# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 9571 | 0 | 1.0000 | Antimicrobial Resistance. Antimicrobial resistance is developing rapidly and threatens to outstrip the rate at which new antimicrobials are introduced. Genetic recombination allows bacteria to rapidly disseminate genes encoding for antimicrobial resistance within and across species. Antimicrobial use creates a selective evolutionary pressure, which leads to further resistance. Antimicrobial stewardship, best use, and infection prevention are the most effective ways to slow the spread and development of antimicrobial resistance. | 2020 | 32891221 |
| 4058 | 1 | 0.9999 | Antimicrobial resistance: a complex issue. The discovery of antibiotics represented a turning point in human history. However, by the late 1950s infections that were difficult to treat, involving resistant bacteria, were being reported. Nowadays, multiresistant strains have become a major concern for public and animal health. Antimicrobial resistance is a complex issue, linked to the ability of bacteria to adapt quickly to their environment. Antibiotics, and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and determinants, existed before the discovery and use of antibiotics by humans. Resistance to antimicrobial agents is a tool that allows bacteria to survive in the environment, and to develop. Resistance genes can be transferred between bacteria by horizontal transfer involving three mechanisms: conjugation, transduction and transformation. Resistant bacteria can emerge in any location when the appropriate conditions develop. Antibiotics represent a powerful selector for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Reducing the use of antimicrobial drugs is one way to control antimicrobial resistance; however, a full set of measures needs to be implemented to achieve this aim. | 2012 | 22849265 |
| 9569 | 2 | 0.9999 | The global epidemic nature of antimicrobial resistance and the need to monitor and manage it locally. An antimicrobial agent may be used for years before a gene expressing resistance to it emerges in a strain of bacteria somewhere. Progeny of that strain, or of others to which the gene is transferred, may then disseminate preferentially through global networks of bacterial populations on people or animals treated with that agent or with other agents as the gene becomes linked to genes expressing resistance to them. Over 100 resistance genes-varying in their frequency of emergence, vectors, linkages, and pathways-have thus emerged, reemerged, converged, and disseminated irregularly through the world's bacterial ecosystems over the last 60 years to reach infecting strains and block treatment of infection. We may delay emergence by using agents less and retard dissemination by good hygiene, infection control measures, and avoidance of agents that select for resistance genes in contiguous populations. Local monitoring and management of resistance appear essential because of the intricacies of tracing and targeting the problems at each place and because national or global surveillance and strategy develop from local information and understanding. | 1997 | 8994775 |
| 4245 | 3 | 0.9999 | Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria: Mechanisms, Evolution, and Persistence. In recent years, we have seen antimicrobial resistance rapidly emerge at a global scale and spread from one country to the other faster than previously thought. Superbugs and multidrug-resistant bacteria are endemic in many parts of the world. There is no question that the widespread use, overuse, and misuse of antimicrobials during the last 80 years have been associated with the explosion of antimicrobial resistance. On the other hand, the molecular pathways behind the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria were present since ancient times. Some of these mechanisms are the ancestors of current resistance determinants. Evidently, there are plenty of putative resistance genes in the environment, however, we cannot yet predict which ones would be able to be expressed as phenotypes in pathogenic bacteria and cause clinical disease. In addition, in the presence of inhibitory and sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics in natural habitats, one could assume that novel resistance mechanisms will arise against antimicrobial compounds. This review presents an overview of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and describes how these have evolved and how they continue to emerge. As antimicrobial strategies able to bypass the development of resistance are urgently needed, a better understanding of the critical factors that contribute to the persistence and spread of antimicrobial resistance may yield innovative perspectives on the design of such new therapeutic targets. | 2020 | 31659373 |
| 9800 | 4 | 0.9998 | Regulation of beta-lactamase induction in gram-negative bacteria: a key to understanding the resistance puzzle. Infections caused by drug-resistant microorganisms have posed a medical challenge since the advent of antimicrobial therapy. With the emergence of resistant strains, new antibiotics were available and introduced with great success until this decade. The appearance of multiresistant microorganisms pose a real and immediate public health concern. Are we entering into the post-antibiotic era? Will we return to pre-antimicrobial-era conditions, with morbidity and mortality resulting from untreatable infectious complications? The race to stay ahead of multiresistance involves not only continued drug development and selective use but elucidation of bacterial regulation of resistance. One way to ensure continued success of antimicrobial therapy is the identification of new bacterial targets--genes and their products involved in regulating or mediating resistance. Discussion will focus on one well-defined resistance mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria, the chromosomally located amp operon, responsible for one mechanism of beta-lactam resistance. | 1994 | 7723996 |
| 9794 | 5 | 0.9998 | Antibiotic resistance in developing countries. During the past decade there have been major changes in the susceptibility of bacteria that cause various infections. Resistance to anti-infective agents, including antibiotics, is worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. Almost all bacterial species can develop resistance to anti-infective agents and resistance can readily be transferred among bacteria by transmissible elements (plasmids). Measures to prevent the emergence of resistance must be implemented urgently. A multiplicity of factors drive antibiotic resistance and solutions require the collaboration of governmental agencies, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare providers and consumers. Knowledge of resistance patterns and of the ways by which resistance is overcome is vital to the future of antimicrobial chemotherapy. | 2001 | 11434528 |
| 4244 | 6 | 0.9998 | Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat are becoming increasingly common and are causing a global health crisis. Antibiotic resistance is encoded by several genes, many of which can transfer between bacteria. New resistance mechanisms are constantly being described, and new genes and vectors of transmission are identified on a regular basis. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which bacteria are either intrinsically resistant or acquire resistance to antibiotics, including the prevention of access to drug targets, changes in the structure and protection of antibiotic targets and the direct modification or inactivation of antibiotics. | 2015 | 25435309 |
| 4059 | 7 | 0.9998 | The prevention of antibiotic resistance during treatment. Prevention of emergence of antibiotic resistance during treatment is an important goal when prescribing antimicrobials. Antibiotic resistant bacteria can emerge in three main ways--by acquisition of new genes via transposons or horizontal gene transfer, by selection of resistant variants and by selection of naturally resistant strains. In order to minimize emergence of antibiotic resistance during therapy it is important to try and avoid antibiotics which encourage the transfer of resistance genes, to avoid selection of resistant variants from susceptible pathogens and to avoid ablation of antibiotic susceptible normal flora. However, implementing these objectives is not always easy. This paper discusses possible ways of limiting the emergence of resistant bacteria during treatment. It does not consider how to prevent the spread of these strains from person to person. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria depends upon the selection of antibiotic-resistant strains and spread of these strains from person to person. Prevention therefore consists of two parts--the prevention of acquisition of resistance/selection of antibiotic-resistant variants and interrupting the mechanisms by which person-to-person spread can occur. This paper considers only the first of these two influences on prevalence of resistance. | 1999 | 10885824 |
| 4236 | 8 | 0.9998 | Resistance of bacteria to antibacterial agents: report of Task Force 2. The use of a growing number of antibacterial agents over the past half century has elicited a widespread deployment of genes for resistance to these agents in populations of bacteria throughout the world. Task Force 2 of the NIH Study on Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance Worldwide found that data on prevalence of resistance was fragmentary and underanalyzed but indicative of several trends. Resistance to older antibacterial agents appears to have stabilized overall, but shifts of resistance genes into new strains and species have continued to cause new clinical problems. Resistance to newer antibacterial agents has increased. Resistance is more prevalent in developing countries. Systematic surveillance of resistance integrated with understanding of its molecular basis is needed for control of resistance. | 1987 | 3299646 |
| 9572 | 9 | 0.9998 | Diagnostic Evasion of Highly-Resistant Microorganisms: A Critical Factor in Nosocomial Outbreaks. Highly resistant microorganisms (HRMOs) may evade screening strategies used in routine diagnostics. Bacteria that have evolved to evade diagnostic tests may have a selective advantage in the nosocomial environment. Evasion of resistance detection can result from the following mechanisms: low-level expression of resistance genes not resulting in detectable resistance, slow growing variants, mimicry of wild-type-resistance, and resistance mechanisms that are only detected if induced by antibiotic pressure. We reviewed reports on hospital outbreaks in the Netherlands over the past 5 years. Remarkably, many outbreaks including major nation-wide outbreaks were caused by microorganisms able to evade resistance detection by diagnostic screening tests. We describe various examples of diagnostic evasion by several HRMOs and discuss this in a broad and international perspective. The epidemiology of hospital-associated bacteria may strongly be affected by diagnostic screening strategies. This may result in an increasing reservoir of resistance genes in hospital populations that is unnoticed. The resistance elements may horizontally transfer to hosts with systems for high-level expression, resulting in a clinically significant resistance problem. We advise to communicate the identification of HRMOs that evade diagnostics within national and regional networks. Such signaling networks may prevent inter-hospital outbreaks, and allow collaborative development of adapted diagnostic tests. | 2017 | 29163416 |
| 4061 | 10 | 0.9998 | Beyond serial passages: new methods for predicting the emergence of resistance to novel antibiotics. Market launching of a new antibiotic requires knowing in advance its benefits and possible risks, and among them how rapidly resistance will emerge and spread among bacterial pathogens. This information is not only useful from a public health point of view, but also for pharmaceutical industry, in order to reduce potential waste of resources in the development of a compound that might be discontinued at the short term because of resistance development. Most assays currently used for predicting the emergence of resistance are based on culturing the target bacteria by serial passages in the presence of increasing concentrations of antibiotics. Whereas these assays may be valuable for identifying mutations that might cause resistance, they are not useful to establish how fast resistance might appear, neither to address the risk of spread of resistance genes by horizontal gene transfer. In this article, we review recent information pertinent for a more accurate prediction on the emergence and dispersal of antibiotic resistance. | 2011 | 21835695 |
| 4249 | 11 | 0.9998 | Detection of essential genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae using bioinformatics and allelic replacement mutagenesis. Although the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in major bacterial pathogens for the past decades poses a growing challenge to public health, discovery of novel antimicrobial agents from natural products or modification of existing antibiotics cannot circumvent the problem of antimicrobial resistance. The recent development of bacterial genomics and the availability of genome sequences allow the identification of potentially novel antimicrobial agents. The cellular targets of new antimicrobial agents must be essential for the growth, replication, or survival of the bacterium. Conserved genes among different bacterial genomes often turn out to be essential (1, 2). Thus, the combination of comparative genomics and the gene knock-out procedure can provide effective ways to identify the essential genes of bacterial pathogens (3). Identification of essential genes in bacteria may be utilized for the development of new antimicrobial agents because common essential genes in diverse pathogens could constitute novel targets for broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. | 2008 | 18392984 |
| 9439 | 12 | 0.9998 | Antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms and its clinical significance. Antimicrobial agents play a key role in controlling and curing infectious disease. Soon after the discovery of the first antibiotic, the challenge of antibiotic resistance commenced. Antimicrobial agents use different mechanisms against bacteria to prevent their pathogenesis and they can be classified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Antibiotics are one of the antimicrobial agents which has several classes, each with different targets. Consequently, bacteria are endlessly using methods to overcome the effectivity of the antibiotics by using distinct types of mechanisms. Comprehending the mechanisms of resistance is vital for better understanding and to continue use of current antibiotics. Which also helps to formulate synthetic antimicrobials to overcome the current mechanism of resistance. Also, encourage in prudent use and misuse of antimicrobial agents. Thus, decline in treatment costs and in the rate of morbidity and mortality. This review will be concentrating on the mechanism of actions of several antibiotics and how bacteria develop resistance to them, as well as the method of acquiring the resistance in several bacteria and how can a strain be resistant to several types of antibiotics. This review also analyzes the prevalence, major clinical implications, clinical causes of antibiotic resistance. Further, it evaluates the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, identifies various challenges and strategies in addressing the issue. Finally, put forward certain recommendations to prevent the spread and reduce the rate of resistance growth. | 2020 | 32201008 |
| 9575 | 13 | 0.9998 | Antibiotic resistome of Salmonella typhi: molecular determinants for the emergence of drug resistance. Resistome is a cluster of microbial genes encoding proteins with necessary functions to resist the action of antibiotics. Resistome governs essential and separate biological functions to develop resistance against antibiotics. The widespread clinical and nonclinical uses of antibiotics over the years have combined to select antibiotic-resistant determinants and develop resistome in bacteria. At present, the emergence of drug resistance because of resistome is a significant problem faced by clinicians for the treatment of Salmonella infection. Antibiotic resistome is a dynamic and ever-expanding component in Salmonella. The foundation of resistome in Salmonella is laid long before; therefore, the antibiotic resistome of Salmonella is reviewed, discussed, and summarized. We have searched the literature using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar with related key terms (resistome, Salmonella, antibiotics, drug resistance) and prepared this review. In this review, we summarize the status of resistance against antibiotics in S. typhi, highlight the seminal work in the resistome of S. typhi and the genes involved in the antibiotic resistance, and discuss the various methods to identify S. typhi resistome for the proactive identification of this infection and quick diagnosis of the disease. | 2021 | 34085183 |
| 9565 | 14 | 0.9998 | Finding drug targets in microbial genomes. In this era of genomic science, knowledge about biological function is integrated increasingly with DNA sequence data. One area that has been significantly impacted by this accumulation of information is the discovery of drugs to treat microbial infections. Genome sequencing and bioinformatics is driving the discovery and development of novel classes of broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds, and could enable medical science to keep pace with the increasing resistance of bacteria, fungi and parasites to current antimicrobials. This review discusses the use of genomic information in the rapid identification of target genes for antimicrobial drug discovery. | 2001 | 11522517 |
| 9805 | 15 | 0.9998 | Molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance in clinically relevant enteropathogenic bacteria (Review). Multidrug resistant (MDR) enteropathogenic bacteria are a growing problem within the clinical environment due to their acquired tolerance to a wide range of antibiotics, thus causing severe illnesses and a tremendous economic impact in the healthcare sector. Due to its difficult treatment, knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms that confer this resistance are needed. The aim of the present review is to describe the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance from a genomic perspective observed in bacteria, including naturally acquired resistance. The present review also discusses common pharmacological and alternative treatments used in cases of infection caused by MDR bacteria, thus covering necessary information for the development of novel antimicrobials and adjuvant molecules inhibiting bacterial proliferation. | 2022 | 36561977 |
| 4331 | 16 | 0.9998 | Infectious drug resistance. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a serious threat to public health. Infectious drug resistance, the transmission of resistant determinants from antibiotic-resistant bacteria to antibiotic-sensitive bacterial populations, creates clinical problems that must be addressed. Adequate knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for bacteria resistance is important for ensuring the benefits of antimicrobial therapy. | 1985 | 3981648 |
| 9487 | 17 | 0.9998 | Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance revisited. Antibiotic resistance is a global health emergency, with resistance detected to all antibiotics currently in clinical use and only a few novel drugs in the pipeline. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that bacteria use to resist the action of antimicrobials is critical to recognize global patterns of resistance and to improve the use of current drugs, as well as for the design of new drugs less susceptible to resistance development and novel strategies to combat resistance. In this Review, we explore recent advances in understanding how resistance genes contribute to the biology of the host, new structural details of relevant molecular events underpinning resistance, the identification of new resistance gene families and the interactions between different resistance mechanisms. Finally, we discuss how we can use this information to develop the next generation of antimicrobial therapies. | 2023 | 36411397 |
| 4333 | 18 | 0.9998 | New trends in regulatory rules and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin. Since the introduction in the 1940s of antibiotics as drugs against bacterial infections in human and then veterinary medicine, two major events have caused a shift in the antibiotherapy era: (1) the emergence of resistant bacteria and (2) the awareness of the limits of new drug development. It rapidly became urgent to set up measures in order to evaluate the importance of resistant bacteria and their origin as well as to limit the dissemination of resistant vectors (bacteria and bacterial genes). This led to the establishment of guidelines and regulatory rules necessary for risk assessment and clearly dependent upon monitoring and research organisations. At a veterinary level, the possible dissemination of multiresistant bacteria from animals to humans, through feeding, urged various national European and international institutions to give general recommendations to monitor and contain the emergence and diffusion of resistant strains. This paper gives an overview of the evolution of regulatory rules and monitoring systems dealing with multiresistant bacteria. | 2001 | 11432426 |
| 9438 | 19 | 0.9998 | The challenge of antibiotic resistance: need to contemplate. "Survival of the fittest " holds good for men and animals as also for bacteria. A majority of bacteria in nature are nonpathogenic, a large number of them, live as commensals on our body leading a symbiotic existence. A limited population of bacteria which has became pathogenic was also sensitive to antibiotics to begin with. It is the man made antibiotic pressure, which has led to the emergence and spread of resistant genes amongst bacteria. Despite the availability of a large arsenal of antibiotics, the ability of bacteria to become resistant to antibacterial agents is amazing. This is more evident in the hospital settings where the antibiotic usage is maximum. The use of antibiotics is widespread in clinical medicine, agriculture, aquaculture, veterinary practice, poultry and even in household products. The major reason for this is the inappropriate use of antibiotics due to a lack of uniform policy and disregard to hospital infection control practices. The antibiotic cover provided by newer antibiotics has been an important factor responsible for the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Bacterial infections increase the morbidity and mortality, increase the cost of treatment, and prolong hospital stay adding to the economical burden on the nation. The problem is further compounded by the lack of education and " over the counter " availability of antibiotics in developing countries. Antibiotic resistance is now all pervasive with the developed world as much vulnerable to the problem. Despite advancement in medical technology for diagnosis and patient care, a person can still die of an infection caused by a multi-drug resistant bacteria. It is time to think, plan and formulate a strong antibiotic policy to address the burgeoning hospital infection. | 2005 | 15756040 |