Prospects of toll-like receptors in dairy cattle breeding. - Related Documents




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840401.0000Prospects of toll-like receptors in dairy cattle breeding. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in mediating the immune response against various microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, in innate and adaptive immunity. Ten functional TLRs (TLR1 to TLR10) have been identified and mapped in cattle, with each TLR recognising specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The variation in genes controlling the immune response contributes to susceptibility or resistance to various infectious diseases such as mastitis, bovine tuberculosis, and paratuberculosis. Identifying TLR SNPs shows promising results for future marker-assisted breeding strategies, screening for disease risks, and improving the genetic resistance of dairy cattle. This article aims not only to review the research into susceptibility or resistance to infectious diseases and milk production traits in dairy cattle but also to discuss the limitations in current studies and the prospects in dairy cattle breeding.202337051618
920710.9995Genetically engineered resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens. In the past 10 years, different strategies have been used to produce transgenic plants that are less susceptible to diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. Genes from different organisms, including bacteria, fungi and plants, have been successfully used to develop these strategies. Some strategies have been shown to be effective against different pathogens, whereas others are specific to a single pathogen or even to a single pathovar or race of a given pathogen. In this review, we present the strategies that have been employed to produce transgenic plants less susceptible to bacterial and fungal diseases and which constitute an important area of plant biotechnology.199524414746
940920.9995Immunogenomics for identification of disease resistance genes in pigs: a review focusing on Gram-negative bacilli. Over the past years, infectious disease has caused enormous economic loss in pig industry. Among the pathogens, gram negative bacteria not only cause inflammation, but also cause different diseases and make the pigs more susceptible to virus infection. Vaccination, medication and elimination of sick pigs are major strategies of controlling disease. Genetic methods, such as selection of disease resistance in the pig, have not been widely used. Recently, the completion of the porcine whole genome sequencing has provided powerful tools to identify the genome regions that harboring genes controlling disease or immunity. Immunogenomics, which combines DNA variations, transcriptome, immune response, and QTL mapping data to illustrate the interactions between pathogen and host immune system, will be an effective genomics tool for identification of disease resistance genes in pigs. These genes will be potential targets for disease resistance in breeding programs. This paper reviewed the progress of disease resistance study in the pig focusing on Gram-negative bacilli. Major porcine Gram-negative bacilli and diseases, suggested candidate genes/pathways against porcine Gram-negative bacilli, and distributions of QTLs for immune capacity on pig chromosomes were summarized. Some tools for immunogenomics research were described. We conclude that integration of sequencing, whole genome associations, functional genomics studies, and immune response information is necessary to illustrate molecular mechanisms and key genes in disease resistance.201223137309
920130.9995Engineering pathogen resistance in crop plants: current trends and future prospects. Transgenic crops are now grown commercially in 25 countries worldwide. Although pathogens represent major constraints for the growth of many crops, only a tiny proportion of these transgenic crops carry disease resistance traits. Nevertheless, transgenic disease-resistant plants represent approximately 10% of the total number of approved field trials in North America, a proportion that has remained constant for 15 years. In this review, we explore the socioeconomic and biological reasons for the paradox that although technically useful solutions now exist for providing transgenic disease resistance, very few new crops have been introduced to the global market. For bacteria and fungi, the majority of transgenic crops in trials express antimicrobial proteins. For viruses, three-quarters of the transgenics express coat protein (CP) genes. There is a notable trend toward more biologically sophisticated solutions involving components of signal transduction pathways regulating plant defenses. For viruses, RNA interference is increasingly being used.201020687833
920440.9995Susceptibility Genes in Bacterial Diseases of Plants. Plant susceptibility (S) genes exploited by pathogenic bacteria play critical roles in disease development, collectively contributing to symptoms, pathogen proliferation, and spread. S genes may support pathogen establishment within the host, suppress host immunity, regulate host physiology or development, or function in other ways. S genes can be passive, e.g., involved in pathogen attraction or required for pathogen effector localization or activity, or active, contributing directly to symptoms or pathogen proliferation. Knowledge of S genes is important for understanding disease and other aspects of plant biology. It is also useful for disease management, as nonfunctional alleles can slow or prevent disease and, because they are often quantitative, can exert less selection on pathogens than dominant resistance genes, allowing greater durability. In this review, we discuss bacterial exploitation of S genes, S-gene functional diversity, approaches for identifying S genes, translation of S-gene knowledge for disease control, and future perspectives on this exciting area of plant pathology.202540446167
831950.9995Mechanisms of resistance to commercially relevant entomopathogenic bacteria. Bacteria represent the most commercially successful entomopathogenic microbial group, with most commercialized insecticides containing gram-positive bacteria in the Bacillaceae family. Resistance to entomopathogenic bacteria threatens sustainable agriculture, and information on the mechanisms and genes involved is vital to develop management practices aimed at reducing this risk. We provide an integrative summary on mechanisms responsible for resistance to commercialized entomopathogenic bacteria, including information on resistance to transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt crops). The available experimental evidence identifies alterations in binding of insecticidal proteins to receptors in the host as the main mechanism for high levels of resistance to entomopathogenic bacteria.201931358196
920560.9994Resistance induction based on the understanding of molecular interactions between plant viruses and host plants. BACKGROUND: Viral diseases cause significant damage to crop yield and quality. While fungi- and bacteria-induced diseases can be controlled by pesticides, no effective approaches are available to control viruses with chemicals as they use the cellular functions of their host for their infection cycle. The conventional method of viral disease control is to use the inherent resistance of plants through breeding. However, the genetic sources of viral resistance are often limited. Recently, genome editing technology enabled the publication of multiple attempts to artificially induce new resistance types by manipulating host factors necessary for viral infection. MAIN BODY: In this review, we first outline the two major (R gene-mediated and RNA silencing) viral resistance mechanisms in plants. We also explain the phenomenon of mutations of host factors to function as recessive resistance genes, taking the eIF4E genes as examples. We then focus on a new type of virus resistance that has been repeatedly reported recently due to the widespread use of genome editing technology in plants, facilitating the specific knockdown of host factors. Here, we show that (1) an in-frame mutation of host factors necessary to confer viral resistance, sometimes resulting in resistance to different viruses and that (2) certain host factors exhibit antiviral resistance and viral-supporting (proviral) properties. CONCLUSION: A detailed understanding of the host factor functions would enable the development of strategies for the induction of a new type of viral resistance, taking into account the provision of a broad resistance spectrum and the suppression of the appearance of resistance-breaking strains.202134454519
949870.9994The role of bacteriophages in periodontal health and disease. The human periodontium health is commonly compromised by chronic inflammatory conditions and has become a major public health concern. Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. Viruses that specifically infect bacteria - bacteriophages - are most common in the oral cavity. Despite this, their role in the progression of periodontal disease remains poorly explored. This review aims to summarize how bacteriophages interact with the oral microbiota, their ability to increase bacterial virulence and mediate the transfer of resistance genes and suggests how bacteriophages can be used as an alternative to the current periodontal disease therapies.201627633580
968080.9994Antibiotic Resistance in Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria. Antibiotics have been used for the management of relatively few bacterial plant diseases and are largely restricted to high-value fruit crops because of the expense involved. Antibiotic resistance in plant-pathogenic bacteria has become a problem in pathosystems where these antibiotics have been used for many years. Where the genetic basis for resistance has been examined, antibiotic resistance in plant pathogens has most often evolved through the acquisition of a resistance determinant via horizontal gene transfer. For example, the strAB streptomycin-resistance genes occur in Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, and Xanthomonas campestris, and these genes have presumably been acquired from nonpathogenic epiphytic bacteria colocated on plant hosts under antibiotic selection. We currently lack knowledge of the effect of the microbiome of commensal organisms on the potential of plant pathogens to evolve antibiotic resistance. Such knowledge is critical to the development of robust resistance management strategies to ensure the safe and effective continued use of antibiotics in the management of critically important diseases.201829856934
920690.9994Susceptibility reversed: modified plant susceptibility genes for resistance to bacteria. Plants have evolved complex defence mechanisms to avoid invasion of potential pathogens. Despite this, adapted pathogens deploy effector proteins to manipulate host susceptibility (S) genes, rendering plant defences ineffective. The identification and mutation of plant S genes exploited by bacterial pathogens are important for the generation of crops with durable and broad-spectrum resistance. Application of mutant S genes in the breeding of resistant crops is limited because of potential pleiotropy. New genome editing techniques open up new possibilities for the modification of S genes. In this review, we focus on S genes manipulated by bacteria and propose ways for their identification and precise modification. Finally, we propose that genes coding for transporter proteins represent a new group of S genes.202234400073
8915100.9994Genetic regulation of host responses to Salmonella infection in mice. Salmonella spp are Gram-negative bacteria capable of infecting a wide range of host species, including humans, domesticated and wild mammals, reptiles, birds and insects. The outcome of an encounter between Salmonella and its host is dependent upon multiple factors including the host genetic background. To facilitate the study of the genetic factors involved in resistance to this pathogen, mouse models of Salmonella infection have been developed and studied for years, allowing identification of several genes and pathways that may influence the disease outcome. In this review, we will cover some of the genes involved in mouse resistance to Salmonella that were identified through the study of congenic mouse strains, cloning of spontaneous mouse mutations, use of site-directed mutagenesis or quantitative trait loci analysis. In parallel, the relevant information pertaining to genes involved in resistance to Salmonella in humans will be discussed.200212424619
9203110.9994Dissecting the Role of Promoters of Pathogen-sensitive Genes in Plant Defense. Plants inherently show resistance to pathogen attack but are susceptible to multiple bacteria, viruses, fungi, and phytoplasmas. Diseases as a result of such infection leads to the deterioration of crop yield. Several pathogen-sensitive gene activities, promoters of such genes, associated transcription factors, and promoter elements responsible for crosstalk between the defense signaling pathways are involved in plant resistance towards a pathogen. Still, only a handful of genes and their promoters related to plant resistance have been identified to date. Such pathogen-sensitive promoters are accountable for elevating the transcriptional activity of certain genes in response to infection. Also, a suitable promoter is a key to devising successful crop improvement strategies as it ensures the optimum expression of the required transgene. The study of the promoters also helps in mining more details about the transcription factors controlling their activities and helps to unveil the involvement of new genes in the pathogen response. Therefore, the only way out to formulate new solutions is by analyzing the molecular aspects of these promoters in detail. In this review, we provided an overview of the promoter motifs and cis-regulatory elements having specific roles in pathogen attack response. To elaborate on the importance and get a vivid picture of the pathogen-sensitive promoter sequences, the key motifs and promoter elements were analyzed with the help of PlantCare and interpreted with available literature. This review intends to provide useful information for reconstructing the gene networks underlying the resistance of plants against pathogens.202033214765
9424120.9994The role of bacteria as a local defence mechanism in the ear, nose and throat. The mucosae of the oro-nasopharynx in man are asymptomatically colonised by a commensal flora. This commensal flora consists largely of non-pathogenic bacteria but potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis can also be part of it. The commensal flora can be affected by host factors such as age or antibiotic usage but will in itself also affect its host. In addition to being a source of resistance genes it will also protect the host against exogenous, non-commensal pathogens. This protective effect is the result of three characteristics of the commensal flora. The commensal flora will hinder the establishment of new pathogens on the mucosa (termed colonisation resistance), it will especifically stimulate the immune system and it will induce formation of protective antibodies.200011082758
9181130.9994All Roads Lead to Rome: Pathways to Engineering Disease Resistance in Plants. Unlike animals, plants are unable to move and lack specialized immune cells and circulating antibodies. As a result, they are always threatened by a large number of microbial pathogens and harmful pests that can significantly reduce crop yield worldwide. Therefore, the development of new strategies to control them is essential to mitigate the increasing risk of crops lost to plant diseases. Recent developments in genetic engineering, including efficient gene manipulation and transformation methods, gene editing and synthetic biology, coupled with the understanding of microbial pathogenicity and plant immunity, both at molecular and genomic levels, have enhanced the capabilities to develop disease resistance in plants. This review comprehensively explains the fundamental mechanisms underlying the tug-of-war between pathogens and hosts, and provides a detailed overview of different strategies for developing disease resistance in plants. Additionally, it provides a summary of the potential genes that can be employed in resistance breeding for key crops to combat a wide range of potential pathogens and pests, including fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and insects. Furthermore, this review addresses the limitations associated with these strategies and their possible solutions. Finally, it discusses the future perspectives for producing plants with durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance.202539691979
9199140.9994Arabidopsis as a model host for studying plant-pathogen interactions. Because the molecular biology and genetics of Arabidopsis thaliana are so well defined, it is potentially a superb subject for research on plant-pathogen interactions. Viruses, bacteria and fungi that infect Arabidopsis and are representative pathogens of economically important plants have recently been described. The search now is for a pathogenic fungus with tractable genetics to combine with a direct analysis of plant resistance genes.19938162407
8240150.9994β-glucan-induced disease resistance in plants: A review. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) are caused by various factors, including both pathogenic and non-pathogenic ones. β-glucan primarily originates from bacteria and fungi, some species of these organisms work as biological agents in causing diseases. When β-glucan enters plants, it triggers the defense system, leading to various reactions such as the production of proteins related to pathogenicity and defense enzymes. By extracting β-glucan from disturbed microorganisms and using it as an inducing agent, plant diseases can be effectively controlled by activating the plant's defense system. β-glucan plays a crucial role during the interaction between plants and pathogens. Therefore, modeling the plant-pathogen relationship and using the molecules involved in this interaction can help in controlling plant diseases, as pathogens have genes related to resistance against pathogenicity. Thus, it is reasonable to identify and use biological induction agents at a large scale by extracting these compounds.202337742892
9508160.9994Nisin and class IIa bacteriocin resistance among Listeria and other foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. Food safety has been an important issue globally due to increasing foodborne diseases and change in food habits. To inactivate foodborne pathogens, various novel technologies such as biopreservation systems have been studied. Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized peptides or proteins with antimicrobial activity produced by different groups of bacteria, but the bacteriocins produced by many lactic acid bacteria offer potential applications in food preservation. The use of bacteriocins in the food industry can help reduce the addition of chemical preservatives as well as the intensity of heat treatments, resulting in foods that are more naturally preserved. However, the development of highly tolerant and/or resistant strains may decrease the efficiency of bacteriocins as biopreservatives. Several mechanisms of bacteriocin resistance development have been proposed among various foodborne pathogens. The acquiring of resistance to bacteriocins can significantly affect physiological activity profile of bacteria, alter cell-envelope lipid composition, and also modify the antibiotic susceptibility/resistance profile of bacteria. This article presents a brief review on the scientific research about the various possible mechanisms involved in the development of resistance to nisin and Class IIa bacteriocins among the foodborne pathogens.201121417775
9196170.9994Lessons from gene knockouts. The authors describe the technique for the application of homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, which is now widely used to engineer mice which carry specific knockouts of genes. A summary is given of some of the knowledge of the pathogenesis of and resistance to infections with parasites, bacteria, or viruses which has accumulated during recent years, based on the investigation of knockout mice. Special emphasis is placed on knockout animals which lack components of the cytokine network, lack genes which are critical for the correct presentation of antigens or are deficient in different immune cell subsets. In addition, a brief explanation is offered of the possibilities for inducing targeted deletions or mutations in genes of livestock species (e.g., by nuclear transfer or by mutagenesis using the alkylating agent N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) which could lead to the breeding of animals which are resistant to infectious diseases in the future.19989638823
8412180.9994Transcriptomic profiling analysis of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following Streptococcus agalactiae challenge. Innate immune system is the primary defense mechanism against pathogen infection in teleost, which are living in pathogen-rich aquatic environment. It has been long hypothesized that the disease resistance in teleost are strongly correlated to the activities of innate immune genes. Tilapia is an important economical fish around the world, especially in China, where the production accounts for nearly half of the global production. Recently, S. agalactiae has become one of the most serious bacterial diseases in southern China, resulted in high cumulative mortality and economic loss to tilapia industry. Therefore, we sought here to characterize the expression profiles of tilapia against S. agalactiae infection at whole transcriptome level by RNA-seq technology. A total of 2822 genes were revealed significantly expressed in tilapia spleen with a general trend of induction. Notably, most of the genes were rapidly the most induced at the early timepoint. The significantly changed genes highlighted the function of pathogen attachment and recognition, antioxidant/apoptosis, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and immune activation. Collectively, the induced expression patterns suggested the strong ability of tilapia to rapidly recognize the invasive bacteria, and activation of downstream immune signaling pathways to clear the bacteria and prevent the tissue damage and bacteria triggered cell apoptosis. Our results heighted important roles of novel candidate genes which were often missed in previous tilapia studies. Further studies are needed to characterize the molecular relationships between key immune genes and disease resistance, and to identify the candidate genes for molecular-assistant selection of disease-resistant broodstock and evaluation of disease prevention and treatment measures.201728111359
4807190.9994Age influences resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans to killing by pathogenic bacteria. Caenorhabditis elegans has previously been proposed as an alternative host for models of infectious disease caused by human pathogens. When exposed to some human pathogenic bacteria, the life span of nematodes is significantly reduced. We have shown that mutations in the age-1, and/or age-2 genes of C. elegans, that normally enhance life expectancy, can also increase resistance to killing by the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium, Burkholderia cepacia or Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We also found that the rate at which wild-type C. elegans was killed by the bacterial pathogens tested increased as nematodes aged. In the case of P. aeruginosa infection, the difference in life span of wild type and age-1 mutants of C. elegans was not due to differences in the level of bacterial colonisation of the gut.200415135534