# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 9784 | 0 | 1.0000 | Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria: The Threat from the Pink Corner. Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is a formidable challenge in modern medicine [...]. | 2024 | 39338287 |
| 9800 | 1 | 0.9994 | Regulation of beta-lactamase induction in gram-negative bacteria: a key to understanding the resistance puzzle. Infections caused by drug-resistant microorganisms have posed a medical challenge since the advent of antimicrobial therapy. With the emergence of resistant strains, new antibiotics were available and introduced with great success until this decade. The appearance of multiresistant microorganisms pose a real and immediate public health concern. Are we entering into the post-antibiotic era? Will we return to pre-antimicrobial-era conditions, with morbidity and mortality resulting from untreatable infectious complications? The race to stay ahead of multiresistance involves not only continued drug development and selective use but elucidation of bacterial regulation of resistance. One way to ensure continued success of antimicrobial therapy is the identification of new bacterial targets--genes and their products involved in regulating or mediating resistance. Discussion will focus on one well-defined resistance mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria, the chromosomally located amp operon, responsible for one mechanism of beta-lactam resistance. | 1994 | 7723996 |
| 9793 | 2 | 0.9994 | Recent Review on Subclass B1 Metallo-β-lactamases Inhibitors: Sword for Antimicrobial Resistance. An emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance for microbial pathogens is alarming all the nations, posing a global threat to human health. The production of the metalloβ-lactamase enzyme is the most powerful strategy of bacteria to produce resistance. An efficient way to combat this global health threat is the development of broad/non-specific type of metalloβ-lactamase inhibitors, which can inhibit the different isoforms of the enzyme. Till date, there are no clinically active drugs against metallo- β-lactamase. The lack of efficient drug molecules against MBLs carrying bacteria requires continuous research efforts to overcome the problem of multidrug-resistance bacteria. The present review will discuss the clinically potent molecules against different variants of B1 metalloβ-lactamase. | 2019 | 30556502 |
| 9795 | 3 | 0.9994 | Antibiotic resistance: how it arises, the current position and strategies for the future. After 70 years of antibiotic therapy, the threat of untreatable infections is again a reality with resistance to antibiotics increasing in both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause both community and healthcare associated infections, presenting challenges in treatment and management. The development of new and novel antibiotics, particularly for Gram negative bacteria, is worryingly lacking. This article reviews the current situation and examines future strategies to tackle the continued threat of bacterial resistance. | 2009 | 19835196 |
| 4253 | 4 | 0.9993 | Molecular mechanisms of polymyxin resistance and detection of mcr genes. Antibiotic resistance is an ever-increasing global problem. Major commercial antibiotics often fail to fight common bacteria, and some pathogens have become multi-resistant. Polymyxins are potent bactericidal antibiotics against gram-negative bacteria. Known resistance to polymyxin includes intrinsic, mutational and adaptive mechanisms, with the recently described horizontally acquired resistance mechanisms. In this review, we present several strategies for bacteria to develop enhanced resistance to polymyxins, focusing on changes in the outer membrane, efflux and other resistance determinants. Better understanding of the genes involved in polymyxin resistance may pave the way for the development of new and effective antimicrobial agents. We also report novel in silico tested primers for PCR assay that may be able distinguish colistin-resistant isolates carrying the plasmid-encoded mcr genes and will assist in combating the spread of colistin resistance in bacteria. | 2019 | 30439931 |
| 4313 | 5 | 0.9993 | Molecular epidemiology of clinically significant antibiotic resistance genes. Antimicrobials were first introduced into medical practice a little over 60 years ago and since that time resistant strains of bacteria have arisen in response to the selective pressure of their use. This review uses the paradigm of the evolution and spread of beta-lactamases and in particular beta-lactamases active against antimicrobials used to treat Gram-negative infections. The emergence and evolution particularly of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) is described together with the molecular mechanisms responsible for both primary mutation and horizontal gene transfer. Reference is also made to other significant antibiotic resistance genes, resistance mechanisms in Gram-negative bacteria, such as carbepenamases, and plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance. The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is reviewed in detail as an example of a highly successful Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that has acquired and developed resistance to a wide range of antimicrobials. The role of selective pressures in the environment as well as the medical use of antimicrobials together with the interplay of various genetic mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer are considered in the concluding part of this review. | 2008 | 18311156 |
| 9801 | 6 | 0.9993 | Problems and changing patterns of resistance with gram-negative bacteria. Throughout the antibiotic era, the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria has paralleled the development of new antimicrobial agents. As a result of selection pressures and invasive techniques that prolong the lives of seriously ill hospital patients, gram-negative bacilli have become the dominant causes of nosocomial infection. These microorganisms produce a diversity of antibiotic-inactivating enzymes. Moreover, the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria provides a series of barriers that keep antibiotics from reaching their targets. Resistance factors can be transmitted among bacteria of different genera and species, thus conferring multidrug resistance. These problems continue to challenge scientists to better understand resistance mechanisms and to develop new compounds to circumvent them. | 1985 | 3909311 |
| 3749 | 7 | 0.9993 | Mechanisms of gram-positive vancomycin resistance (Review). Vancomycin-resistant bacteria (VRB) are important consideration in medicine and public health as they can cause life-threatening infections that appear to be resistant to therapy and persist in the body after medication. A wide spectrum of antimicrobial resistance characteristics, as well as various environmental and animal settings underlie the evolution of the most prevalent the most prevalent van genes in the VRB genome, indicating significant gene flow. As illnesses caused by VRB have become increasingly complex, several previously effective therapeutic techniques have become ineffective, complicating clinical care further. The focus of this review is the mechanism of vancomycin resistance in Enterococci, Staphylococci and Lactobacilli. | 2022 | 34938536 |
| 4878 | 8 | 0.9993 | Bacteria carrying mobile colistin resistance genes and their control measures, an updated review. The plasmid encoded mobile colistin resistance (MCRs) enzyme poses a significant challenge to the clinical efficacy of colistin, which is frequently employed as a last resort antibiotic for treating infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. This transferase catalyzes the addition of positively charged phosphoethanolamine to lipid A of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, thereby facilitating the acquired colistin resistance. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss recent advancements in the distribution and pathogenesis of mcr-positive bacteria, as well as the various control measures available for treating these infections. In addition, the ecology of mcr genes, colistin-resistance mechanism, co-existence with other antibiotic resistant genes, and their impact on clinical treatment are also analyzed to address the colistin resistance crisis. These insights provide a comprehensive perspective on MCRs and serve as a valuable reference for future therapeutic approaches to effectively combat mcr-positive bacterial infections. | 2024 | 39516398 |
| 9752 | 9 | 0.9993 | Engineered Phages and Engineered and Recombinant Endolysins Against Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Focused Review on Novel Antibacterial Strategies. Antibiotic resistance has escalated globally, affecting not only commonly used antibiotics but also last-resort agents such as carbapenems and colistin. The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has prompted microbiologists to devise new strategies, with bacteriophages emerging as one of the most promising options. Nevertheless, certain mechanisms have been identified in bacteria that confer resistance to phages. While phage resistance is currently less widespread than antibiotic resistance, challenges such as biofilm formation, newly emerging resistance mechanisms against phages, and the natural limitations of unmodified phages have driven the advancement of engineered phages. This study aims to examine the efficacy of engineered phages and both engineered and recombinant endolysins against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB). We performed a literature review through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, concentrating on studies that utilized these agents against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB). Reviewed studies indicate potential antibacterial activity of these agents against CR-GNB. By engineering and modifying phages, these agents exhibit improved antimicrobial efficacy, temperature stability, and membrane permeability. Furthermore, they demonstrate the ability to eliminate bacteria with multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) profiles. These findings suggest the promising potential of engineered phages and endolysins for future clinical applications against CR-GNB. | 2025 | 40696543 |
| 9799 | 10 | 0.9993 | Microbiology and drug resistance mechanisms of fully resistant pathogens. The acquisition of vancomycin resistance by Gram-positive bacteria and carbapenem resistance by Gram-negative bacteria has rendered some hospital-acquired pathogens impossible to treat. The resistance mechanisms employed are sophisticated and very difficult to overcome. Unless alternative treatment regimes are initiated soon, our inability to treat totally resistant bacteria will halt other developments in medicine. In the community, Gram-positive bacteria responsible for pneumonia could become totally resistant leading to increased mortality from this common infection, which would have a more immediate impact on our current lifestyles. | 2004 | 15451497 |
| 4434 | 11 | 0.9993 | Battle against Vancomycin-Resistant Bacteria: Recent Developments in Chemical Strategies. Vancomycin, a natural glycopeptide antibiotic, was used as the antibiotic of last resort for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections. However, almost 30 years after its use, resistance to vancomycin was first reported in 1986 in France. This became a major health concern, and alternative treatment strategies were urgently needed. New classes of molecules, including semisynthetic antibacterial compounds and newer generations of the previously used antibiotics, were developed. Semisynthetic derivatives of vancomycin with enhanced binding affinity, membrane disruption ability, and lipid binding properties have exhibited promising results against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Various successful approaches developed to overcome the acquired resistance in Gram-positive bacteria, intrinsic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, and other forms of noninherited resistance to vancomycin have been discussed in this Perspective. | 2019 | 30404451 |
| 4242 | 12 | 0.9993 | The basis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The ability of bacteria to resist the inhibitory and lethal actions of antibiotics is a major clinical problem, and has been observed with every antimicrobial agent. In this article, the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are reviewed, and the clinical relevance of such resistance in selected bacteria is discussed. | 1990 | 2192071 |
| 4249 | 13 | 0.9993 | Detection of essential genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae using bioinformatics and allelic replacement mutagenesis. Although the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in major bacterial pathogens for the past decades poses a growing challenge to public health, discovery of novel antimicrobial agents from natural products or modification of existing antibiotics cannot circumvent the problem of antimicrobial resistance. The recent development of bacterial genomics and the availability of genome sequences allow the identification of potentially novel antimicrobial agents. The cellular targets of new antimicrobial agents must be essential for the growth, replication, or survival of the bacterium. Conserved genes among different bacterial genomes often turn out to be essential (1, 2). Thus, the combination of comparative genomics and the gene knock-out procedure can provide effective ways to identify the essential genes of bacterial pathogens (3). Identification of essential genes in bacteria may be utilized for the development of new antimicrobial agents because common essential genes in diverse pathogens could constitute novel targets for broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. | 2008 | 18392984 |
| 9571 | 14 | 0.9993 | Antimicrobial Resistance. Antimicrobial resistance is developing rapidly and threatens to outstrip the rate at which new antimicrobials are introduced. Genetic recombination allows bacteria to rapidly disseminate genes encoding for antimicrobial resistance within and across species. Antimicrobial use creates a selective evolutionary pressure, which leads to further resistance. Antimicrobial stewardship, best use, and infection prevention are the most effective ways to slow the spread and development of antimicrobial resistance. | 2020 | 32891221 |
| 4254 | 15 | 0.9993 | The forgotten Gram-negative bacilli: what genetic determinants are telling us about the spread of antibiotic resistance. Gram-negative bacilli have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics over the past 2 decades due to selective pressure from the extensive use of antibiotics in the hospital and community. In addition, these bacteria have made optimum use of their innate genetic capabilities to extensively mutate structural and regulatory genes of antibiotic resistance factors, broadening their ability to modify or otherwise inactivate antibiotics in the cell. The great genetic plasticity of bacteria have permitted the transfer of resistance genes on plasmids and integrons between bacterial species allowing an unprecedented dissemination of genes leading to broad-spectrum resistance. As a result, many Gram-negative bacilli possess a complicated set of genes encoding efflux pumps, alterations in outer membrane lipopolysaccharides, regulation of porins and drug inactivating enzymes such as beta-lactamases, that diminish the clinical utility of today's antibiotics. The cross-species mobility of these resistance genes indicates that multidrug resistance will only increase in the future, impacting the efficacy of existing antimicrobials. This trend toward greater resistance comes at a time when very few new antibiotics have been identified capable of controlling such multi-antibiotic resistant pathogens. The continued dissemination of these resistance genes underscores the need for new classes of antibiotics that do not possess the liability of cross-resistance to existing classes of drugs and thereby having diminished potency against Gram-negative bacilli. | 2006 | 16359640 |
| 9927 | 16 | 0.9993 | Induction of beta-lactamase enzymes: clinical applications for the obstetric-gynecologic patient. The emergence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics has resulted in intensive research for new and improved beta-lactam antibiotics. Many improvements in antimicrobial agents are based on a knowledge of the mechanism responsible for resistance. This has led to the development of new extended-spectrum antibiotic compounds. However, several features have been noted since the development of extended-spectrum antibiotics, such as the rapid development of bacterial resistance, the induction of beta-lactamase enzyme activity by these stable antibiotics, failure to detect induced enzyme activity and resistance in the laboratory, and beta-lactam antagonism. The resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agents has obvious impact on the selection of appropriate therapy against infections caused by these pathogens. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, such as Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides bivius, are organisms frequently recovered from women whose initial therapy for pelvic infection failed. The transfer of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria indicates that these organisms have a system for the spread of such resistance. Therefore determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities and prompt eradication of isolates from infected patients are necessary to delay the emergence of resistant organisms. | 1987 | 3548378 |
| 9791 | 17 | 0.9993 | Beta-lactam resistance and the effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides against KPC-producing bacteria. Bacterial resistance is a problem that is giving serious cause for concern because bacterial strains such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are difficult to treat and highly opportunistic. These bacteria easily acquire resistance genes even from other species, which confers greater persistence and tolerance towards conventional antibiotics. These bacteria have the highest death rate in hospitalized intensive care patients, so strong measures must be taken. In this review, we focus on the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as an alternative to traditional drugs, due to their rapid action and lower risk of generating resistance by microorganisms. We also present an overview of beta-lactams and explicitly explain the activity of AMPs against carbapenemase-producing bacteria as potential alternative agents for infection control. | 2022 | 36042694 |
| 4316 | 18 | 0.9993 | Why do antimicrobial agents become ineffectual? Antibiotic resistance has evolved over the past 50 years from a merely microbiological curiosity to a serious medical problem in hospitals all over the world. Resistance has been reported in almost all species of gram-positive and -negative bacteria to various classes of antibiotics including recently developed ones. Bacteria acquire resistance by reducing permeability and intracellular accumulation, by alteration of targets of antibiotic action, and by enzymatic modification of antibiotics. Inappropriate use of an antibiotic selects resistant strains much more frequently. Once resistant bacteria has emerged, the resistance can be transferred to other bacteria by various mechanisms, resulting in multiresistant strains. MRSA is one of the typical multiresistant nosocomial pathogens. A study of the PFGE pattern of endonuclease-digested chromosomal DNA showed that MRSA of a few clones were disseminated among newborns in the NICU of a Japanese hospital. In this regard, it is important to choose appropriate antibiotics and then after some time, to change to other classes to reduce the selection of resistant strains. Since the development of epoch-making new antibiotics is not expected in the near future, it has become very important to use existing antibiotics prudently based on mechanisms of antibiotic action and bacterial resistance. Control of nosocomial infection is also very important to reduce further spread of resistant bacteria. | 1998 | 10097676 |
| 4332 | 19 | 0.9993 | Development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria in animals and their public health impact. Gram-negative bacteria are known to cause severe infections in both humans and animals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram-negative bacteria is a major challenge in the treatment of clinical infections globally due to the propensity of these organisms to rapidly develop resistance against antimicrobials in use. In addition, Gram-negative bacteria possess highly efficient mechanisms through which the AMR can be disseminated between pathogenic and commensal bacteria of the same or different species. These unique traits of Gram-negative bacteria have resulted in evolution of Gram-negative bacterial strains demonstrating resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials. The evergrowing resistance issue has not only resulted in limitation of treatment options but also led to increased treatment costs and mortality rates in humans and animals. With few or no new antimicrobials in production to combat severe life-threatening infections, AMR has been described as the one of the most severe, long-term threats to human health. Aside from overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in humans, another factor that has exacerbated the emergence of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria is the veterinary use of antimicrobials that belong to the same classes considered to be critically important for treating serious life-threatening infections in humans. Despite the fact that development of AMR dates back to before the introduction of antimicrobials, the recent surge in the resistance towards all available critically important antimicrobials has emerged as a major public health issue. This review thus focuses on discussing the development, transmission and public health impact of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria in animals. | 2017 | 28258227 |