At the Nexus of Antibiotics and Metals: The Impact of Cu and Zn on Antibiotic Activity and Resistance. - Related Documents




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973001.0000At the Nexus of Antibiotics and Metals: The Impact of Cu and Zn on Antibiotic Activity and Resistance. Environmental influences on antibiotic activity and resistance can wreak havoc with in vivo antibiotic efficacy and, ultimately, antimicrobial chemotherapy. In nature, bacteria encounter a variety of metal ions, particularly copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), as contaminants in soil and water, as feed additives in agriculture, as clinically-used antimicrobials, and as components of human antibacterial responses. Importantly, there is a growing body of evidence for Cu/Zn driving antibiotic resistance development in metal-exposed bacteria, owing to metal selection of genetic elements harbouring both metal and antibiotic resistance genes, and metal recruitment of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Many classes of antibiotics also form complexes with metal cations, including Cu and Zn, and this can hinder (or enhance) antibiotic activity. This review highlights the ways in which Cu/Zn influence antibiotic resistance development and antibiotic activity, and in so doing impact in vivo antibiotic efficacy.201728526548
973210.9999Interactions of heavy metals with bacteria. The toxicity of heavy metals to bacteria, with particular reference to metal forms and species, has been reviewed. Factors which influence metal forms and thus their potential toxicity, such as pH, chelation and competitive interactions have been discussed. The mechanisms whereby bacteria may influence the forms of heavy metals to which they are exposed have been discussed with reference to the importance of the role of bacteria in immobilisation and environmental cycling of metals. Bacterial resistance to metal toxicity is an environmentally important phenomenon. It may occur from non-specific mechanisms, such as impermeability of the cell, or it may be due to specific resistance transfer factors. The coincidence and co-selection of resistance factors for antibiotics and heavy metals in bacterial populations and the clinical implications of this have been described.19806988964
973120.9999Towards an understanding of the genetics of bacterial metal resistance. Many bacteria show great promise for use in metal recovery. However, the genetics of metal-leaching, accumulation-resistance, and oxidation/reduction mechanisms of these bacteria is still an area of research in its infancy. The introduction of such genes into bacteria of economic importance would have application in biomining and environmental bioremediation.19911366923
645830.9998Overview of Direct and Indirect Effects of Antibiotics on Terrestrial Organisms. Antibiotics (ABs) have made it possible to treat bacterial infections, which were in the past untreatable and consequently fatal. Regrettably, their use and abuse among humans and livestock led to antibiotic resistance, which has made them ineffective in many cases. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacteria is not limited to nosocomial environments, but also involves water and soil ecosystems. The environmental presence of ABs and ARGs is a hot topic, and their direct and indirect effects, are still not well known or clarified. A particular concern is the presence of antibiotics in agroecosystems due to the application of agro-zootechnical waste (e.g., manure and biosolids), which can introduce antibiotic residues and ARGs to soils. This review provides an insight of recent findings of AB direct and indirect effects on terrestrial organisms, focusing on plant and invertebrates. Possible changing in viability and organism growth, AB bioaccumulation, and shifts in associated microbiome composition are reported. Oxidative stress responses of plants (such as reactive oxygen species production) to antibiotics are also described.202337760767
962740.9998Effects of glyphosate on antibiotic resistance in soil bacteria and its potential significance: A review. The evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance are problems with important consequences for bacterial disease treatment. Antibiotic use in animal production and the subsequent export of antibiotic resistance elements in animal manure to soil is a concern. Recent reports suggest that exposure of pathogenic bacteria to glyphosate increases antibiotic resistance. We review these reports and identify soil processes likely to affect the persistence of glyphosate, antibiotic resistance elements, and their interactions. The herbicide molecular target of glyphosate is not shared by antibiotics, indicating that target-site cross-resistance cannot account for increased antibiotic resistance. The mechanisms of bacterial resistance to glyphosate and antibiotics differ, and bacterial tolerance or resistance to glyphosate does not coincide with increased resistance to antibiotics. Glyphosate in the presence of antibiotics can increase the activity of efflux pumps, which confer tolerance to glyphosate, allowing for an increased frequency of mutation for antibiotic resistance. Such effects are not unique to glyphosate, as other herbicides and chemical pollutants can have the same effect, although glyphosate is used in much larger quantities on agricultural soils than most other chemicals. Most evidence indicates that glyphosate is not mutagenic in bacteria. Some studies suggest that glyphosate enhances genetic exchange of antibiotic-resistance elements through effects on membrane permeability. Glyphosate and antibiotics are often present together in manure-treated soil for at least part of the crop-growing season, and initial studies indicate that glyphosate may increase abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in soil, but longer term investigations under realistic field conditions are needed. Although there are demonstratable interactions among glyphosate, bacteria, and antibiotic resistance, there is limited evidence that normal use of glyphosate poses a substantial risk for increased occurrence of antibiotic-resistant, bacterial pathogens. Longer term field studies using environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate and antibiotics are needed.202539587768
964250.9998Towards the fate of antibiotics and the development of related resistance genes in stream biofilms. Antibiotics are ubiquitously found in natural surface waters and cause great harm to aquatic organisms. Stream biofilm is a complex and active community composed of algae, bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms, which mainly adheres to solid substances such as rocks and sediments. The durability and diverse structural and metabolic characteristics of biofilms make them a representative of microbial life in aquatic micrecosystems and can reflect major ecosystem processes. Microorganisms and extracellular polymeric substances in biofilms can adsorb and actively accumulate antibiotics. Therefore, biofilms are excellent biological indicators for detecting antibiotic in polluted aquatic environments, but the biotransformation potential of stream biofilms for antibiotics has not been fully explored in the aquatic environment. The characteristics of stream biofilm, such as high abundance and activity of bacterial community, wide contact area with pollutants, etc., which increases the opportunity of biotransformation of antibiotics in biofilm and contribute to bioremediation to improve ecosystem health. Recent studies have demonstrated that both exposure to high and sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics may drive the development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in natural stream biofilms, which are susceptible to the effects of antibiotic residues, microbial communities and mobile genetic elements, etc. On the basis of peer-reviewed papers, this review explores the distribution behavior of antibiotics in stream biofilms and the contribution of biofilms to the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance. Considering that antibiotics and ARGs alter the structure and ecological functions of natural microbial communities and pose a threat to river organisms and human health, our research findings provide comprehensive insights into the migration, transformation, and bioavailability of antibiotics in biofilms.202337454845
963860.9998Response of microbial antibiotic resistance to pesticides: An emerging health threat. The spread of microbial antibiotic resistance has seriously threatened public health globally. Non-antibiotic stressors have significantly contributed to the evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the potential risk of pesticide pollution for bacterial antibiotic resistance, a systematic review of these concerns is still lacking. In the present study, we elaborate the mechanism underlying the effects of pesticides on bacterial antibiotic resistance acquisition as well as the propagation of antimicrobial resistance. Pesticide stress enhanced the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in bacteria via various mechanisms, including the activation of efflux pumps, inhibition of outer membrane pores for resistance to antibiotics, and gene mutation induction. Horizontal gene transfer is a major mechanism whereby pesticides influence the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria. Pesticides promoted the conjugation transfer of ARGs by increasing cell membrane permeability and increased the proportion of bacterial mobile gene elements, which facilitate the spread of ARGs. This review can improve our understanding regarding the pesticide-induced generation and spread of ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria. Moreover, it can be applied to reduce the ecological risks of ARGs in the future.202235977623
963770.9998Heavy Metals as Catalysts in the Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance and the Mechanisms Underpinning Co-selection. The menace caused by antibiotic resistance in bacteria is acknowledged on a global scale. Concerns over the same are increasing because of the selection pressure exerted by a huge number of different antimicrobial agents, including heavy metals. Heavy metals are non-metabolizable and recalcitrant to degradation, therefore the bacteria can expel the pollutants out of the system and make it less harmful via different mechanisms. The selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria may be influenced by heavy metals present in environmental reservoirs. Through co-resistance and cross-resistance processes, the presence of heavy metals in the environment can act as co-selecting agents, hence increasing resistance to both heavy metals and antibiotics. The horizontal gene transfer or mutation assists in the selection of mutant bacteria resistant to the polluted environment. Hence, bioremediation and biodegradation are sustainable methods for the natural clean-up of pollutants. This review sheds light on the occurrence of metal and antibiotic resistance in the environment via the co-resistance and cross-resistance mechanisms underpinning co-selection emphasizing the dearth of studies that specifically examine the method of co-selection in clinical settings. Furthermore, it is advised that future research incorporate both culture- and molecular-based methodologies to further our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying bacterial co- and cross-resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals.202438642082
862680.9998Challenges Associated With the Use of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: A Review of Resistance Mechanisms and Environmental Implications. The use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles has been suggested as a means of combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). This is due to the ability of nanoparticles to target numerous sites inside the bacterial cell. Microbes can, however, develop a resistance to hazardous environments. Soil microorganisms have evolved resistance to specific metals in soil by employing alternative survival strategies, like those adopted against antibiotics. Because of this survival mechanism, bacteria have been able to develop defense mechanisms to deal with metallic nanoparticles. Resistance has evolved in human pathogens to therapies that use metallic nanoparticles, such as silver nanoparticles. Metallic nanoparticles and antibiotics have currently been proven to be ineffective against several infections. Due to these concerns, scientists are investigating whether nanoparticles might cause environmental harm and potentially breed microbes that are resistant to both inorganic and organic nanoparticles. The increased use of inorganic nanoparticles has thus been shown to result in contaminations in wastewater, facilitating horizontal gene transfer among bacterial populations. The resistance mechanism of metallic nanoparticles, role in antibiotic resistance, and a potential solution to the environment's toxicity from nanoparticles are all discussed in this review.202540711446
428390.9998Development, spread and persistence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil microbiomes through co-selection. Bacterial pathogens resistant to multiple antibiotics are emergent threat to the public health which may evolve in the environment due to the co-selection of antibiotic resistance, driven by poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and/or heavy metal contaminations. The co-selection of antibiotic resistance (AMR) evolves through the co-resistance or cross-resistance, or co-regulatory mechanisms, present in bacteria. The persistent toxic contaminants impose widespread pressure in both clinical and environmental setting, and may potentially cause the maintenance and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In the past few years, due to exponential increase of AMR, numerous drugs are now no longer effective to treat infectious diseases, especially in cases of bacterial infections. In this mini-review, we have described the role of co-resistance and cross-resistance as main sources for co-selection of ARGs; while other co-regulatory mechanisms are also involved with cross-resistance that regulates multiple ARGs. However, co-factors also support selections, which results in development and evolution of ARGs in absence of antibiotic pressure. Efflux pumps present on the same mobile genetic elements, possibly due to the function of Class 1 integrons (Int1), may increase the presence of ARGs into the environment, which further is promptly changed as per environmental conditions. This review also signifies that mutation plays important role in the expansion of ARGs due to presence of diverse types of anthropogenic pollutants, which results in overexpression of efflux pump with higher bacterial fitness cost; and these situations result in acquisition of resistant genes. The future aspects of co-selection with involvement of systems biology, synthetic biology and gene network approaches have also been discussed.202032681784
9728100.9998Metagenomic analysis of metal(loid)s resistance genes and its environmental applications. Heavy metals are widely used to satiate the demands of growing industrialization and modern life. However, the presence of metal in large quantities in the ecosystem significantly impacts all life forms, particularly microorganisms. Many bacterial strains have developed metal resistance genes (MRG) to survive in extreme conditions through various mechanisms, such as active efflux, sequestration, permeability barriers, or co-resistance with antibiotic resistance genes. Metagenomic analysis is a powerful approach that enables the exploration of the functional repertoire and diversity of microorganisms, providing deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of MRGs, and the active metabolites they produce to adapt to the polluted environments. With the advancement of these techniques, the knowledge can be further applied to environmental applications, such as bioremediation, biomonitoring, and synthetic biology. Bacteria with metal toxicity tolerance can be employed to enhance environmental sustainability and mitigate potential hazards.202540992856
8344110.9998Role of environmental stresses in elevating resistance mutations in bacteria: Phenomena and mechanisms. Mutations are an important origin of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. While there is increasing evidence showing promoted resistance mutations by environmental stresses, no retrospective research has yet been conducted on this phenomenon and its mechanisms. Herein, we summarized the phenomena of stress-elevated resistance mutations in bacteria, generalized the regulatory mechanisms and discussed the environmental and human health implications. It is shown that both chemical pollutants, such as antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals, biocides, metals, nanoparticles and disinfection byproducts, and non-chemical stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation, electrical stimulation and starvation, are capable of elevating resistance mutations in bacteria. Notably, resistance mutations are more likely to occur under sublethal or subinhibitory levels of these stresses, suggesting a considerable environmental concern. Further, mechanisms for stress-induced mutations are summarized in several points, namely oxidative stress, SOS response, DNA replication and repair systems, RpoS regulon and biofilm formation, all of which are readily provoked by common environmental stresses. Given bacteria in the environment are confronted with a variety of unfavorable conditions, we propose that the stress-elevated resistance mutations are a universal phenomenon in the environment and represent a nonnegligible risk factor for ecosystems and human health. The present review identifies a need for taking into account the pollutants' ability to elevate resistance mutations when assessing their environmental and human health risks and highlights the necessity of including resistance mutations as a target to prevent antibiotic resistance evolution.202235691443
9729120.9998Omics technology draws a comprehensive heavy metal resistance strategy in bacteria. The rapid industrial revolution significantly increased heavy metal pollution, becoming a major global environmental concern. This pollution is considered as one of the most harmful and toxic threats to all environmental components (air, soil, water, animals, and plants until reaching to human). Therefore, scientists try to find a promising and eco-friendly technique to solve this problem i.e., bacterial bioremediation. Various heavy metal resistance mechanisms were reported. Omics technologies can significantly improve our understanding of heavy metal resistant bacteria and their communities. They are a potent tool for investigating the adaptation processes of microbes in severe conditions. These omics methods provide unique benefits for investigating metabolic alterations, microbial diversity, and mechanisms of resistance of individual strains or communities to harsh conditions. Starting with genome sequencing which provides us with complete and comprehensive insight into the resistance mechanism of heavy metal resistant bacteria. Moreover, genome sequencing facilitates the opportunities to identify specific metal resistance genes, operons, and regulatory elements in the genomes of individual bacteria, understand the genetic mechanisms and variations responsible for heavy metal resistance within and between bacterial species in addition to the transcriptome, proteome that obtain the real expressed genes. Moreover, at the community level, metagenome, meta transcriptome and meta proteome participate in understanding the microbial interactive network potentially novel metabolic pathways, enzymes and gene species can all be found using these methods. This review presents the state of the art and anticipated developments in the use of omics technologies in the investigation of microbes used for heavy metal bioremediation.202438709343
6479130.9998Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste. Antibiotics are used in animal livestock production for therapeutic treatment of disease and at subtherapeutic levels for growth promotion and improvement of feed efficiency. It is estimated that approximately 75% of antibiotics are not absorbed by animals and are excreted in waste. Antibiotic resistance selection occurs among gastrointestinal bacteria, which are also excreted in manure and stored in waste holding systems. Land application of animal waste is a common disposal method used in the United States and is a means for environmental entry of both antibiotics and genetic resistance determinants. Concerns for bacterial resistance gene selection and dissemination of resistance genes have prompted interest about the concentrations and biological activity of drug residues and break-down metabolites, and their fate and transport. Fecal bacteria can survive for weeks to months in the environment, depending on species and temperature, however, genetic elements can persist regardless of cell viability. Phylogenetic analyses indicate antibiotic resistance genes have evolved, although some genes have been maintained in bacteria before the modern antibiotic era. Quantitative measurements of drug residues and levels of resistance genes are needed, in addition to understanding the environmental mechanisms of genetic selection, gene acquisition, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of these resistance genes and their bacterial hosts. This review article discusses an accumulation of findings that address aspects of the fate, transport, and persistence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments, with emphasis on mechanisms pertaining to soil environments following land application of animal waste effluent.200919398507
7683140.9997Antibiotic Resistomes in Plant Microbiomes. Microorganisms associated with plants may alter the traits of the human microbiome important for human health, but this alteration has largely been overlooked. The plant microbiome is an interface between plants and the environment, and provides many ecosystem functions such as improving nutrient uptake and protecting against biotic and abiotic stress. The plant microbiome also represents a major pathway by which humans are exposed to microbes and genes consumed with food, such as pathogenic bacteria, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic-resistance genes. In this review we highlight the main findings on the composition and function of the plant microbiome, and underline the potential of plant microbiomes in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance via food consumption or direct contact.201930890301
9702150.9997The role of natural environments in the evolution of resistance traits in pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotics are among the most valuable compounds used for fighting human diseases. Unfortunately, pathogenic bacteria have evolved towards resistance. One important and frequently forgotten aspect of antibiotics and their resistance genes is that they evolved in non-clinical (natural) environments before the use of antibiotics by humans. Given that the biosphere is mainly formed by micro-organisms, learning the functional role of antibiotics and their resistance elements in nature has relevant implications both for human health and from an ecological perspective. Recent works have suggested that some antibiotics may serve for signalling purposes at the low concentrations probably found in natural ecosystems, whereas some antibiotic resistance genes were originally selected in their hosts for metabolic purposes or for signal trafficking. However, the high concentrations of antibiotics released in specific habitats (for instance, clinical settings) as a consequence of human activity can shift those functional roles. The pollution of natural ecosystems by antibiotics and resistance genes might have consequences for the evolution of the microbiosphere. Whereas antibiotics produce transient and usually local challenges in microbial communities, antibiotic resistance genes present in gene-transfer units can spread in nature with consequences for human health and the evolution of environmental microbiota that are largely ignored.200919364732
6480160.9997Antibiotics in the Soil Environment-Degradation and Their Impact on Microbial Activity and Diversity. Antibiotics play a key role in the management of infectious diseases in humans, animals, livestock, and aquacultures all over the world. The release of increasing amount of antibiotics into waters and soils creates a potential threat to all microorganisms in these environments. This review addresses issues related to the fate and degradation of antibiotics in soils and the impact of antibiotics on the structural, genetic and functional diversity of microbial communities. Due to the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, which is considered a worldwide public health problem, the abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soils are also discussed. When antibiotic residues enter the soil, the main processes determining their persistence are sorption to organic particles and degradation/transformation. The wide range of DT50 values for antibiotic residues in soils shows that the processes governing persistence depend on a number of different factors, e.g., physico-chemical properties of the residue, characteristics of the soil, and climatic factors (temperature, rainfall, and humidity). The results presented in this review show that antibiotics affect soil microorganisms by changing their enzyme activity and ability to metabolize different carbon sources, as well as by altering the overall microbial biomass and the relative abundance of different groups (i.e., Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi) in microbial communities. Studies using methods based on analyses of nucleic acids prove that antibiotics alter the biodiversity of microbial communities and the presence of many types of ARGs in soil are affected by agricultural and human activities. It is worth emphasizing that studies on ARGs in soil have resulted in the discovery of new genes and enzymes responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics. However, many ambiguous results indicate that precise estimation of the impact of antibiotics on the activity and diversity of soil microbial communities is a great challenge.201930906284
9635170.9997The influence of antibiotics on the anammox process - a review. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is one of the most promising processes for the treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater. It is more effective, cheaper, and more environmentally friendly than the conventional process currently in use for nitrogen removal. Unfortunately, anammox bacteria are sensitive to various substances, including heavy metals and organic matter commonly found in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Of these deleterious substances, antibiotics are recognized to be important. For decades, the increasing consumption of antibiotics has led to the increased occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment, including wastewater. One of the most important issues related to antibiotic pollution is the generation and transfer of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, we will discuss the effect of short- and long-term exposure of the anammox process to antibiotic pollutants; with a special focus on the activity of the anammox bacteria, biomass properties, community structures, the presence of antibiotic resistance genes and combined effect of antibiotics with other substances commonly found in wastewater. Further, the defense mechanisms according to which bacteria adapt against antibiotic stress are speculated upon. This review aims to facilitate a better understanding of the influence of antibiotics and other co-pollutants on the anammox process and to highlight future avenues of research to target gaps in the knowledge.202234845633
8637180.9997Microbial reduction and resistance to selenium: Mechanisms, applications and prospects. Selenium is an essential trace element for humans, animals and microorganisms. Microbial transformations, in particular, selenium dissimilatory reduction and bioremediation applications have received increasing attention in recent years. This review focuses on multiple Se-reducing pathways under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, and the phylogenetic clustering of selenium reducing enzymes that are involved in these processes. It is emphasized that a selenium reductase may have more than one metabolic function, meanwhile, there are several Se(VI) and/or Se(IV) reduction pathways in a bacterial strain. It is noted that Se(IV)-reducing efficiency is inconsistent with Se(IV) resistance in bacteria. Moreover, we discussed the links of selenium transformations to biogeochemical cycling of other elements, roles of Se-reducing bacteria in soil, plant and digestion system, and the possibility of using functional genes involved in Se transformation as biomarker in different environments. In addition, we point out the gaps and perspectives both on Se transformation mechanisms and applications in terms of bioremediation, Se fortification or dietary supplementation.202234339989
6449190.9997Microbial regulation of natural antibiotic resistance: Understanding the protist-bacteria interactions for evolution of soil resistome. The emergence, evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment represent a global threat to human health. Our knowledge of antibiotic resistance in human-impacted ecosystems is rapidly growing with antibiotic use, organic fertilization and wastewater irrigation identified as key selection pressures. However, the importance of biological interactions, especially predation and competition, as a potential driver of antibiotic resistance in the natural environment with limited anthropogenic disturbance remains largely overlooked. Stress-affected bacteria develop resistance to maximize competition and survival, and similarly bacteria may develop resistance to fight stress under the predation pressure of protists, an essential component of the soil microbiome. In this article, we summarized the major findings for the prevalence of natural ARGs on our planet and discussed the potential selection pressures driving the evolution and development of antibiotic resistance in natural settings. This is the first article that reviewed the potential links between protists and the antibiotic resistance of bacteria, and highlighted the importance of predation by protists as a crucial selection pressure of antibiotic resistance in the absence of anthropogenic disturbance. We conclude that an improved ecological understanding of the protists-bacteria interactions and other biological relationships would greatly expand our ability to predict and mitigate the environmental antibiotic resistance under the context of global change.202031818598