Virulence, resistance genes, and transformation amongst environmental isolates of Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter spp. - Related Documents




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97601.0000Virulence, resistance genes, and transformation amongst environmental isolates of Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter spp. The association of verotoxic E. coli and Acinetobacter spp. with various antibiotic-resistant, diarrhogenic, and nosocomial infections has been a cause for concern worldwide. E. coli and A. haemolyticus isolated on a number of selective media were screened for virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and transformation of resistance genes. Out of 69 E. coli isolates obtained, 25 (35.23%), 14 (20.30%), and 28 (40.58%) were positive for Vtx1&2, Vtx1, and Vtx2, respectively, 49 (71.015%) for extendedspectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), 34 (49.28%) for serum resistance, 57 (82.61%) for cell surface hydrophobicity, 48 (69.57%) for gelatinase production, and 37 (53.62%) for hemolysin production. For the 14 A. haemolyticus isolates, only 2 (14.29%) in each case from all the samples investigated were positive for Vtx1, Vtx2 and Vtx1&2 respectively, 8 (57.14%) for ESBLs, 7 (50.00%) for serum resistance, 11 (78.57%) for cell surface hydrophobicity, 4 (28.57%) for gelatinase production, and 8 (57.14%) for hemolysin production. Although transformation occurred among the E. coli and Acinetobacter isolates (transformation frequency: 13.3 × 10(-7) -53.4(-7)), there was poor curing of the plasmid genes, a confirmation of the presence of stable antibiotic-resistant genes (DNA concentration between 42.7 and 123.8 microgram) and intragenetic transfer of multidrugresistant genes among the isolates. The isolates were potentially virulent and contained potentially transferable antibiotic resistance genes. Detection of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance genes, and transformation among these isolates is a very significant outcome that will influence approaches to proactive preventive and control measures and future investigations. However, continued surveillance for drug resistance among these bacteria and further investigation of the mechanism of action of their virulence factors are a necessity.201222297216
105710.9997Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enteric bacteria in hospital wastewater and clinical sources. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enteric bacteria in hospital wastewater and clinical sources. Enteric bacteria, mainly Escherichia coli, were isolated from clinical sources (urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract infections; 80 isolates) and hospital wastewater (103 isolates). The antibiotic resistance profile and ESBL production of the isolates were investigated by disc diffusion assay and combined disc diffusion test, respectively. Plasmid profiling was performed by agarose gel electrophoresis, and elimination of resistance markers was performed by a plasmid curing experiment. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed a high incidence of β-lactam resistance, being highest to ampicillin (88.0%) followed by amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, cefotaxime, aztreonam, cefepime and ceftazidime. Among the non-β-lactam antibiotics, the highest resistance was recorded to nalidixic acid (85.7%). Moreover, 50.8% of enteric bacteria showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. Among 183 total enteric bacteria, 150 (82.0%) exhibited multidrug resistance. ESBL production was detected in 78 isolates (42.6%). A significantly higher incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance was observed among ESBL-producing enteric bacteria both in clinical (P=0.0015) and environmental isolates (P=0.012), clearly demonstrating a close association between ESBL production and ciprofloxacin resistance. Plasmid profiling of selected ESBL-positive strains indicated the presence of one or more plasmids of varying sizes. Plasmid curing resulted in loss of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime resistance markers simultaneously from selected ESBL-positive isolates, indicating the close relationship of these markers. This study revealed a common occurrence of ciprofloxacin-resistant ESBL-producing enteric bacteria both in hospital wastewater and clinical sources, indicating a potential public health threat.201627436461
215520.9997Resistance Profiles and Virulence Factors of Enteric Escherichia coli in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients at Laquintinie Hospital in Douala, Cameroon. Escherichia coli is commonly found in human feces and is the most prevalent resistant microorganism in patients with chronic kidney disease. Several studies demonstrated that virulence factors were a major cause of the emergence of pathogenic strains of E. coli. This study's objective was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile, detect virulence factors, and assess the prevalence of carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in fecal E. coli isolates obtained from chronic kidney disease patients. This research was carried out in Laquintinie Hospital of Douala between January 2022 and December 2023. In total, 458 patients with (n = 197) or without (n = 261) chronic kidney disease and suffering from gastroenteritis constituted the total population. E. coli isolates were obtained by using eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and identified by the API 20E gallery system. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to determine the isolates' antibiotic resistance profile. The simplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) served to detect virulence factors and resistance genes. It appeared that all antibiotics tested, except nalidixic acid, presented a significant resistance (p < 0.05) in chronic kidney disease patients contrasted to patients without chronic kidney disease. The antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed a high level of resistance to amoxicillin (94.5%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (79.5%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (69.9%), and ofloxacin (65.8%) in patients with chronic kidney disease. E. coli isolates showed (p < 0.001) a significantly high rate of multidrug resistance phenotype in chronic kidney disease patients (74.0%) as compared to patients without chronic kidney disease (35.7%). According to the virulence genes detected, the most prevalent pathotype of E. coli was the enteropathogenic E. coli (40.8%; n = 40), followed by enterotoxigenic E. coli (29.6%; n = 29) and shiga toxin-producing E. coli (29.6%; n = 29). The screening of resistance genes in pathotypes of E. coli has demonstrated that bla (TEM) (76.5%; n = 75) and bla (CTX-M) (75.5%; n = 74) were the more frequent ESBL resistance genes encountered. This study showed that a high rate of resistance, multidrug resistance, and a high frequency of enteropathogenic E. coli and ESBL resistance genes in E. coli were most often found in chronic kidney disease patients. This high level of enteric multidrug-resistant E. coli in chronic kidney disease patients exposes them to hazardous antibiotic treatment and serious public health issues.202540980185
277630.9997Isolation and genotypic characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Aeromonas hydrophila from selected freshwater sources in Southwest Nigeria. The proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance is a pressing public health challenge because of their possible transfer to humans via contact with polluted water sources. In this study, three freshwater resources were assessed for important physicochemical characteristics as well as heterotrophic and coliform bacteria and as potential reservoirs for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) strains. The physicochemical characteristics ranged from 7.0 to 8.3; 25 to 30 °C, 0.4 to 93 mg/L, 0.53 to 8.80 mg/L and 53 to 240 mg/L for pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)) and total dissolved solids, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics mostly align with guidelines except for the DO and BOD(5) in some instances. Seventy-six (76) Aeromonas hydrophila and 65 Escherichia coli O157: H7 isolates were identified by preliminary biochemical analysis and PCR from the three sites. Among these, A. hydrophila displayed higher frequencies of antimicrobial resistance, with all 76 (100%) isolates completely resistant to cefuroxime and cefotaxime and with MARI ≥ 0.61. The test isolates showed more than 80% resistance against five of the ten test antimicrobials, with resistance against cefixime, a cephalosporin antibiotic being the highest at 95% (134/141). The frequency of the detection of the resistance genes in the A. hydrophila isolates generally ranged between 0% (bla(SHV)) and 26.3% (bla(CTX-M)), while the frequency of detection among the E. coli O157:H7 isolates ranged between 4.6% (bla(CTX-M)) and 58.4% (bla(TEM)). Our findings indicate that the distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria with diverse ESBL-producing capabilities and virulence genes in freshwater sources potentially threatens public health and the environment.202337400612
103440.9996Detection of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing genes bla(SPM) and bla(NDM) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wastewater in Southern Brazil. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly associated with the ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance. The surveillance of resistance genes in various environmental matrices has gained prominence in recent years, being seen as a potential threat to public health. The objective of this study was to investigate genes encoding metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs), which confer resistance to carbapenems, in wastewater. Fifteen isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected for five months from samples obtained from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Rio Grande do Sul. These isolates were subjected to disk diffusion testing using 10 different antimicrobials. Phenotypic enzymatic tests for MBLs were conducted, and positive isolates underwent DNA extraction and gene detection using the polymerase chain reaction. The resistance rate to ceftazidime was 100%, cefepime 73.3%, piperacillin-tazobactam 66.67%, imipenem 53.30%, levofloxacin 46.67%, tobramycin 40%, and ciprofloxacin and amikacin 13.33%. Both meropenem and aztreonam resistances were rare accounting for 6.60% of the tested isolates. Among these isolates, 20% were classified as multidrug-resistant and were found to carry the bla(NDM) and bla(SPM) genes. The results suggest that evaluating resistance genes in bacteria from urban raw sewage can provide data that assist in surveillance, as this environment can stimulate increased bacterial resistance.202438678422
114250.9996Virulence Determinants and Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance mcr Genes in Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated From Bovine Milk. A major increase of bacterial resistance to colistin, a last-resort treatment for severe infections, was observed globally. Using colistin in livestock rearing is believed to be the ground of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) gene circulation and is of crucial concern to public health. This study aimed to determine the frequency and virulence characteristics of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from the milk of mastitic cows and raw unpasteurized milk in Egypt. One hundred and seventeen strains belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (n = 90), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 10), and Aeromonas hydrophila (n = 17) were screened for colistin resistance by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The genetic characteristics of colistin-resistant strains were investigated for mcr-1-9 genes, phylogenetic groups, and virulence genes. Moreover, we evaluated four commonly used biocides in dairy farms for teat disinfection toward colistin-resistant strains. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) phenotypes were detected in 82.91% (97/117) and 3.42% (4/117) of the isolates, respectively. Of the 117 tested isolates, 61 (52.14%) were colistin resistant (MIC >2 mg/L), distributed as 24/70 (34.29%) from clinical mastitis, 10/11 (90.91%) from subclinical mastitis, and 27/36 (75%) from raw milk. Of these 61 colistin-resistant isolates, 47 (19 from clinical mastitis, 8 from subclinical mastitis, and 20 from raw milk) harbored plasmid-borne mcr genes. The mcr-1 gene was identified in 31.91%, mcr-2 in 29.79%, mcr-3 in 34.04%, and each of mcr-4 and mcr-7 in 2.13% of the colistin-resistant isolates. Among these isolates, 42.55% (20/47) were E. coli, 21.28% (10/47) A. hydrophila, 19.12% (9/47) K. pneumoniae, and 17.02% (8/47) P. aeruginosa. This is the first report of mcr-3 and mcr-7 in P. aeruginosa. Conjugation experiments using the broth-mating technique showed successful transfer of colistin resistance to E. coli J53-recipient strain. Different combinations of virulence genes were observed among colistin-resistant isolates with almost all isolates harboring genes. Hydrogen peroxide has the best efficiency against all bacterial isolates even at a low concentration (10%). In conclusion, the dissemination of mobile colistin resistance mcr gene and its variants between MDR- and XDR-virulent Gram-negative isolates from dairy cattle confirms the spread of mcr genes at all levels; animals, humans, and environmental, and heralds the penetration of the last-resort antimicrobial against MDR bacteria. Consequently, a decision to ban colistin in food animals is urgently required to fight XDR and MDR bacteria.202134888259
114660.9996Molecular detection and prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in poultry and humans: a one health perspective. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria significantly threaten humans and animals worldwide. Colistin is the last resort of antibiotics against gram-negative bacterial infections. Its irrational use in poultry is a major factor in transmitting MDR bacteria to humans. The present study investigated the risk factors, prevalence, and molecular detection of colistin resistance associated with poultry and humans. A total of (n = 140) cloacal swabs from chickens and human stool samples (n = 140) were processed to identify E. coli using conventional methods, followed by genotypic confirmation. Phenotypic and genotypic confirmation of antibiotic resistance genes qnrA, blaTEM, tetA, aadA, and mcr genes was performed on these E. coli isolates. These isolates were confirmed at 69.3% and 62.8% in chickens and humans, respectively. Limited education and poor hygiene significantly increased the infection rate (p = 0.0001). The E. coli isolates from commercial poultry showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 98.9% to ampicillin, and 93.8% to tetracycline. The E. coli isolates from humans exhibited 90% resistance to ciprofloxacin, 88% to ampicillin, and 85% to ceftriaxone. Among these, MDR E. coli isolates of both commercial poultry and humans, colistin resistance was found in 78.6% and 48.1%, respectively. Genotypic confirmation of mcr genes such as mcr-1 (42%), mcr-2 (19.6%), mcr-3 (15.1%), mcr-4 (7.6%), and mcr-5 (4.5%) in commercial poultry. However, only the mcr-1 (15.6%) gene was found in human isolates. The current study findings highlight the prevalence of mcr genes in E. coli, potentially contributing to broader antibiotic resistance concerns.202540956559
103370.9996Antimicrobial Resistance and β-Lactamase Production in Clinically Significant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Hospital and Municipal Wastewater. Hospital and municipal wastewater contribute to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in the environment. This study aimed to examine the antibiotic resistance and β-lactamase production in clinically significant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospital and municipal wastewater. The susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics was tested using the disk diffusion method, and the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases was determined using an enzyme inhibitor and standard multiplex PCR. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance of total bacterial strains (n = 23) revealed that most of them were resistant to cefotaxime (69.56%), imipenem (43.47%), meropenem (47.82%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (43.47%), gentamicin (39.13%), cefepime and ciprofloxacin (34.78%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (30.43%). A total of 8 of 11 phenotypically confirmed isolates were found to have ESBL genes. The bla(TEM) gene was present in 2 of the isolates, while the bla(SHV) gene was found in 2 of the isolates. Furthermore, the bla(CTX-M) gene was found in 3 of the isolates. In one isolate, both the bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) genes were identified. Furthermore, of the 9 isolates that have been phenotypically confirmed to have carbapenemase, 3 were confirmed by PCR. Specifically, 2 isolates have the bla(OXA-48) type gene and 1 have the bla(NDM-1) gene. In conclusion, our investigation shows that there is a significant rate of bacteria that produce ESBL and carbapenemase, which can promote the spread of bacterial resistance. Identifying ESBL and carbapenemase production genes in wastewater samples and their resistance patterns can provide valuable data and guide the development of pathogen management strategies that could potentially help reduce the occurrence of multidrug resistance.202337107015
271280.9996Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from Hotspot Environments in Bahir Dar City, Northwestern Ethiopia. BACKGROUND: Wastes generated from hotspot environments contain a wide range of antibiotics and pathogens that play a significant role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. This study was carried out to isolate bacteria from hotspot environments and determine their resistance profiles to commonly used antibiotics in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to June 2021 in Bahir Dar City. A total of 126 waste and wastewater samples were aseptically collected, transported, and processed for bacteriological isolation and susceptibility testing following standard procedures. RESULTS: A total of 411 bacterial isolates were recovered and the highest value of 122 (29.7%) bacterial isolates were obtained from medical wastewater samples, and the most frequently isolated bacteria were assigned to the species Escherichia coli with 82 strains (19.5%). The results revealed that the highest resistance profile of 69 (95.8%) was obtained in Staphylococcus aureus against ampicillin and 46 (86.8%) Citrobacter spp. against tetracycline. Two hundred and sixteen (52.6%) of bacteria showed multi-drug resistance and the highest multi-drug resistance was observed in Pseudomonas spp. 47 (65.3%), followed by Escherichia coli 51 (62.2%). The highest resistance profile of 12 (85.7%) and 60 (74.1%) for tetracycline were obtained from beef waste and wastewater and medical wastewater samples. The highest multi-drug resistance was recorded in isolates isolated from beef waste and wastewater samples 11 (64.7%), followed by medical wastewater samples 84 (64.1%). Even though a higher (>0.2) multi-antibiotic resistance index was found in all hotspot environments, the highest multi-antibiotic resistance index (0.477) was recorded in bacteria isolated from medical wastewater. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that wastes generated from hotspot environments and released in the environment contain large numbers of antibiotic-resistant, multidrug, extensively, and pan-drug-resistant bacteria. Proper waste management strategies should be established.202235785260
115390.9996Antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from household water supply in Dhaka, Bangladesh. BACKGROUND: Unsafe water supplies continue to raise public health concerns, especially in urban areas in low resource countries. To understand the extent of public health risk attributed to supply water in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, Escherichia coli isolated from tap water samples collected from different locations of the city were characterized for their antibiotic resistance, pathogenic properties and genetic diversity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 233 E. coli isolates obtained from 175 tap water samples were analysed for susceptibility to 16 different antibiotics and for the presence of genes associated with virulence and antibiotic resistance. Nearly 36% (n = 84) of the isolates were multi-drug(≥ 3 classes of antibiotics) resistant (MDR) and 26% (n = 22) of these were positive for extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Of the 22 ESBL-producers, 20 were positive for bla CTX-M-15, 7 for bla OXA-1-group (all had bla OXA-47) and 2 for bla CMY-2. Quinolone resistance genes, qnrS and qnrB were detected in 6 and 2 isolates, respectively. Around 7% (n = 16) of the isolates carried virulence gene(s) characteristic of pathogenic E. coli; 11 of these contained lt and/or st and thus belonged to enterotoxigenic E. coli and 5 contained bfp and eae and thus belonged to enteropathogenic E. coli. All MDR isolates carried multiple plasmids (2 to 8) of varying sizes ranging from 1.2 to >120 MDa. Ampicillin and ceftriaxone resistance were co-transferred in conjugative plasmids of 70 to 100 MDa in size, while ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline resistance were co-transferred in conjugative plasmids of 50 to 90 MDa. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed diverse genetic fingerprints of pathogenic isolates. SIGNIFICANCE: Multi-drug resistant E. coli are wide spread in public water supply in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Transmission of resistant bacteria and plasmids through supply water pose serious threats to public health in urban areas.201323573295
2974100.9996Diversity of Virulence Genes in Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli from a Hospital in Western China. BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli strains are the most commonly isolated bacteria in hospitals. The normally harmless commensal E. coli can become a highly adapted pathogen, capable of causing various diseases both in healthy and immunocompromised individuals, by acquiring a combination of mobile genetic elements. Our aim was to characterize E. coli strains from a hospital in western China to determine their virulence and antimicrobial resistance potential. METHODS: A total of 97 E. coli clinical isolates were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from 2015 to 2016. Microbiological methods, PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were used in this study. RESULTS: The frequency of occurrence of the virulence genes fimC, irp2, fimH, fyuA, lpfA, hlyA, sat, and cnf1 in the E. coli isolates was 93.81, 92.78, 91.75, 84.54, 41.24, 32.99, 28.86, and 7.22%, respectively. Ninety-five (97.9%) isolates carried two or more different virulence genes. Of these, 44 (45.4%) isolates simultaneously harbored five virulence genes, 24 (24.7%) isolates harbored four virulence genes, and 17 (17.5%) isolates harbored six virulence genes. In addition, all E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant and had a high degree of antimicrobial resistance. CONCLUSION: These results indicate a high frequency of occurrence and heterogeneity of virulence gene profiles among clinical multidrug resistant E. coli isolates. Therefore, appropriate surveillance and control measures are essential to prevent the further spread of these isolates in hospitals.201931824179
2150110.9996Analysis of drug resistance genes of integrons in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from elderly bloodstream infections. This experiment was carried out to provide a basis for the treatment of clinical bloodstream infections by analyzing the drug resistance characteristics and integrated gene distribution of Escherichia coli in bloodstream infections in elderly patients. For this aim, E. coli were collected for bacterial identification and drug sensitivity testing from bloodstream infections in elderly patients in the hospital from January 2016 to December 2019. ESBLs positive strains were assayed for genotypes and their integron carriage rates by PCR amplification. The characteristics and differences of various genotype rates were compared and analyzed. Results showed that a total of 230 E. coli strains were isolated. The detection rate of ESBLs-producing bacteria was 37.39 %. ESBLs-producing E. coli showed a high rate of resistance to cefepime, levofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (>40%). The resistance rate of 230 strains of E. coli to meropenem, minocycline, amikacin, gentamicin and cefoxitin was less than 20%. Among the ESBLs-producing E. coli in bloodstream infections in elderly patients, CTX-M-9 accounted for 27.91%, CTX-M-2 for 17.44%, and SHV for 13.95%. The detection rate of type I integrated genes was 41.30%, and type II and III integrated genes were not detected. ESBLs-producing genotyping-positive bacteria were detected with more than 50% of type I integrated genes. It was concluded that type I integrated genes in ESBLs-producing E. coli isolated from elderly patients carried resistance genes such as CTX-M-9 and CTX-M-2 aggravating multi-drug resistance in bacteria.202236227675
2775120.9996Co-occurrence of multidrug resistance, β-lactamase and plasmid mediated AmpC genes in bacteria isolated from river Ganga, northern India. Wastewater effluents released in surface water provides suitable nutrient rich environment for the growth and proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARG). Consequently, bacterial resistance has highly evolved over the recent years and diversified that each antibiotic class is inhibited by a distinct mechanism. In the present study, the prevalence of Multidrug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and plasmid mediated Amp-C producing strains was analyzed in 28 surface water samples collected near domestic effluent discharge sites in river Ganga located across 11 different geographical indices of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 243 bacterial strains with different phenotypes were isolated. Among 243 isolates, 206 (84.77%) exhibited MDR trait displaying maximum resistance towards β-lactams (P = 78.19%; AMX = 72.84%), glycopeptides (VAN = 32.92%; TEI = 79.42%), cephalosporins (CF = 67.90%; CFX = 38.27%), and lincosamides (CD = 78.18%) followed by sulfonamide, macrolide and tetracycline. ESBL production was confirmed in 126 (51.85%) isolates that harbored the genes: blaTEM (95.24%), blaSHV (22.22%), blaOXA (11.90%) and blaCTX-M group (14.28%). The presence of plasmid mediated AmpC was detected only in 6.17% of isolates. The existence of such pathogenic strains in the open environment generates an urgent need for incorporating stringent measures to reduce the antibiotic consumption and hence its release.202032892014
1150130.9996Occurrence of multidrug resistance associated with extended-spectrum β‑lactamase and the biofilm forming ability of Escherichia coli in environmental swine husbandry. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and biofilm formation are mechanisms employed by Escherichia coli to resist beta-lactam antibiotics. Thus, we aimed to examine antibiotic resistance associated with ESBL production and biofilm formation in E. coli isolates from swine farms in Southern Thailand. In total, 159 E. coli isolates were obtained, with 44 isolates identified as ESBL producers, originating from feces (18.87 %) and wastewater (8.80 %) samples. All ESBL-producing strains exhibited resistance to ampicillin (100 %), followed by the cephalosporin group (97.73 %) and tetracycline (84.09 %). Multidrug resistance was observed in 17 isolates (38.63 %). Among the isolates from feces samples, the bla(GES) gene was the most prevalent, detected in 90 % of the samples, followed by bla(CTX-M9) (86.67 %) and bla(CTX-M1) (66.67 %), respectively. In the bacteria isolated from wastewater, both bla(GES) and bla(CTX-M9) genes were the predominant resistance genes, detected in 100 % of the isolates, followed by bla(CTX-M1) (64.29 %) and bla(TEM) (50 %), respectively. Strong biofilm formation was observed in 11 isolates (36.67 %) from feces and 4 isolates (25.57 %) from wastewater samples. Notably, nearly 100 % of ESBL-producing strains isolated from feces tested positive for both pgaA and pgaC genes, which play a role in intracellular adhesion and biofilm production. These findings contribute to the understanding and potential control of ESBL-producing E. coli, and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and biofilm-related genes in swine farms.202337976973
2973140.9996An evaluation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in urinary tract infections from Aguascalientes, Mexico: cross-sectional study. BACKGROUND: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are one of the main bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The rates of UPEC with high resistance towards antibiotics and multidrug-resistant bacteria have increased dramatically in recent years and could difficult the treatment. METHODS: The aim of the study was to determine multidrug-resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance profile, virulence traits, and genetic background of 110 E. coli isolated from community (79 isolates) and hospital-acquired (31 isolates) urinary tract infections. The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes presence was also investigated. A subset of 18 isolates with a quinolone-resistance phenotype was examined for common virulence genes encoded in diarrheagenic and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli by a specific E. coli microarray. RESULTS: Female children were the group most affected by UTIs, which were mainly community-acquired. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam was most prevalent. A frequent occurrence of resistance toward ciprofloxacin (47.3%), levofloxacin (43.6%) and cephalosporins (27.6%) was observed. In addition, 63% of the strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Almost all the fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant strains showed MDR-phenotype. Isolates from male patients were associated to FQ-resistant and MDR-phenotype. Moreover, hospital-acquired infections were correlated to third generation cephalosporin and nitrofurantoin resistance and the presence of kpsMTII gene. Overall, fimH (71.8%) and fyuA (68.2%), had the highest prevalence as virulence genes among isolates. However, the profile of virulence genes displayed a great diversity, which included the presence of genes related to diarrheagenic E. coli. Out of 110 isolates, 25 isolates (22.7%) were positive to qnrA, 23 (20.9%) to qnrB, 7 (6.4%) to qnrS1, 7 (6.4%) to aac(6')lb-cr, 5 (4.5%) to qnrD, and 1 (0.9%) to qnrC genes. A total of 12.7% of the isolates harbored bla(CTX-M) genes, with bla(CTX-M-15) being the most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary tract infection due to E. coli may be difficult to treat empirically due to high resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Continuous surveillance of multidrug resistant organisms and patterns of drug resistance are needed in order to prevent treatment failure and reduce selective pressure. These findings may help choosing more suitable treatments of UTI patients in this region of Mexico.201830041652
1035150.9996Multidrug resistance and transferability of blaCTX-M among extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enteric bacteria in biofilm. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of biofilm-forming extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enteric bacteria in hospital wastewater and to evaluate their antibiotic resistance behaviour and transferability of the plasmid-encoded blaCTX-M gene in biofilm. ESBL production was confirmed using the combined disc test and Etest. Amplification of blaCTX-M was performed by PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the disc diffusion assay and broth dilution method. Transfer of blaCTX-M in planktonic and biofilm state was performed by broth mating and filter mating experiments, respectively. Among 110 enteric bacteria, 24 (21.8%) isolates belonging to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae were found to produce ESBL and formed varying levels of biofilm in vitro. Presence of blaCTX-M was detected in 18 (75%) ESBL-producing isolates. A many fold increase in resistance to antibiotics was observed in biofilm. Among ESBL-producers, seven isolates could transfer the blaCTX-M gene by conjugation, with transfer frequencies ranging from 2.22×10(-4) to 7.14×10(-2) transconjugants/recipient cell in the planktonic state and from 3.04×10(-3) to 9.15×10(-1) in biofilm. The transfer frequency of blaCTX-M was significantly higher in biofilm compared with the planktonic state, and co-transfer of ciprofloxacin resistance was also detected in five isolates. This study demonstrates that biofilm-forming ESBL-producing enteric bacteria with a greater transfer frequency of resistance genes will lead to frequent dissemination of β-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance genes in environmental settings. The emergence and spread of such multidrug resistance is a serious threat to animal and public health.201627530857
1015160.9996Antimicrobial-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in raw cow's milk. The occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is an important public health issue. The aim of this study was the monitoring of resistant Escherichia coli in raw cow's milk with a focus on the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains. In total, 263 samples of raw milk from 40 farms were collected and investigated in 2010 to 2013 in the Czech Republic. Detection of E. coli was performed and evaluated according to ISO 16649-2, and antibiotic resistance was screened by the disk diffusion method. The presence of E. coli was detected in 243 (92.4%) samples. In total, 270 isolates were obtained. Resistance to β-lactam (31.8%) and tetracycline (13.0%) antibiotics was detected most often and also multiresistant strains (5.5%) were observed. E. coli isolates found to be resistant to β-lactam, tetracycline, and quinolone antibiotics were assayed by PCR to detect selected genes encoding those resistance mechanisms. In isolates in which any bla genes were detected, a double-disk synergy test was performed. ESBL production was confirmed in 2 (0.7%) isolates. The genetic analysis identified the presence of the blaCTX-M gene and other resistance genes (tet(B) and qnrB). Both ESBL-positive isolates originated from the same farm and had an identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile. The findings of our study indicate that milk can be a reservoir of bacteria carrying resistance genes with a potential for spreading through the food chain.201525581180
1059170.9996Dissemination and phenotypic characterization of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in Indonesia. BACKGROUND: The alarming rise in infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in animals and humans poses a serious threat due to its escalating antibiotic resistance. Unveiling this problematic bacteria's prevalence and resistance patterns in animals is crucial for formulating effective control strategies and safeguarding public health. AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of three main genes: blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM, in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from The Research Center for Veterinary Science and the National Research and Innovation Agency. Moreover, their resistance profiles against various antibiotics should be systematically evaluated. METHODS: Ninety-seven E. coli isolates from the bacteriology laboratory of The Research Center for Veterinary Science were identified on MacConkey medium supplemented with cefotaxime. The isolates were verified for the existence of the blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using antibiotic discs following the CLSI standards. RESULTS: The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in chicken ceca, eggs, and fish intestines was 16.5% (16/97). The specific genes detected were blaCTX-M gene at 93.75% (15/16), followed by the blaTEM gene, at 81.25% (13/16), and blaSHV at 25% (4/16). The antimicrobial sensitivity test results revealed that all ESBL-producing E. coli isolates had multidrug resistance 81.25% to 1-5 antibiotics and 18.75% to 6-7 antibiotics. The isolate exhibited 100% resistance to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole, with exclusive sensitivity to chloramphenicol. CONCLUSION: The dominant gene in the ESBL-producing isolates was blaCTX-M. This bacterium is completely resistant to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole, whereas it displays multidrug resistance to 1-7 different types of antibiotics.202540276175
2151180.9996Study of the Genomic Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolated From Iraqi Patients with Urinary Tract Infections. Urinary tract infection is one of the last diseases prevalent in humans, with various causative agents affecting 250 million people annually, This study analyzed UTIs in Iraqi patients caused by Escherichia coli. ESBL enzymes contribute to antibiotic resistance. The research aimed to analyze ESBL gene frequency, resistance patterns, and genetic diversity of E. coli strains; Between Dec 2020 and May 2021, 200 urine samples were collected, cultured on blood agar, EMB, and MacConkey's plates, samples incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Positive samples (> 100 cfu/ml) underwent Kirby-Bauer and CLSI antibiotic susceptibility testing. PCR detected virulence genes, Beta-lactamase coding genes, and biofilm-associated resistance genes in E. coli isolates; Out of 200 isolates, 80% comprised Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, 120 isolates (60%) were Gram-negative, while 40 isolates (20%) were Gram-positive. Among Gram-negative isolates, 20% were identified as E. coli. Remarkably, all E. coli strains showed resistance to all tested antibiotics, ranging from 80 to 95% resistance. The E. coli isolates harbored three identified resistance genes: blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTXM. Regarding biofilm production, 10% showed no formation, 12% weak formation, 62% moderate formation, and 16% strong formation; our study found that pathogenic E. coli caused 20% of UTIs. The majority of studied E. coli strains from UTI patients carried the identified virulence genes, which are vital for infection development and persistence.202439011020
1149190.9996Antimicrobial resistance, Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase production and virulence genes in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolates from estuarine environment. The impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on global public health has been widely documented. AMR in the environment poses a serious threat to both human and animal health but is frequently overlooked. This study aimed to characterize the association between phenotype and genotype of AMR, virulence genes and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) production from estuarine environment. The Salmonella (n = 126) and E. coli (n = 409) were isolated from oysters and estuarine water in Thailand. The isolates of Salmonella (96.9%) and E. coli (91.4%) showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was 40.1% of Salmonella and 23.0% of E. coli. Resistance to sulfamethoxazole was most common in Salmonella (95.2%) and E. coli (77.8%). The common resistance genes found in Salmonella were sul3 (14.3%), followed by blaTEM (11.9%), and cmlA (11.9%), while most E. coli were blaTEM (31.5%) and tetA (25.4%). The ESBL production was detected in Salmonella (1.6%, n = 2) of which one isolate was positive to blaTEM-1. Eight E. coli isolates (2.0%) were ESBL producers, of which three isolates carried blaCTX-M-55 and one isolate was blaTEM-1. Predominant virulence genes identified in Salmonella were invA (77.0%), stn (77.0%), and fimA (69.0%), while those in E. coli isolates were stx1 (17.8%), lt (11.7%), and stx2 (1.2%). Logistic regression models showed the statistical association between resistance phenotype, virulence genes and ESBL production (p < 0.05). The findings highlighted that estuarine environment were potential hotspots of resistance. One Health should be implemented to prevent AMR bacteria spreading.202337115770