detailed illustration of the evolution route, distribution characteristics, horizontal transmission, and rapid detection of tet(X) genes in diverse Acinetobacter species. We also detail the application of chemical drugs, plant extracts, phages, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and CRISPR-Cas technologies for controlling tet(X)-positive Acinetobacter sp. pathogens. Despite excellent activities, the antibacterial spectrum and application safety need further evaluation and resolution. It is noted that deep learning is a promising approach to identify more potent antimicrobial compounds. | 2025 | 41097540 |
| 4561 | 14 | 0.9998 | Genomic Epidemiological Analysis of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria with Nanopore Sequencing. Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial infections caused by clinically important bacteria, including ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) and mycobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria), have become a global public health threat. Their epidemic and pandemic clones often accumulate useful accessory genes in their genomes, such as AMR genes (ARGs) and virulence factor genes (VFGs). This process is facilitated by horizontal gene transfer among microbial communities via mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids and phages. Nanopore long-read sequencing allows easy and inexpensive analysis of complex bacterial genome structures, although some aspects of sequencing data calculation and genome analysis methods are not systematically understood. Here we describe the latest and most recommended experimental and bioinformatics methods available for the construction of complete bacterial genomes from nanopore sequencing data and the detection and classification of genotypes of bacterial chromosomes, ARGs, VFGs, plasmids, and other MGEs based on their genomic sequences for genomic epidemiological analysis of AMR bacteria. | 2023 | 36781732 |
| 4869 | 15 | 0.9998 | Horizontal gene transfer-emerging multidrug resistance in hospital bacteria. The frequency and spectrum of antibiotic resistant infections have increased worldwide during the past few decades. This increase has been attributed to a combination of microbial characteristics, the selective pressure of antimicrobial use, and social and technical changes that enhance the transmission of resistant organisms. The resistance is acquired by mutational change or by the acquisition of resistance-encoding genetic material which is transferred from another bacteria. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes may be causally related to the overuse of antibiotics in human health care and in animal feeds, increased use of invasive devices and procedures, a greater number of susceptible hosts, and lapses in infection control practices leading to increased transmission of resistant organisms. The resistance gene sequences are integrated by recombination into several classes of naturally occurring gene expression cassettes and disseminated within the microbial population by horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: transformation, conjugation or transduction. In the hospital, widespread use of antimicrobials in the intensive care units (ICU) and for immunocompromised patients has resulted in the selection of multidrug-resistant organisms. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci, vancomycin resistant Enterococci and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram negative bacilli are identified as major problem in nosocomial infections. Recent surveillance studies have demonstrated trend towards more seriously ill patients suffering from multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections. Emergence of multiresistant bacteria and spread of resistance genes should enforce the application of strict prevention strategies, including changes in antibiotic treatment regimens, hygiene measures, infection prevention and control of horizontal nosocomial transmission of organisms. | 2003 | 12791177 |
| 4875 | 16 | 0.9998 | An Overview of the Genetic Mechanisms of Colistin-Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens: An Indian Perspective. Colistin resistance in bacteria is a growing global issue, given its role as a critical last-resort antibiotic, particularly for treating Gram-negative bacterial infections. Pathogens adopt multiple resistance mechanisms, mediated either by plasmids or chromosomal changes. Some of the most frequently observed strategies include the occurrence of plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, enhanced efflux pump activity, mutations in the regulatory systems, and alterations in the lipid A structure. This article provides an overview of the studies investigating the genetic mechanisms underlying colistin resistance in nosocomial Gram-negative bacteria from India. A total of 37 studies were identified through online searches across various databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. These studies were reviewed to examine bacterial species and their mechanisms of colistin resistance. Over 26 (70.27%) studies were focused on Klebsiella pneumoniae. The most commonly reported mechanism of colistin resistance involved mutations in the two-component systems pmrAB and phoPQ. Plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant mcr genes were identified in 22 studies (18.18%). Four studies reported the overexpression of efflux pump genes as a mechanism of colistin resistance. This article provides a comprehensive summary of these studies, emphasizing the presence of diverse resistance mechanisms across various pathogens. It underscores the necessity for future genomic research on a broader range of pathogens to investigate the prevalence of different mechanisms of colistin resistance in the various regions of India. | 2025 | 40078264 |
| 6612 | 17 | 0.9998 | Carbapenem Resistance among Marine Bacteria-An Emerging Threat to the Global Health Sector. The emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms is a major issue for global public health, as it results in acute or chronic infections, debilitating diseases, and mortality. Of particular concern is the rapid and common spread of carbapenem resistance in healthcare settings. Carbapenems are a class of critical antibiotics reserved for treatment against multidrug-resistant microorganisms, and resistance to this antibiotic may result in limited treatment against infections. In addition to in clinical facilities, carbapenem resistance has also been identified in aquatic niches, including marine environments. Various carbapenem-resistant genes (CRGs) have been detected in different marine settings, with the majority of the genes incorporated in mobile genetic elements, i.e., transposons or plasmids, which may contribute to efficient genetic transfer. This review highlights the potential of the marine environment as a reservoir for carbapenem resistance and provides a general overview of CRG transmission among marine microbes. | 2021 | 34683467 |
| 9906 | 18 | 0.9998 | Multi-resistant Gram-negative bacilli: from epidemics to endemics. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Infections due to multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli represent a worrying situation for the management of hospitalized patients. In addition, these bacteria are increasingly involved in epidemics throughout the world. This review focuses on recent data that may help to understand the emergence and dissemination of multi-drug resistant bacilli and the current trend from epidemic to endemic situations. RECENT FINDINGS: Well-established clones enhance their resistance phenotype by the acquisition of new resistant genes, via gene capture genetic units (plasmids, transposons or integrons), thus facilitating the co-selective process under different antimicrobial selective pressures and therefore the long-term persistence of organisms in selective environments. Not only resistant bacterial clones are selected, but also their genetic structures carrying resistance genes. Therefore, current epidemiology of multi-drug resistant bacilli is not only focused on bacterial clones but also on any kind of resistance gene capture units. In this scenario a multiclonal population structure of bacterial organisms corresponds to a collection of different strains sharing resistance genes carried by horizontally transferred genetic structures. As different strains tend to prefer different environments, this concept helps understand why the epidemiology of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli is moving from epidemics to endemics. SUMMARY: The emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant bacilli in the nosocomial setting should be understood in terms of a complex interplay of bacterial clonality, resistance genes and genetic structures promoting rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Intervention strategies in the forthcoming scenario should identify existing epidemic and/or endemic situations involving clonal organisms or resistance genes carried by epidemic gene capture units. | 2003 | 12861084 |
| 9792 | 19 | 0.9998 | Emergence of antibiotic resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care unit; a critical review. The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the healthcare is a serious concern. In the Healthcare premises precisely intensive care unit are major sources of microbial diversity. Recent findings have demonstrated not only microbial diversity but also drug resistant microbes largely habitat in ICU. Pseudomonas aeruginosa found as a part of normal intestinal flora and a significant pathogen responsible for wide range of ICU acquired infection in critically ill patients. Nosocomial infection associated with this organism including gastrointestinal infection, urinary tract infections and blood stream infection. Infection caused by this organism are difficult to treat because of the presence of its innate resistance to many antibiotics (β-lactam and penem group of antibiotics), and its ability to acquire further resistance mechanism to multiple class of antibiotics, including Beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. In the molecular evolution microbes adopted several mechanism to maintain genomic plasticity. The tool microbe use for its survival is mainly biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and horizontal gene transfer and enzyme promiscuity. Such genomic plasticity provide an ideal habitat to grow and survive in hearse environment mainly antibiotics pressure. This review focus on infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, its mechanisms of resistance and available treatment options. The present study provides a systemic review on major source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ICU. Further, study also emphasizes virulence gene/s associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome for extended drug resistance. Study gives detailed overview of antibiotic drug resistance mechanism. | 2019 | 31194018 |