Effect of ultrasonic and ozone pretreatment on the fate of enteric indicator bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes, and anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater. - Related Documents




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792301.0000Effect of ultrasonic and ozone pretreatment on the fate of enteric indicator bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes, and anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater. In this study, the effect of ultrasound (US), ozone and US combined with ozone (US/ozone) pretreatments on the fate of enteric indicator bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and anaerobic digestion (AD) of dairy wastewater was investigated. The pretreatment conditions included US power 200 W, ozone concentration 4.2 mg O(3)/L, and pretreatment time 0-30 min. The results showed that US/ozone pretreatment was effective in the inactivation of enteric indicator bacteria. Total coliforms and enterococci were reduced by 99% and 92% after 30 min US/ozone pretreatment. Pretreatments could not decrease ARGs in absolute concentration, but could decrease ARGs in relative abundance. In the subsequent AD process, methane production increased more than 10% with 20 min ozone or 20 min US/ozone pretreatments. Pretreatment-AD together obviously inhibited the enrichment of ARGs in relative abundance. This study provided a pretreatment way to enhance methane production and to prevent the enrichment of ARGs.202133186838
804410.9998Effect of tetracycline on nitrogen removal in Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) System. The effect of tetracycline (TC) on nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment plants has become a new problem. This study investigated the effects of TC on nitrogen removal using a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor system. The results showed that there was no significant effect on nitrogen removal performance when the concentration of TC was 5 mg/L, and that the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency could reach 75-77%. However, when the concentration of TC increased to 10 mg/L, the denitrification performance was affected and the TN removal efficiency decreased to 58%. The abundance of denitrifying bacteria such as those in the genus Thauera decreased, and TC-resistant bacteria gradually became dominant. At a TC concentration of 10 mg/L, there were also increases and decreases, respectively, in the abundance of resistance and denitrification functional genes. The inhibitory effect of TC on denitrification was achieved mainly by the inhibition of nitrite-reducing bacteria.202235007308
754920.9997Fate of antibiotic resistance genes during sludge anaerobic fermentation: Roles of different sludge pretreatment. Excess sludge, the primary by-product of wastewater treatment plants, is the source and sink of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Sludge pretreatments are an indispensable pathway to improve the resource recovery and harmfulness for anaerobic digestion sludge. However, fewer studies have compared the effects of different pretreatment technologies on the distribution of ARGs during anaerobic sludge digestion. Here, this study established seven anaerobic digesters, and four typical ARGs and one integrase gene of class 1 integron (intI1) regarded as the representative mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were examined during the whole anaerobic digestion process. It was found anaerobic digestion could effectively remove ARGs with about 70.86% removal rate of total ARGs. Among these pretreatments, the reduce efficiency of ARGs was the highest in 50 °C pretreatment, followed by oxidant, and the last was acid-alkaline. The microbial community analysis demonstrated the microbial community structure, including ARGs hosts and antibiotic resistant bacteria, was significantly changed and influenced by high temperature pretreatment. In addition, high temperature and K(2)S(2)O(8) observably decrease the level of ROS production. Macro transcriptome analysis indicated that sludge pretreatment, except for 50 °C pretreatment, up-regulated the genes relevant to lyases and transferase, but down-regulated the genes responsible for peroxidase, antioxidant enzymes and T4SS gene. This study emphasized and compared the different sludge pretreatments on the fate of ARGs in anaerobic sludge, and highlighted concerns regarding the environmental and health risks to our society.202439393457
782730.9997Inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes by electrochemical oxidation/electro-Fenton process. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment are of great concern due to their potential risk to human health. The effluents from wastewater treatment plants and livestock production are major sources of ARB and ARGs. Chlorination, UV irradiation, and ozone disinfection cannot remove ARGs completely. In this study, the potential of electrochemical oxidation and electro-Fenton processes as alternative treatment technologies for inactivation of ARB and ARGs in both intracellular and extracellular forms was evaluated. Results showed that the electrochemical oxidation process was effective for the inactivation of selected ARB but not for the removal of intracellular ARGs or extracellular ARGs. The electro-Fenton process was more effective for the removal of both intracellular and extracellular ARGs. The removal efficiency after 120 min of electro-Fenton treatment under 21.42 mA/cm(2) was 3.8 logs for intracellular tetA, 4.1 logs for intracellular ampC, 5.2 logs for extracellular tetA, and 4.8 logs for extracellular ampC, respectively in the presence of 1.0 mmol/L Fe(2+). It is suggested that electrochemical oxidation is an effective disinfection method for ARB and the electro-Fenton process is a promising technology for the removal of both intracellular and extracellular ARGs in wastewater.202032701499
809240.9997Effect of pH on the mitigation of extracellular/intracellular antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistance pathogenic bacteria during anaerobic fermentation of swine manure. Effects of various initial pH values (i.e., 3, 5, 7, 11) during anaerobic fermentation of swine manure on intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (iARGs and eARGs) and ARG-carrying potential microbial hosts were investigated. The abundance of almost all iARGs and eARGs decreased by 0.1-1.7 logs at pH 3 and pH 5. The abundance of only three iARGs and eARGs decreased by 0.1-0.9 logs at pH 7 and pH 11. Under acidic initial fermentation conditions (pH 3 and pH 5), the ARG removal effect was more pronounced. Acidic conditions (pH 3 and pH 5) significantly reduced the diversity and abundance of the microbial community, thereby eliminating many potential ARG hosts and antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria (ARPB). Therefore, the study results contribute to the investigation of the effects of swine manure anaerobic fermentation on the removal and risk of contamination of ARGs and ARPB.202336746211
805550.9997Effects of nano-zerovalent iron on antibiotic resistance genes during the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure. This study investigated the effects of adding nano-zerovalent iron (nZVI) at three concentrations (0, 80, and 160 mg/L) on the methane yield and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during the anaerobic digestion (AD) of cattle manure. The addition of nZVI effectively enhanced the methane yield, where it significantly increased by 6.56% with 80 mg/L nZVI and by 6.43% with 160 mg/L nZVI. The reductions in the abundances of ARGs and Tn916/1545 were accelerated by adding 160 mg/L nZVI after AD. Microbial community analysis showed that nZVI mainly increased the abundances of bacteria with roles in hydrolysis and acidogenesis, whereas it reduced the abundance of Acinetobacter. Redundancy analysis indicated that the changes in mobile genetic elements made the greatest contribution to the fate of ARGs. The results suggest that 160 mg/L nZVI is a suitable additive for reducing the risks due to ARGs in AD.201931247529
806160.9997The addition of nano zero-valent iron during compost maturation effectively removes intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes by reducing the abundance of potential host bacteria. Applying compost to soil may lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. Therefore, removing ARGs from compost is critical. In this study, for the first time, nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) was added to compost during the maturation stage to remove ARGs. After adding 1 g/kg of nZVI, the abundance of total intracellular and total extracellular ARGs was decreased by 97.62% and 99.60%, and that of total intracellular and total extracellular mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was decreased by 92.39% and 99.31%, respectively. A Mantel test and network analysis indicated that the reduction in potential host bacteria and intI1 after nZVI treatment promoted the removal of intracellular and extracellular ARGs. The addition of nZVI during composting reduced the horizontal transfer of ARGs and improve the total nitrogen and germination index of compost, allowing it to meet the requirements for organic fertilizers.202337352990
792470.9997Electro-peroxone pretreatment for enhanced simulated hospital wastewater treatment and antibiotic resistance genes reduction. Hospital wastewater is one of the possible sources responsible for antibiotic resistant bacteria spread into the environment. This study proposed a promising strategy, electro-peroxone (E-peroxone) pretreatment followed by a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for simulated hospital wastewater treatment, aiming to enhance the wastewater treatment performance and to reduce antibiotic resistance genes production simultaneously. The highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency of 94.3% and 92.8% were obtained using the E-peroxone-SBR process. The microbial community analysis through high-throughput sequencing showed that E-peroxone pretreatment could guarantee microbial richness and diversity in SBR, as well as reduce the microbial inhibitions caused by antibiotic and raise the amount of nitrification and denitrification genera. Specially, quantitative real-time PCRs revealed that E-peroxone pretreatment could largely reduce the numbers and contents of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) production in the following biological treatment unit. It was indicated that E-peroxone-SBR process may provide an effective way for hospital wastewater treatment and possible ARGs reduction.201829550711
757280.9997Stormwater runoff treatment through electrocoagulation: antibiotic resistant bacteria removal and its transmission risks. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in stormwater runoff. However, there were little data on ARB removal through electrocoagulation (EC) treatment. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate key designs for ARB removal, role of SS, effects of water matrix, and potential risks after EC treatment under the pre-determined conditions. EC treatment with 5 mA/cm(2) of current density and 4 cm of inter-electrode distance was optimal with the highest ARB removal (3.04 log reduction for 30 min). The presence of SS significantly improved ARB removal during EC treatment, where ARB removal increased with the increase of SS levels when SS less than 300 mg/L. Large ARB removal was found under particles with size lower than 150 μm with low contribution (less than 10%) of the settlement without EC treatment, implying that the enhancement of ARB adsorption onto small particles could be one of the reasonable approaches for ARB removal through EC treatment. ARB removal increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of pH, while had proportional relationship with conductivity. After the optimal condition, there were weak conjugation transfer but high transformation frequency (5.5 × 10(-2) for bla(TEM)) for target antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), indicating that there could be still a risk of antibiotic resistance transformation after EC treatment. These suggested that the combination of EC and other technologies (like electrochemical disinfection) should be potential ways to control antibiotic resistance transmission through stormwater runoff.202436848218
805390.9997Increasing the removal efficiency of antibiotic resistance through anaerobic digestion with free nitrous acid pretreatment. Swine manure is a significant reservoir for antibiotic resistance. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a common biological process used to treat swine manure but still faces low efficiencies in biogas production and antibiotic resistance removal. It is here shown that AD with free nitrous acid pretreatment (FNA) was effective in reducing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in swine manure. FNA pretreatment (nitrite =250 mg N/L, pH=5.0, temperature=20 ± 1 °C) simultaneously reduced antibiotics (Tetracyclines, Quinones and Sulfonamides), inactivated antibiotics resistance bacteria (ARB) by 0.5-3 logs, and decreased ARGs tet, sul and qnr by 1-2, 1-3 and 0.5 logs, respectively. In the following AD step, the total residual ARGs was reduced to ~3.49 × 10(7) gene copies/g dry total solids (TS), ~1 log lower than that in the AD without pretreatment (3.55 ×10(8) gene copies/g dry TS). Microbial community and network analyses revealed that the ARG removal was mainly driven by the direct FNA effect on reducing ARGs and antibiotics, not related to ARB. Besides, the FNA pretreatment doubled biochemical methane production potential from swine manure. Together these results demonstrate that AD with FNA pretreatment is a useful process greatly facilitating swine manure management.202235816802
8007100.9996Distinguishing removal and regrowth potential of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria on microplastics and in leachate after chlorination or Fenton oxidation. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance, as well as microplastics (MPs) as vectors for antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has attracting growing attention. However, the fate of ARB/ARGs on MPs treated by chlorination and Fenton oxidation were poorly understood. Herein, the removal and regrowth of ARGs/ARB on MPs and in MPs-surrounding landfill leachate (an important reservoir of MPs and ARGs) after chlorination and Fenton oxidation were comparatively analyzed. Target ARGs on MPs were reduced obviously less than that in leachate, with the largest percentages reduction of 34.0-46.3% vs. 54.3-77.6% after chlorination and 92.1-97.3% vs. > 99.9% after Fenton oxidation, and similar removal patterns were observed for ARB. Moreover, a considerable regrowth of ARGs/ARB in leachate were found after 48 h of storage at the end of chlorination (5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/L), and a greater regrowth of ARGs and ARB occurred on MPs with up to 17 and 139 fold, respectively. In contrast, Fenton oxidation achieved a reduced regrowth of target ARGs/ARB. These findings indicated that the removal of ARGs/ARB on MPs were more difficult than that in leachate, and ARGs/ARB in leachate and especially on MPs exhibited a considerable potential for rapid regrowth after chlorination.202235158247
7550110.9996Evaluating the effects of activated carbon on methane generation and the fate of antibiotic resistant genes and class I integrons during anaerobic digestion of solid organic wastes. The effects of activated carbon (AC) on methane production and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were evaluated through comparing the anaerobic digestion performance and transformation of ARGs among anaerobic mono-digestion of food waste, co-digestion of food waste and chicken manure, and co-digestion of food waste and waste activated sludge. Results showed that adding AC in anaerobic digesters improved methane yield by at least double through the enrichment of bacteria and archaea. Conventional digestion process showed ability in removing certain types of ARGs, such as tetA, tetX, sul1, sul2, cmlA, floR, and intl1. Supplementing AC in anaerobic digester enhanced the removal of most of the ARGs in mono-digestion of food waste. The effects tended to be minimal in co-digestion of co-substrates such as chicken manure and waste activated sludge, both of which contain a certain amount of antibiotics.201829096147
7547120.9996Mechanism concerning the occurrence and removal of antibiotic resistance genes in composting product with ozone post-treatment. The soil application of composting product will probably cause the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to environment, thereby it is crucial to remove ARGs in composting product. Ozone was adopted for the first time as a post-treatment method to remove the ARGs in composting product in this study. Ozone treatment significantly removed the total ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) once ozonation process finished. After 10-day storage stage, although the amount of total intracellular ARGs and MGEs increased, the total extracellular ARGs and MGEs decreased in the ozone-treated compost product. Correlation analysis revealed that the reduction in intracellular 16S rRNA contributed to intracellular tetQ and tetW removal, while the variations of other ARGs after ozonation related to MGEs abundance. Network analysis suggested that the reduction of potential host bacteria, as well as the decline in NH(4)(+)-N and TOC after the ozonation, contributed to the intracellular ARGs removal.202133257169
8038130.9996Hydroxyl radicals dominated the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes by inactivating Gram-negative bacteria during soil electrokinetic treatment. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging contaminants that widely exist in the environment. Effective reduction of ARB and ARGs from soil and water could be achieved by electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology. In water, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are proved to play a major role in the EKR process; while the reduction mechanism of ARB and ARGs is still unclear in soil. In this study, different concentrations of hydroxyl radical scavengers (salicylic acid) were added to the EKR system to explore the possible role of ·OH in the reduction of ARB and ARGs. The results showed that generally, ·OH played a more vital role in the reduction of ARB (65.24-72.46%) compared to the reduction of total cultivable bacteria (57.50%). And ·OH contributed to a higher reduction of sul genes (60.94%) compared to tet genes (47.71%) and integrons (36.02%). It was found that the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria (Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and norank_c_Acidobacteria) was significantly reduced, and the correlation between norank_f_Gemmatimonadaceae and sul1 was weakened in the presence of ·OH. Correlation analysis indicated that the abundance of ARGs (especially sul1) was closely related to the Gram-negative bacteria (Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes) in the soil EKR treatment. Moreover, changes in bacterial community structure affected the abundance of ARB and ARGs indirectly. Overall, this study revealed the reduction mechanism of ARB and ARGs by ·OH in the soil EKR system for the first time. These findings provide valuable support for soil remediation efforts focusing on controlling antibiotic resistance.202439312876
8056140.9996Antibiotic resistance gene profiles and evolutions in composting regulated by reactive oxygen species generated via nano ZVI loaded on biochar. In this study, nano zero-valent iron loaded on biochar (BC-nZVI) was analyzed for its effects on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in composting. The results showed that BC-nZVI increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the peak values of H(2)O(2) and OH were 22.95 % and 55.30 % higher than those of the control group, respectively. After 65 days, the relative abundances of representative ARGs decreased by 56.12 % in the nZVI group (with BC-nZVI added). An analysis of bacterial communities and networks revealed that Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes were the main hosts for ARGs, and BC-nZVI weakened the link between ARGs and host bacteria. Distance-based redundancy analysis showed that BC-nZVI altered the microbial community structure through environmental factors and that most ARGs were negatively correlated with ROS, suggesting that ROS significantly affected the relative abundance of ARGs. According to these results, BC-nZVI showed potential for decreasing the relative abundance of ARGs in composting.202337611721
7543150.9996Aerobic granular sludge for swine wastewater treatment: Implications for antibiotic and antibiotic resistance gene elimination. Swine wastewater (SW) contains high levels of traditional pollutants, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), necessitating effective elimination. Two parallel aerobic granular sludge (AGS) reactors, R(1) and R(2), were constructed and optimized for treating SW from two pig farms, identified as SW(1) and SW(2). R(2) showed higher antibiotic removal efficiency, particularly in the removal of sulfonamides, while fluoroquinolones tended to adsorb onto the sludge. Process optimization by introducing an additional anoxic phase enhanced denitrification and reduced effluent ARG levels, also aiding in the improved removal of fluoroquinolones. The nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) Nitrospira accumulated after the treatment process, reaching 12.8 % in R(1) and 14.1 % in R(2), respectively. Mantel's test revealed that pH, NH(4)(+)-N, and Mg significantly affected ARGs and microbial community. Sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine were found to significantly impact ARGs and the microbial communities. This study provides innovative insights into the application of AGS for the treatment of real SW.202439153702
7826160.9996Synergistic effect of sulfidated nano zerovalent iron and persulfate on inactivating antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a rising global threat to public health. It is well recognized that wastewater treatment plants are reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, traditional disinfection techniques are not effective to simultaneously remove ARB and ARGs, and the dynamic analysis of ARB inactivation have also been deficient. In this study, sulfidated nano zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) coupled with persulfate (PS) was applied to simultaneously remove both ARB (E. coli K-12 with RP4 plasmid) and ARGs (extra- and intracellular ARGs). S-nZVI/PS completely inactivated ARB (~7.8-log reduction) within 10 min and degraded all extracellular ARGs (~8.0-log reduction) within 5 min. These efficiencies were significantly higher (decay rate constant, k = 0.138 min(-1)) than those achieved individually (S-nZVI: k = 0.076 min(-1); PS: k = 0.008 min(-1)), implying a synergistic effect between S-nZVI and PS against ARB and ARGs. The efficient removal rate of ARB was also supported by confocal microscopy and microfluidics at a single-cell level. The complete inactivation of ARB by S-nZVI/PS was also demonstrated in real drinking water and real wastewater effluent that contained natural organic matter and suspended solids. Regrowth assays showed that the treated ARB was not observed after 72 h or longer incubation, suggesting that ARB was permanently inactivated by radicals such as SO(4)(•-) and •OH. The destruction of bacterial cells compromised the removal efficiency of the intracellular ARGs, with only ~4.0-log reduction after 60 min treatment by S-nZVI/PS. Collectively, our results suggest the feasibility of S-nZVI coupled with PS for simultaneous ARB and ARGs removal in real water matrices.202133895590
8043170.9996Effect of tetracycline on bio-electrochemically assisted anaerobic methanogenic systems: Process performance, microbial community structure, and functional genes. Bio-electrochemically assisted anaerobic methanogenic systems (An-BES) are highly effective in wastewater treatment for methane production and degradation of toxic compounds. However, information on the treatment of antibiotic-bearing wastewater in An-BES is still very limited. This study therefore investigated the effect of tetracycline (TC) on the performance, microbial community, as well as functional and antibiotic resistance genes of An-BES. TC at 1 and 5 mg/L inhibited methane production by less than 4.8% compared to the TC-free control. At 10 mg/L TC, application of 0.5 and 1.0 V decreased methane production by 14 and 9.6%, respectively. Under the effect of 1-10 mg/L TC, application of 1.0 V resulted in a decrease of current from 42.3 to 2.8 mA. TC was mainly removed by adsorption; its removal extent increased by 19.5 and 32.9% with application of 0.5 and 1.0 V, respectively. At 1.0 V, current output was not recovered with the addition of granular activated carbon, which completely removed TC by adsorption. Metagenomic analysis showed that propionate oxidizing bacteria and methanogens were more abundant in electrode biofilms than in suspended culture. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were less abundant in biofilms than in suspended culture, regardless of whether voltage was applied or not. Application of 1.0 V resulted in the enrichment of Geobacter in the anode and Methanobacterium in the cathode. TC inhibited exoelectrogens, propionate oxidizing bacteria, and the methylmalonyl CoA pathway, leading to a decrease of current output, COD consumption, and methane production. These findings deepen our understanding of the inhibitory effect of TC in An-BES towards efficient bioenergy recovery from antibiotic-bearing wastewater, as well as the response of functional microorganisms to TC in such systems.202235533856
7913180.9996Response of the partial denitrification coupled with anaerobic ammonia oxidation system to disinfectant residues stress. The extensive use of disinfectants, especially NaClO, has resulted in chlorine disinfectant residues entering and impairing the biological treatment system. This study combined with long-term stress and transient shock of chlorine residues to comprehensively evaluate the variations of nitrogen removal performance, microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes composition in the PD/A system. The results showed that low concentration NaClO had no obvious harm to the system, but high concentration (>1 mg/L) NaClO would destroy the nitrogen removal performance of PD/A system. Interestingly, microorganisms in biofilm were more resistant to chlorine residues than that in sludge. Anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria suffered more harm than denitrifying microorganisms, and chlorine residues mainly inhibited the process of converting N(2)H(4) to N(2) in anammox reaction. In addition, this study found that sludge showed a more significant increase in ARGs abundance and risk than biofilm. Moreover, risk assessments indicated that chlorine residues increased the risk of ARGs in PD/A systems.202540010223
8008190.9996Reductions of bacterial antibiotic resistance through five biological treatment processes treated municipal wastewater. Wastewater treatment plants are hot spots for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, limited studies have been conducted to compare the reductions of ARB and ARGs by various biological treatment processes. The study explored the reductions of heterotrophic bacteria resistant to six groups of antibiotics (vancomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, cephalexin, tetracycline, and sulfadiazine) and corresponding resistance genes (vanA, aacC1, ereA, ampC, tetA, and sulI) by five bench-scale biological reactors. Results demonstrated that membrane bioreactor (MBR) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) significantly reduced ARB abundances in the ranges of 2.80∼3.54 log and 2.70∼3.13 log, respectively, followed by activated sludge (AS). Biological filter (BF) and anaerobic (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB) techniques led to relatively low reductions. In contrast, ARGs were not equally reduced as ARB. AS and SBR also showed significant potentials on ARGs reduction, whilst MBR and UASB could not reduce ARGs effectively. Redundancy analysis implied that the purification of wastewater quality parameters (COD, NH4 (+)-N, and turbidity) performed a positive correlation to ARB and ARGs reductions.201627384166