Molecular Surveillance of ESBL and Carbapenemase Genes in Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Various Clinical Samples Collected from Northern Region of United Arab Emirates. - Related Documents




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95201.0000Molecular Surveillance of ESBL and Carbapenemase Genes in Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Various Clinical Samples Collected from Northern Region of United Arab Emirates. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of ESBL and carbapenemase genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from various clinical samples collected from northern regions of UAE. In total 3670 clinical samples were obtained from patients attending various hospitals and clinics in the northern regions of the UAE. All the samples underwent routine bacterial culture examination, and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns mainly on beta-lactam and carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Molecular detection of ESBL and carbapenemase genes (bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(NDM), bla(IMP), and bla(OXA-48)) was performed on them. A total of 249 MDR Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis and A. baumannii) were isolated. The genes bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), and bla(SHV) were detected in all the MDR isolates. Among them, the bla(CTX-M) was predominant especially in E. coli. The bla(NDM) and bla(IMP) were detected in a few K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii. The genes combination bla(CTX-M+TEM) and bla(CTX-M+SHV), bla(CTX-M+SHV), bla(TEM+SHV), and bla(TEM+NDM) were detected mostly in K. pneumoniae and E. coli, and few A. baumannii. The gene combination bla(CTX-M+TEM+SHV) and bla(CTX-M+TEM+SHV+IMP) were also detected in few E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. The current findings highlight the importance of molecular detection of ESBL and carbapenemase genes to emphasize monitoring and controlling the development of MDR bacterial pathogens.202540871384
144710.9999Molecular detection of β-lactamase and integron genes in clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by β-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, are increasing globally with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the current study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (β-lactamase and integron genes) using multiplex PCR. METHODS: One-hundred K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from different clinical samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed with thirteen different antibiotics. Multiplex-PCR was used to detect β-lactamase (bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV , bla VEB, bla PER, bla GES, bla VIM, bla IMP, bla OXA, and bla KPC) and integron genes (int I, int II, and int III). RESULTS: The highest and lowest rate of resistance was exhibited against amikacin (93%) and imipenem (8%), respectively. The frequency of β-lactamase-positive K. pneumoniae was 37%, and the prevalence of the bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV , bla VEB, bla PER, bla GES, bla VIM, bla IMP, bla OXA, and bla KPC genes was 38%, 24%, 19%, 12%, 6%, 11%, 33%, 0%, 28%, and 23%, respectively. Of the 100 isolates, eight (8%) were positive for class I integrons; however, class II and III integrons were not detected in any of the strains. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate co-carriage of a number of β-lactamase genes and antibiotic resistance integrons on the same plasmids harboring multi-drug resistance genes. It seems that these properties help to decrease treatment complications due to resistant bacterial infections by rapid detection, infection-control programs and prevention of transmission of drug resistance.201728700049
95420.9999Hospital effluents as a reservoir of beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of beta-lactamase- (bla) producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospital effluent samples from two level II and III hospitals in Lima, Peru. The resistance profile of the isolated bacteria was identified and characterized using the MicroScan system for 18 antimicrobials, and the presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) (blaCTX-M ,bla SHV bla TEM ,bla PER) and carbapenemases (bla KPC ,bla NDM ,bla VIM ,bla IMP) resistance genes was determined by conventional PCR. Thirty-two isolates were identified (20 Enterobacteriaceae and 12 gram-negative bacteria). All the isolated bacteria showed multidrug resistance. ESBL (bla TEM) and carbapenemase (blaKPC, blaIMP) genes were found in samples from the hospitals that we evaluated. The release of these microorganisms to public areas and the lack of treatment of the hospital effluents could be an important public health problem.202134468580
107130.9998Characterization of Beta-Lactamase and Fluoroquinolone Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from a Tertiary Hospital in Yola, Nigeria. Infections due to antimicrobial resistant gram-negative bacteria cause significant morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. To elucidate the molecular epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bacteria, we characterized beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance determinants in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected from November 2017 to February 2018 (Period 1) and October 2021 to January 2022 (Period 2) in a tertiary medical center in north-eastern Nigeria. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to identify sequence types and resistance determinants in 52 non-duplicate, phenotypically resistant isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using broth microdilution and modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion methods. Twenty sequence types (STs) were identified among isolates from both periods using WGS, with increased strain diversity observed in Period 2. Common ESBL genes identified included bla(CTX-M), bla(SHV,) and bla(TEM) in both E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Notably, 50% of the E. coli in Period 2 harbored either bla(CTX-M-15) or bla(CTX-M-1 4) and phenotypically produced ESBLs. The bla(NDM-7) and bla(VIM-5) metallo-beta-lactamase genes were dominant in E. coli and P. aeruginosa in Period 1, but in Period 2, only K. pneumoniae contained bla(NDM-7), while bla(NDM-1) was predominant in P. aeruginosa. The overall rate of fluoroquinolone resistance was 77% in Period 1 but decreased to 47.8% in Period 2. Various plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were identified in both periods, including aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA/oqxB, qnrA1, qnrB1, qnrB6, qnrB18, qnrVC1, as well as mutations in the chromosomal gyrA, parC and parE genes. One E. coli isolate in Period 2, which was phenotypically multidrug resistant, had ESBL bla(CTX-M-15,) the serine carbapenemase, bla(OXA-181) and mutations in the gyrA gene. The co-existence of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance markers observed in this study is consistent with widespread use of these antimicrobial agents in Nigeria. The presence of multidrug resistant isolates is concerning and highlights the importance of continued surveillance to support antimicrobial stewardship programs and curb the spread of antimicrobial resistance.202337999619
95040.9998Incidence of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase Genes (ESBLs) among community and health care infection in Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria pose a significant challenge due to their limited treatment options. The production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is an important mechanism of resistance. This study aimed to identify the incidence and characteristics of ESBL-encoding genes (bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(OXA)) in MDR isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to May 2023. ESBL-producing isolates (n = 105) out of 412 were recovered from hospitalized and outpatient settings and analyzed. Standard microbiological methods were used for isolates identification, susceptibility testing, and phenotypic ESBL detection. Additionally, bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(OXA) genes were identified using conventional PCR. RESULTS: Molecular profiling of β-lactamase determinants was conducted via PCR targeting bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(OXA) genes. Among phenotypically confirmed (100%) ESBL producers, 98% harbored one or more target genes, with bla(CTX-M) predominant (81%), followed by bla(SHV) (70.4%), bla(TEM) (62%), and bla(OXA) (30.4%). Carbapenem resistance was higher in ESBL-producing strains compared to non-ESBL strains. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates were the most common across hospital departments and outpatients. DISCUSSION: This study highlights the significant prevalence of ESBL genes and multidrug resistance among Gram-negative bacteria. The dominance of bla(CTX-M) and the existence of multiple resistance genes raise concerns about limited treatment options. The findings emphasize the need for stricter antibiotic stewardship and infection control measures to curb the spread of MDR pathogens. CONCLUSION: This study provides valuable insights into the alarming incidence of ESBL genes and MDR in Mansoura, Egypt. Continuous surveillance and implementation of effective control strategies are crucial to combat this growing public health threat.202540405086
107450.9998Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from Pharmaceutical Wastewaters in South-Western Nigeria. Emergence and spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) present a major threat to public health. In this study, we characterized β-lactam-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates from six wastewater samples obtained from two pharmaceutical industries located in Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria. Bacteria were isolated by using MacConkey agar; species identification and antibacterial susceptibility testing were performed by Vitek 2. Etest was used for ESBL phenotype confirmation. The presence of β-lactamase genes was investigated by PCR and sequencing. Bacterial strain typing was done by XbaI-macrorestriction and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as well as multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Thirty-five bacterial species were isolated from the six samples; among them, we identified seven K. pneumoniae isolates with resistance to β-lactams and co-resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and folate pathway inhibitors. The ESBL phenotype was confirmed in six K. pneumoniae isolates that harbored ESBL genes bla(CTX-M-15) (n = 5), bla(SHV-2) (n = 1), and bla(SHV-12) (n = 1). PFGE and MLST analysis revealed five clones belonging to four sequence types (ST11, ST15, ST37, ST101), and clone K. pneumoniae-ST101 was present in the wastewater samples from two different pharmaceutical industries. Additionally performed conjugation assays confirmed the location of β-lactamase genes on conjugative plasmids. This is the first confirmation of K. pneumoniae isolates producing CTX-M-15-ESBL from pharmaceutical wastewaters in Nigeria. The co-resistance observed might be a reflection of the different drugs produced by these industries. Continuous surveillance of the environmental reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria is necessary to prevent their further spread.201728375698
94560.9998Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL), bla(TEM),bla(SHV) and bla(CTX-M), Resistance Genes in Community and Healthcare Associated Gram Negative Bacteria from Osun State, Nigeria. BACKGROUND: Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) production in gram negative bacteria confers multiple antibiotic resistance, adversely affecting antimicrobial therapy in infected individuals. ESBLs result from mutations in β-lactamases encoded mainly by the bla(TEM),bla(SHV) and bla(CTX-M) genes. The prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria has been on the increase globally, especially its upsurge among isolates from community-acquired infections has been observed. AIM: To determine ESBL prevalence and identify ESBL genes among clinical isolates in Osun State, Nigeria. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2016 - July 2017 in Osun State, Nigeria. Three hundred and sixty Gram-negative bacteria recovered from clinical samples obtained from both community and healthcare-associated infections were tested. They included 147 Escherichia coli (40.8%), 116 Klebsiella spp (32.2%), 44 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.2%) and 23 Proteus vulgaris (6.4%) isolates. Others were Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia rubidae, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp and Salmonella typhi. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out, isolates were screened for ESBL production and confirmed using standard laboratory procedures. ESBLs resistance genes were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). RESULTS: All isolates demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanate and erythromycin was 100%, whereas resistance to Imipenem was very low (5.0%). The overall prevalence of ESBL producers was 41.4% with Klebsiella spp as the highest ESBL producing Enterobacteriacaea. ESBL producers were more prevalent among the hospital pathogens than community pathogens, 58% vs. 29.5% (p=0.003). ESBL genes were detected in all ESBL producers with the bla(CTX-M) gene predominating (47.0%) followed by bla(TEM) (30.9%) and bla(SHV) gene was the least, 22.1%. The bla(CTX-M) gene was also the most prevalent in the healthcare pathogens (62%) but it accounted for only 25% in those of community origin. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of ESBL producing gram-negative organisms occurs both in healthcare and in the community in our environment with the CTX-M variant predominating. Efforts to control the spread of these pathogens should be addressed.202132729432
107270.9998Characterization of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial isolates from Nigeria by whole genome sequencing. This study characterized the mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients in Yola, Nigeria. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 66 isolates previously identified phenotypically as carbapenem-non-susceptible. The patterns of beta-lactamase resistance genes identified were primarily species-specific. However, bla(NDM-7) and bla(CMY-4) were detected in all Escherichia coli and most Providencia rettgeri isolates; bla(NDM-7) was also detected in 1 Enterobacter cloacae. The E. coli and E. cloacae isolates also shared bla(OXA-1,) while bla(OXA-10) was found in all P. rettgeri, one Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 E. coli. Except for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates, which only contained bla(L1), most species carried multiple beta-lactamase genes, including those encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, AmpC and OXA in addition to a carbapenemase gene. Carbapenemase genes were either class B or class D beta-lactamases. No carbapenemase gene was detected by WGS in 13.6% of isolates.202134111650
144680.9998One-Day Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) and Carbapenemase-Producing Bacteria in Fecal Samples from Surgical Patients: A Concerning Trend of Antibiotic Resistance. PURPOSE: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase producing bacteria are of increasing concern due to their multidrug resistance and infection potential. This study determines the one-day prevalence of faecal carriage of ESBL and carbapenemase producing Gram-negative bacilli. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from 30 post-surgery patients (hospitalized for at least 48 hours) in each of the four hospitals involved in the study and were analyzed for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Identification was done using Maldi Tof mass spectrometry, and antibiotic susceptibility was tested using disk diffusion and specialized tests for ESBL (double disk synergy technique) and carbapenem (NG-TEST CARBA 5) resistance detection. PCR was conducted on isolates to detect betalactam resistance genes, carbapenemase genes and quinolone resistance genes. FINDINGS: Out of the 120 patients enrolled, 38.33% (n = 46) and 49.16.33% (n = 59) were found to carry ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria, respectively, in their fecal samples. Among the isolates, 51.08% (n = 47) exhibited ESBL production, with Escherichia coli (44.56%) being the most common species. The identification of bacteria with resistance to carbapenems showed a predominance of the species Escherichia coli (44.45%) followed by the species Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.06%) and Acinetobacter baumanii (13.58%). The study of the association of variables shows a high degree of association (p < 0.05) for the factors independent walking and use of a wheelchair with ESBL production. The most frequently detected genes among ESBL producing bacteria were bla(CTXM-1) (91.49%), qnrB (70.21%) and qnrs (63.82%). bla(NDM) (54.68%) was the most detected carbapenemase genes among carbapenemase producing isolates. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates, for the first time, a significant prevalence of ESBL and carbapenemase producing gram-negative bacteria among surgical patients in Benin, with multiple resistance genes detected. Findings should be interpreted in light of the cross-sectional design and >48-hour hospitalization criterion.202540635768
106890.9998Dissemination of IncF plasmids carrying beta-lactamase genes in Gram-negative bacteria from Nigerian hospitals. INTRODUCTION: Production of beta-lactamases is the predominant cause of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. We investigated the diversity of plasmid-borne beta-lactamase genes and replicon type of the plasmids carrying the respective genes in Gram-negative bacteria recovered from clinical infection in Nigerian hospitals. METHODOLOGY: A total of 134 Gram-negative bacteria of 13 species were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility, phenotypic and genotypic detection of various beta-lactamases, and plasmid analysis, including replicon typing. RESULTS: Of the 134 isolates, 111 (82.8%) contained beta-lactamases, while 28 (20.9%) carried extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. PCR and sequencing identified TEM-1 in 109 isolates (81.3%), SHV-1 in 33 isolates (24.6%), OXA-1 in 15 isolates (11.2%) and CTX-M enzymes (24 CTX-M-15 and 1 CTX-M-3) in 25 isolates (18.7%). Multiplex PCR showed that 6 isolates carried plasmidic AmpCs (ACT-1, DHA-1 and CMY-2); these enzymes were detected only in isolates possessing CTX-M beta-lactamases. Of 13 (76.9%) representative plasmids investigated in detail, 9 (69.2%) were self-transferable when selected by a beta-lactam and the plasmids once transferred coded for beta-lactam resistance. Replicon typing indicated IncF as the common vector encoding for beta-lactamases. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a diversity of beta-lactamase genes disseminated by conjugative IncF plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria; TEM-1, SHV-1, OXA-1, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3 and plasmidic AmpC enzymes are in common circulation in Nigeria.201323669427
992100.9998Phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of beta-lactamases (ESBL and KPC) among enterobacteria isolated from community-acquired monomicrobial urinary tract infections. Beta-lactamases enzymes such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemase type beta-lactamases (KPC) confer resistance to beta-lactam drugs among Gram-negative rods, mainly Enterobacteriaceae, as those frequently related to urinary tract infections (UTI). The aim of this study was to evaluate ESBL and KPC among enterobacteria isolated from monomicrobial UTI and to establish correlations between the presence of genetic markers and the phenotypic resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Out of 12 304 urine samples collected during 2009, 93 enterobacteria showing an ESBL phenotype were recovered. Imipenem was used for KPC screening and modified disk approximation assay was used for detection of ESBL phenotype. Polymerase chain reaction was used for screening of bla(SHV), bla(TEM), bla(CTX-M), and bla(KPC). Considering the isolated bacteria showing ESBL phenotype 56% of the isolates were positive for two genes. The bla(TEM) was the most frequent (87·1%). Neither KPC phenotype nor bla(KPC)-harboring bacteria were observed. Monitoring the antimicrobial resistance is extremely important to sustain empirical therapy of community-acquired urinary tract infections (Co-UTI).201424621159
2126110.9998Carbapenemase genes among multidrug resistant gram negative clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. The burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is rapidly growing across antibiotic classes, with increased detection of isolates resistant to carbapenems. Data on the prevalence of carbapenem resistance in developing countries is limited; therefore, in this study, we determined the prevalence of carbapenemase genes among multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) isolated from clinical specimens in a tertiary hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. A total of 227 MDR-GNB isolates were analyzed for carbapenem resistance genes. For each isolate, five different PCR assays were performed, allowing for the detection of the major carbapenemase genes, including those encoding the VIM-, IMP-, and NDM-type metallo-beta-lactamases, the class A KPC-type carbapenemases, and the class D OXA-48 enzyme. Of 227 isolates, 80 (35%) were positive for one or more carbapenemase gene. IMP-types were the most predominant gene followed by VIM, in 49 (21.59%) and 28 (12%) isolates, respectively. Carbapenemase genes were most detected in K. pneumoniae 24 (11%), followed by P. aeruginosa 23 (10%), and E. coli with 19 isolates (8%). We have demonstrated for the first time a high prevalence of MDR-GNB clinical isolates having carbapenem resistance genes in Tanzania. We recommend routine testing for carbapenem resistance among the MDR-GNB particularly in systemic infections.201424707481
2110120.9998First report of carbapenems encoding multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria from a pediatric hospital in Gaza Strip, Palestine. BACKGROUND: The worldwide prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), particularly related to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases, poses significant global public health and clinical challenges. OBJECTIVES: To characterize ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacilli, within a pediatric hospital in Gaza using whole genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS: A total of 158 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli were collected from Al-Nasser Pediatric Hospital. These isolates were tested for ESBL production using the double disk synergy test. The antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined using the Kirby Bauer method following the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Selected 15 phenotypically MDR isolates were whole-genome sequenced and characterized for their genome-based species identity and antibiotic resistance gene profile. RESULTS: Of the 158 isolates, 93 (58.9%) were positive for ESBL production. The frequency of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia marcescens was 50%, 22.7%, 22.7%, 1.8%, 1.2%, and 1.2% respectively. The prevalence of ESBL among urine, pus, blood, and sputum was 64%, 44%, 23%, and 63.6%, respectively. Chloramphenicol, Imipenem, and Meropenem were the most effective antibiotics against ESBL producers. In sequenced isolates,  an average of six anti-microbial resistance (AMR) genes were noted per isolate, where one of them carried up to 13 antibiotic resistance genes. Carbapenem resistance genes such as bla(KPC-2)(6.6%), bla(PDC-36/12) (6.6%), and bla(POM-1) (6.6%) were detected. All the sequenced E. coli isolates (n = 8) showed multiple resistance genes, mainly against β-lactamase (25.0%), aminoglycosides (37.5%), sulfonamides (37.5%), and genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines (25.0). CONCLUSION: Our results showed a high prevalence of ESBL-producing GNB isolated from a pediatric hospital in the Gaza Strip. Various antibiotic resistance genes were identified, including those encoding ESBL and carbapenems. The results highlight the significant challenge posed by MDR in GNB and emphasize the need for effective antibiotic strategies. Given the high endemicity observed in various studies from Palestine, it is important to conduct clinical and molecular epidemiology research to identify risk factors, transmission patterns, and clinical outcomes associated with GNB strains that carry ESBL and carbapenem resistance genes.202439379824
1420130.9998Metallo-β-lactamase and AmpC genes in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from abattoir and poultry origin in Nigeria. BACKGROUND: Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae represent the most relevant reservoir of resistance genes such as metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC genes that give them the undue advantage to resist antimicrobial onslaught. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of MBL (bla(IMP-1), bla(IMP-2), bla(VIM-1), bla(VIM-2)) and AmpC (bla(FOX), bla(DHA), bla(CMY), bla(ACC)) resistance genes in aforementioned GNB collected from abattoir and poultry sources in Nigeria. RESULTS: In total, 370 isolates were collected from abattoir tables (n = 130), anal region of cows (n = 120), and the cloacae of poultry birds (n = 120). The test isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems. The MBLs were phenotypically detected in 22 E. coli, 22 P. aeruginosa, and 18 K. pneumoniae isolates using combined disc test (CDT). However, only 11 E. coli, 24 P. aeruginosa, and 18 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were phenotypically confirmed to be AmpC producers using cefoxitin-cloxacillin double disk synergy test (CC-DDST). MBL encoding genes (particularly the bla(IMP-1) genes and bla(IMP-2) genes) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 12 (54.6%) E. coli, 15 (83.3%) K. pneumoniae, and 16 (72.7%) P. aeruginosa isolates. AmpC genes (particularly the bla(CMY) genes and bla(FOX) genes) were found in a total of 5 (29.4%) E. coli isolates, 5 (27.8%) isolates of K. pneumoniae, and 10 (41.7%) isolates of P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed the circulation of MBL and AmpC genes in GNB from abattoir and poultry origin in Nigeria. Adoption of regular control policies is necessary to reduce the spread of these species as soon as possible, especially in poultry and slaughterhouses.202133882823
944140.9998Fecal shedding of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in cats admitted to an animal shelter. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate shedding of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in cats admitted to an animal shelter. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from cats admitted to an animal shelter between 12 June and 23 August 2018. Selective enrichment culture for ESBL-producing bacteria was performed and isolates were speciated and tested for selected ESBL genes using PCR. RESULTS: ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were identified in fecal samples from 2/87 (2.3%; 95% confidence interval 0.6-8.0) cats. One isolate was an Escherichia coli that possessed bla(CTX-M-1), bla(CMY-2) and bla(TEM) genes. The other was Enterobacter cloacae possessing bla(CTX-M-1) and bla(CMY-2). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: While the study sample size and prevalence rate for ESBL-producing bacteria were low, these data document that cats admitted to similar shelters could harbor these agents. The risk posed by ESBL-producing bacterium shedding in cats, both to cats and other species, is currently unclear. However, these findings support the need for more investigation of interspecies transmission of ESBL-producing bacteria and ESBL genes, as well as the importance of antimicrobial stewardship and routine infection control measures.202235133182
1422150.9998Identification of bla(OXA-51-23-58), bla(VIM), bla(NDM), and bla(IMP) carbapenemase genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from hospitalized patients. OBJECTIVE: The increase of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), especially carbapenem-resistant strains, is challenging for treating infections. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance pattern and frequency of carbapenem resistance genes (oxacillinase and metallo-beta-lactamase) in A. baumannii. RESULTS: In this study, 100 bacterial isolates were collected from clinical samples from different hospitals in Isfahan, central of Iran. Of 100 samples of bloodstream, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), wound, and trachea, 60 bacteria were identified as A. baumannii. The results showed that 100% of the selected isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem. Based on the antibiotic resistance pattern, 25 isolates were chosen for PCR analysis targeting bla(OXA-51), bla(OXA-23), bla(OXA-58), bla(NDM), bla(IMP), and bla(VIM) genes PCR results revealed that among the selected isolates, 15 (60.0%) harbored the bla(OXA-23) gene, 23 (92.0%) contained the bla(OXA-51) gene, and 1 (4.0%) isolate carried the bla(NDM) gene. Based on MLST analysis, two colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were categorized as ST2. The ST2 clone represents the predominant sequence type within the CC2 or international clone two. The results showed that the best antibiotic against isolates was colistin. bla(OXA-51) and bla(OXA-23) genes (oxacillinase genes) were dominant genes, but bla(IMP) and bla(OXA-58) were not local carbapenem resistant genes in Isfahan.202439736661
1414160.9998Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in intensive care units of Sanandaj general hospitals (Kurdistan, Iran). This study focused on analyzing the spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes among Gram-negative bacteria at intensive care units (ICUs). Between January 2007 and January 2008, 301 consecutive clinical isolates of Gram-negative type were isolated. Of these, 66 strains were collected from patients in ICUs in two major hospitals in Sanandaj (Kurdistan, Iran). The isolates were identified, tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and analyzed for the presence of ESBL using the double-disk synergy test. Isolates with a positive ESBL phenotype were subjected to PCR for SHV, TEM, OXA and CTX-M beta-lactamase gene families. Sixty-six Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from clinical samples of 66 ICU patients. These isolates included 16 Escherichia coli, 28 Enterobacter spp., 5 Pseudomonas spp., 10 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 3 Serratia marcescens and 1 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Twenty-three (34.85%) of these isolates were ESBL producing. The ESBL genes detected were SHV, TEM, OXA-1, OXA-2 and CTX-M. The results show the presence of ESBL genes among Gram-negative bacteria in the ICU setting of Sanandaj's hospitals. There is a need to institute a strict hospital infection control policy and regular surveillance of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.200919521074
956170.9998Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing and Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria from Mink Feces and Feed in the United States. Antibiotic-resistant infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases are increasing worldwide. Bacteria resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and last resort carbapenems have been reported from food animals and their environments. Other concentrated nonfood-producing animals such as mink farming can be a reservoir of bacteria resistant to these critically important antibiotics. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria and carbapenem-resistant (CR) bacteria from mink fecal (n = 42) and feed (n = 8) samples obtained from a commercial mink farm in the United States. The most prevalent ESBL-producing bacteria identified from the fecal samples were Escherichia coli (93%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (76%), and Proteus species (88%). E. coli (100%) and K. pneumoniae (75%) were also the most prevalent ESBL-producing bacteria identified from feed samples. All ESBL E. coli isolates were resistant to penicillin and most cephem beta-lactam antibiotics. Among the ESBL E. coli isolates, co-resistance was observed to ciprofloxacin (33%) and gentamicin (28%) indicating multidrug resistance. ESBL E. coli isolates predominantly carried bla(CTX-M-14) and bla(CTX-M-15) genes. Although all feed K. pneumoniae isolates carried bla(CTX-M-9), all fecal K. pneumoniae isolates carried bla(SHV). CR Pseudomonas species (7%), Hafnia alvei (24%), and Myroides odoratimimus (9.5%) were detected from fecal samples. H. alvei (37.5%) was the only CR bacteria detected from the feed samples. All CR isolates were polymerase chain reaction negative for the tested carbapenemases that are commonly reported, which may indicate intrinsic rather than acquired resistance. This study indicates that mink production can be a reservoir for bacteria resistant to the highest priority critically important antibiotics for human health.202133978469
1241180.9998Spectrum of Bacterial Colonization in Patients Hospitalized for Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. This study investigated the bacterial colonization in patients admitted for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in a specialized TB hospital. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates (n = 62) from nasal, groin, and rectal swabs [patient cohort (n = 37)] were determined by the VITEK-MS system. Resistance gene analysis was by PCR and DNA sequencing. Molecular typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates was by Multilocus Sequencing Typing (MLST). Patients (n = 13/37; 35%) were colonized by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria (ESBL and MRSA) on admission. Of the 24 patients who were not colonized by MDR bacteria on admission, 46% (17/37) became colonized by MDR bacteria within 1 month of admission, mostly with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriales and resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. ESBL Escherichia coli (41/62; 66%) and K. pneumoniae (14/62; 23%) predominated. Genes encoding for ESBLs (bla(CTX-M-14), bla(CTX-M-15), bla(SHV-28), bla(OXA-1), and bla(OXY-2)) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistant genes (qnrB1, qnrB4, and qnrB10) were detected. MLST revealed genetic diversity among the K. pneumoniae isolates from hospitalized patients. This study provides insight into bacterial pathogen colonization in hospitalized TB patients with the first occurrence of the qnrB4 and qnrB10 genes and co-expression of genes: qnrB4+aac(6')-lb-cr, qnrB10+aac(6')-lb-cr, qnrB4+qnrS1, and qnrB10+qnrS1 in fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates within South Africa. However, the source and colonization routes of these isolates could not be determined.202133074767
2125190.9998Emergence of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Isolates in Hospital Settings in Djibouti. Introduction: The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacteria is increasing rapidly against all classes of antibiotics, with the increasing detection of carbapenem-resistant isolates. However, while growing prevalence has been reported around the world, data on the prevalence of carbapenem resistance in developing countries are fairly limited. In this study, we investigated and determined the resistance rate to carbapenems among multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) isolated in Djibouti and characterized their resistance mechanisms. Results: Of the 256 isolates, 235 (91.8%) were identified as Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Of these GNBs, 225 (95.7%) isolates exhibited a multidrug resistance phenotype, and 20 (8.5%) isolates were resistant to carbapenems, including 13 Escherichia coli, 4 Acinetobacter baumannii, 2 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 1 Proteus mirabilis. The most predominant GNB in this hospital setting were E. coli and K. pneumoniae species. Carbapenemase genes such as bla(OXA-48) and bla(NDM-5) were identified, respectively, in six and four E. coli isolates, whereas the carbapenemase bla(NDM-1) was identified in three E. coli, two K. pneumoniae, one P. mirabilis and one A. baumannii. Moreover, three A. baumannii isolates co-hosted bla(OXA-23) and bla(NDM-1). Materials and Methods: A total of 256 clinical strains collected between 2019 and 2020 were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion and E-test methods. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), standard PCR and sequencing were used to investigate genes encoding for extended-spectrum-β-lactamases, carbapenemases and colistin resistance genes. Conclusions: We report, for the first time, the presence of MDR-GNB clinical isolates and the emergence of carbapenem-resistant isolates in Djibouti. In addition to performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing, we recommend phenotypic and molecular screening to track the spread of carbapenemase genes among clinical GNB isolates.202337508230