Insights into the synthesis, engineering, and functions of microbial pigments in Deinococcus bacteria. - Related Documents




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863601.0000Insights into the synthesis, engineering, and functions of microbial pigments in Deinococcus bacteria. The ability of Deinococcus bacteria to survive in harsh environments, such as high radiation, extreme temperature, and dryness, is mainly attributed to the generation of unique pigments, especially carotenoids. Although the limited number of natural pigments produced by these bacteria restricts their industrial potential, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology can significantly increase pigment yield and expand their application prospects. In this study, we review the properties, biosynthetic pathways, and functions of key enzymes and genes related to these pigments and explore strategies for improving pigment production through gene editing and optimization of culture conditions. Additionally, studies have highlighted the unique role of these pigments in antioxidant activity and radiation resistance, particularly emphasizing the critical functions of deinoxanthin in D. radiodurans. In the future, Deinococcus bacterial pigments will have broad application prospects in the food industry, drug production, and space exploration, where they can serve as radiation indicators and natural antioxidants to protect astronauts' health during long-term space flights.202439119139
863510.9998Techniques for enhancing the tolerance of industrial microbes to abiotic stresses: A review. The diversity of stress responses and survival strategies evolved by microorganism enables them to survive and reproduce in a multitude of harsh environments, whereas the discovery of the underlying resistance genes or mechanisms laid the foundation for the directional enhancement of microbial tolerance to abiotic stresses encountered in industrial applications. Many biological techniques have been developed for improving the stress resistance of industrial microorganisms, which greatly benefited the bacteria on which industrial production is based. This review introduces the main techniques for enhancing the resistance of microorganisms to abiotic stresses, including evolutionary engineering, metabolic engineering, and process engineering, developed in recent years. In addition, we also discuss problems that are still present in this area and offer directions for future research.202031206805
962320.9997Prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin systems--the role in bacterial physiology and application in molecular biology. Bacteria have developed multiple complex mechanisms ensuring an adequate response to environmental changes. In this context, bacterial cell division and growth are subject to strict control to ensure metabolic balance and cell survival. A plethora of studies cast light on toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems as metabolism regulators acting in response to environmental stress conditions. Many of those studies suggest direct relations between the TA systems and the pathogenic potential or antibiotic resistance of relevant bacteria. Other studies point out that TA systems play a significant role in ensuring stability of mobile genetic material. The evolutionary origin and relations between various TA systems are still a subject of a debate. The impact of toxin-antitoxin systems on bacteria physiology prompted their application in molecular biology as tools allowing cloning of some hard-to-maintain genes, plasmid maintenance and production of recombinant proteins.201121394325
829430.9997Unraveling the genetic mechanisms of UV radiation resistance in Bacillus through biofilm formation, sporulation, and carotenoid production. Bacillus species are Gram-positive bacteria that are rod-shaped, endospore-forming, and aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. With over 300 recognized species, Bacillus subtilis stands out as a well-studied model organism. The genus's various species exhibit a wide range of physiological capabilities, allowing them to thrive in diverse environmental conditions. Each cell produces a single endospore, which is highly resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants. Among Bacillus strains, those capable of producing spores, biofilms, and carotenoids demonstrate significant resilience to UV light. This review examines the genes involved in spore formation, biofilm development, and carotenoid synthesis, emphasizing their roles in UV radiation survival. We explore the interconnections between these processes and their combined contribution to UV resistance, focusing on the underlying genetic mechanisms. These insights will benefit researchers studying the genetic basis of UV radiation resistance in Bacillus species. IMPORTANCE: Bacteria employ adaptive strategies in extreme environments through rapid changes in gene expression, altering their phenotype for survival. Bacillus species, for example, defend against UV radiation by making spores, creating biofilms, and producing pigments. During sporulation, sigma factors (σ(F), σ(E), σ(G), and σ(K)) regulate gene expression to adapt to environmental shifts. It has been found that the spores of some species may contain pigments that strongly absorb UV radiation, playing a crucial role in spore UV resistance. UV light penetrates biofilm matrices minimally, mainly affecting surface cells, which produce compounds like mycosporine-like amino acids and carotenoids to shield against UV damage.202540456420
828640.9997RNA Modifications in Pathogenic Bacteria: Impact on Host Adaptation and Virulence. RNA modifications are involved in numerous biological processes and are present in all RNA classes. These modifications can be constitutive or modulated in response to adaptive processes. RNA modifications play multiple functions since they can impact RNA base-pairings, recognition by proteins, decoding, as well as RNA structure and stability. However, their roles in stress, environmental adaptation and during infections caused by pathogenic bacteria have just started to be appreciated. With the development of modern technologies in mass spectrometry and deep sequencing, recent examples of modifications regulating host-pathogen interactions have been demonstrated. They show how RNA modifications can regulate immune responses, antibiotic resistance, expression of virulence genes, and bacterial persistence. Here, we illustrate some of these findings, and highlight the strategies used to characterize RNA modifications, and their potential for new therapeutic applications.202134440299
959550.9996Targeted antibiotic discovery through biosynthesis-associated resistance determinants: target directed genome mining. Intense competition between microbes in the environment has directed the evolution of antibiotic production in bacteria. Humans have harnessed these natural molecules for medicinal purposes, magnifying them from environmental concentrations to industrial scale. This increased exposure to antibiotics has amplified antibiotic resistance across bacteria, spurring a global antimicrobial crisis and a search for antibiotics with new modes of action. Genetic insights into these antibiotic-producing microbes reveal that they have evolved several resistance strategies to avoid self-toxicity, including product modification, substrate transport and binding, and target duplication or modification. Of these mechanisms, target duplication or modification will be highlighted in this review, as it uniquely links an antibiotic to its mode of action. We will further discuss and propose a strategy to mine microbial genomes for these genes and their associated biosynthetic gene clusters to discover novel antibiotics using target directed genome mining.201930985219
958360.9996Bacteriophages presence in nature and their role in the natural selection of bacterial populations. Phages are the obligate parasite of bacteria and have complex interactions with their hosts. Phages can live in, modify, and shape bacterial communities by bringing about changes in their abundance, diversity, physiology, and virulence. In addition, phages mediate lateral gene transfer, modify host metabolism and reallocate bacterially-derived biochemical compounds through cell lysis, thus playing an important role in ecosystem. Phages coexist and coevolve with bacteria and have developed several antidefense mechanisms in response to bacterial defense strategies against them. Phages owe their existence to their bacterial hosts, therefore they bring about alterations in their host genomes by transferring resistance genes and genes encoding toxins in order to improve the fitness of the hosts. Application of phages in biotechnology, environment, agriculture and medicines demands a deep insight into the myriad of phage-bacteria interactions. However, to understand their complex interactions, we need to know how unique phages are to their bacterial hosts and how they exert a selective pressure on the microbial communities in nature. Consequently, the present review focuses on phage biology with respect to natural selection of bacterial populations.202033170167
958270.9996Humans and Microbes: A Systems Theory Perspective on Coevolution. The issue of rapid adaptation of microorganisms to changing environments is examined. The mechanism of adaptive mutations is analyzed. The possibility that horizontal gene transfer is a random process is discussed. Bacteria, unicellular fungi, and other microorganisms successfully adapt to fast-changing conditions (such as exposure to drugs) because their evolution is not a random process. Adaptation to antibiotics, adaptive mutations, and related phenomena occur because microbial evolution is inherently directed and purposefully oriented toward potential external changes. Rejecting gene-centricity plays a crucial role in understanding the coevolution of humans and pathogens. This means that beyond genes, there exists a higher-level system-an organism with its own unique properties that cannot be reduced to genes. The problem of human adaptation to infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, and protozoa) is also analyzed. Based on general systems theory, it is concluded that humans and pathogens coevolve in a controlled manner.202541176022
824980.9996Biocontrol Traits Correlate With Resistance to Predation by Protists in Soil Pseudomonads. Root-colonizing bacteria can support plant growth and help fend off pathogens. It is clear that such bacteria benefit from plant-derived carbon, but it remains ambiguous why they invest in plant-beneficial traits. We suggest that selection via protist predation contributes to recruitment of plant-beneficial traits in rhizosphere bacteria. To this end, we examined the extent to which bacterial traits associated with pathogen inhibition coincide with resistance to protist predation. We investigated the resistance to predation of a collection of Pseudomonas spp. against a range of representative soil protists covering three eukaryotic supergroups. We then examined whether patterns of resistance to predation could be explained by functional traits related to plant growth promotion, disease suppression and root colonization success. We observed a strong correlation between resistance to predation and phytopathogen inhibition. In addition, our analysis highlighted an important contribution of lytic enzymes and motility traits to resist predation by protists. We conclude that the widespread occurrence of plant-protective traits in the rhizosphere microbiome may be driven by the evolutionary pressure for resistance against predation by protists. Protists may therefore act as microbiome regulators promoting native bacteria involved in plant protection against diseases.202033384680
973190.9996Towards an understanding of the genetics of bacterial metal resistance. Many bacteria show great promise for use in metal recovery. However, the genetics of metal-leaching, accumulation-resistance, and oxidation/reduction mechanisms of these bacteria is still an area of research in its infancy. The introduction of such genes into bacteria of economic importance would have application in biomining and environmental bioremediation.19911366923
8343100.9996Bacterial Stress Responses as Potential Targets in Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance. Bacteria can be adapted to adverse and detrimental conditions that induce general and specific responses to DNA damage as well as acid, heat, cold, starvation, oxidative, envelope, and osmotic stresses. The stress-triggered regulatory systems are involved in bacterial survival processes, such as adaptation, physiological changes, virulence potential, and antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility to several antibiotics is reduced due to the activation of stress responses in cellular physiology by the stimulation of resistance mechanisms, the promotion of a resistant lifestyle (biofilm or persistence), and/or the induction of resistance mutations. Hence, the activation of bacterial stress responses poses a serious threat to the efficacy and clinical success of antibiotic therapy. Bacterial stress responses can be potential targets for therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics. An understanding of the regulation of stress response in association with antibiotic resistance provides useful information for the discovery of novel antimicrobial adjuvants and the development of effective therapeutic strategies to control antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Therefore, this review discusses bacterial stress responses linked to antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria and also provides information on novel therapies targeting bacterial stress responses that have been identified as potential candidates for the effective control of Gram-negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria.202235889104
8285110.9996Bacterial stress response: understanding the molecular mechanics to identify possible therapeutic targets. INTRODUCTION: Bacteria are ubiquitous and many of them are pathogenic in nature. Entry of bacteria in host and its recognition by host defense system induce stress in host cells. With time, bacteria have also developed strategies including drug resistance to escape from antibacterial therapy as well as host defense mechanism. AREAS COVERED: Bacterial stress initiates and promotes adaptive immune response through several integrated mechanisms. The mechanisms of bacteria to up and down regulate different pathways involved in these responses have been discussed. The genetic expression of these pathways can be manipulated by the pharmacological interventions. Present review discusses in these contexts and explores the possibilities to overcome stress induced by bacterial pathogens and to suggest new possible therapeutic targets. EXPERT OPINION: In our opinion, there are two important fronts to regulate the bacterial stress. One is to target caspase involved in the process of transformation and translation at gene level and protein expression. Second is the identification of bacterial genes that lead to synthesis of abnormal end products supporting bacterial survival in host environment and also to surpass the host defense mechanism. Identification of such genes and their expression products could be an effective option to encounter bacterial resistance.202132811215
8634120.9996Synthetic bacteria designed using ars operons: a promising solution for arsenic biosensing and bioremediation. The global concern over arsenic contamination in water due to its natural occurrence and human activities has led to the development of innovative solutions for its detection and remediation. Microbial metabolism and mobilization play crucial roles in the global cycle of arsenic. Many microbial arsenic-resistance systems, especially the ars operons, prevalent in bacterial plasmids and genomes, play vital roles in arsenic resistance and are utilized as templates for designing synthetic bacteria. This review novelty focuses on the use of these tailored bacteria, engineered with ars operons, for arsenic biosensing and bioremediation. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using synthetic bacteria in arsenic pollution treatment. We highlight the importance of genetic circuit design, reporter development, and chassis cell optimization to improve biosensors' performance. Bacterial arsenic resistances involving several processes, such as uptake, transformation, and methylation, engineered in customized bacteria have been summarized for arsenic bioaccumulation, detoxification, and biosorption. In this review, we present recent insights on the use of synthetic bacteria designed with ars operons for developing tailored bacteria for controlling arsenic pollution, offering a promising avenue for future research and application in environmental protection.202438709285
8246130.9996From Functional Characterization to the Application of SWEET Sugar Transporters in Plant Resistance Breeding. The occurrence of plant diseases severely affects the quality and quantity of plant production. Plants adapt to the constant invasion of pathogens and gradually form a series of defense mechanisms, such as pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and microbial effector-triggered immunity. Moreover, many pathogens have evolved to inhibit the immune defense system and acquire plant nutrients as a result of their coevolution with plants. The sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) are a novel family of sugar transporters that function as uniporters. They provide a channel for pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, to hijack sugar from the host. In this review, we summarize the functions of SWEETs in nectar secretion, grain loading, senescence, and long-distance transport. We also focus on the interaction between the SWEET genes and pathogens. In addition, we provide insight into the potential application of SWEET genes to enhance disease resistance through the use of genome editing tools. The summary and perspective of this review will deepen our understanding of the role of SWEETs during the process of pathogen infection and provide insights into resistance breeding.202235446562
8342140.9996Inflammatory immunity and bacteriological perspectives: A new direction for copper treatment of sepsis. Copper is an essential trace element for all aerobic organisms because of its unique biological functions. In recent years, researchers have discovered that copper can induce cell death through various regulatory mechanisms, thereby inducing inflammation. Efforts have also been made to alter the chemical structure of copper to achieve either anticancer or anti-inflammatory effects. The copper ion can exhibit bactericidal effects by interfering with the integrity of the cell membrane and promoting oxidative stress. Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response caused by infection. Some studies have revealed that copper is involved in the pathophysiological process of sepsis and is closely related to its prognosis. During the infection of sepsis, the body may enhance the antimicrobial effect by increasing the release of copper. However, to avoid copper poisoning, all organisms have evolved copper resistance genes. Therefore, further analysis of the complex relationship between copper and bacteria may provide new ideas and research directions for the treatment of sepsis.202438692229
8283150.9996Stress responses as determinants of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria encounter a myriad of potentially growth-compromising conditions in nature and in hosts of pathogenic bacteria. These 'stresses' typically elicit protective and/or adaptive responses that serve to enhance bacterial survivability. Because they impact upon many of the same cellular components and processes that are targeted by antimicrobials, adaptive stress responses can influence antimicrobial susceptibility. In targeting and interfering with key cellular processes, antimicrobials themselves are 'stressors' to which protective stress responses have also evolved. Cellular responses to nutrient limitation (nutrient stress), oxidative and nitrosative stress, cell envelope damage (envelope stress), antimicrobial exposure and other growth-compromising stresses, have all been linked to the development of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria - resulting from the stimulation of protective changes to cell physiology, activation of resistance mechanisms, promotion of resistant lifestyles (biofilms), and induction of resistance mutations.201222424589
8243160.9996Rooteomics: the challenge of discovering plant defense-related proteins in roots. In recent years, a strong emphasis has been given in deciphering the function of genes unraveled by the completion of several genome sequencing projects. In plants, functional genomics has been massively used in order to search for gene products of agronomic relevance. As far as root-pathogen interactions are concerned, several genes are recognized to provide tolerance/resistance against potential invaders. However, very few proteins have been identified by using current proteomic approaches. One of the major drawbacks for the successful analysis of root proteomes is the inherent characteristics of this tissue, which include low volume content and high concentration of interfering substances such as pigments and phenolic compounds. The proteome analysis of plant-pathogen interactions provides important information about the global proteins expressed in roots in response to biotic stresses. Moreover, several pathogenic proteins superimpose the plant proteome and can be identified and used as targets for the control of viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematode pathogens. The present review focuses on advances in different proteomic strategies dedicated to the challenging analysis of plant defense proteins expressed during bacteria-, fungi- and nematode-root interactions. Recent developments, limitations of the current techniques, and technological perspectives for root proteomics aiming at the identification of resistance-related proteins are discussed.200818393883
8338170.9996SOS, the formidable strategy of bacteria against aggressions. The presence of an abnormal amount of single-stranded DNA in the bacterial cell constitutes a genotoxic alarm signal that induces the SOS response, a broad regulatory network found in most bacterial species to address DNA damage. The aim of this review was to point out that beyond being a repair process, SOS induction leads to a very strong but transient response to genotoxic stress, during which bacteria can rearrange and mutate their genome, induce several phenotypic changes through differential regulation of genes, and sometimes acquire characteristics that potentiate bacterial survival and adaptation to changing environments. We review here the causes and consequences of SOS induction, but also how this response can be modulated under various circumstances and how it is connected to the network of other important stress responses. In the first section, we review articles describing the induction of the SOS response at the molecular level. The second section discusses consequences of this induction in terms of DNA repair, changes in the genome and gene expression, and sharing of genomic information, with their effects on the bacteria's life and evolution. The third section is about the fine tuning of this response to fit with the bacteria's 'needs'. Finally, we discuss recent findings linking the SOS response to other stress responses. Under these perspectives, SOS can be perceived as a powerful bacterial strategy against aggressions.201424923554
8241180.9996Molecular mechanisms of N-acyl homoserine lactone signals perception by plants. N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) belong to the class of bacterial quorum sensing signal molecules involved in distance signal transduction between Gram-negative bacteria colonizers of the rhizosphere, as well as bacteria and plants. AHLs synchronize the activity of genes from individual cells, allowing the bacterial population to act as a multicellular organism, and establish a symbiotic or antagonistic relationship with the host plant. Although the effect of AHLs on plants has been studied for more than ten years, the mechanisms of plant perception of AHL signals are not fully understood. The specificity of the reactions caused by AHL indicates the existence of appropriate mechanisms for their perception by plants. In the current review, we summarize available data on the molecular mechanisms of AHL-signal perception in plants, its effect on plant growth, development, and stress resistance. We describe the latest research demonstrating direct (on plants) and indirect (on rhizosphere microflora) effects of AHLs, as well as the prospects of using these compounds in biotechnology to increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.202234937124
8284190.9996Redox signaling in human pathogens. In recent studies of human bacterial pathogens, oxidation sensing and regulation have been shown to impact very diverse pathways that extend beyond inducing antioxidant genes in the bacteria. In fact, some redox-sensitive regulatory proteins act as major regulators of bacteria's adaptability to oxidative stress, an ability that originates from immune host response as well as antibiotic stress. Such proteins play particularly important roles in pathogenic bacteria S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and M. tuberculosis in part because reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species present significant challenges for pathogens during infection. Herein, we review recent progress toward the identification and understanding of oxidation sensing and regulation in human pathogens. The newly identified redox switches in pathogens are a focus of this review. We will cover several reactive oxygen species-sensing global regulators in both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria in detail. The following discussion of the mechanisms that these proteins employ to sense redox signals through covalent modification of redox active amino acid residues or associated metalloprotein centers will provide further understanding of bacteria pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, and host-pathogen interaction.201120578795