Graphene oxide in the water environment could affect tetracycline-antibiotic resistance. - Related Documents




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762901.0000Graphene oxide in the water environment could affect tetracycline-antibiotic resistance. In recent years, the influence of new materials like nanoparticles in the water environment on biological substances has been widely studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) represent a new type of pollutant in the environment. Graphene oxide (GO), as a nano material, because of its unique structure, may have an impact on antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and ARGs; however the research in this area is rarely reported. Therefore, this study mainly investigated the effects of GO on bacterial antibiotic resistance. The results showed that GO had a limited effect on ARB inactivation. A high concentration of GO (>10 mg/L) can damage resistant plasmids to reduce bacterial resistance to antibiotics, but low concentrations of GO (<1 mg/L) led to almost no damage to the plasmid. However, all tested concentrations of GO promoted the conjugative transfer from 1to over 3 folds, with low concentrations and high concentration (1-10 and 100 mg/L) of GO samples the least promoted. The overall effect of GO on antibiotic resistance needs further investigation.201728549325
763010.9999Coexistence of silver ion and tetracycline at environmentally relevant concentrations greatly enhanced antibiotic resistance gene development in activated sludge bioreactor. Antibiotic resistance has become a global public health problem. Recently, various environmental pollutants have been reported to induce the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. However, the impact of multiple pollutants (e.g., heavy metals and antibiotics), which more frequently occur in practical environments, is poorly understood. Herein, one widely distributed heavy metal (Ag(+)) and one frequently detected antibiotic (tetracycline) were chosen to investigate their coexisting effect on the proliferation of antibiotic resistance in the activated sludge system. Results show that the co-occurrence of Ag(+) and tetracycline at environmentally relevant concentrations exhibited no distinct inhibition in reactor performances. However, they inhibited the respiratory activity by 42%, destroyed the membrane structure by 218%, and increased membrane permeability by 29% compared with the blank control bioreactor. Moreover, the relative abundances of target antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (e.g., tetA, bla(TEM-1), and sulII) in effluent after exposure of coexisting Ag(+) and tetracycline were increased by 92-1983% compared with those in control reactor, which were 1.1-4.3 folds higher than the sum of the sole ones. These were possibly attributed to the enrichments of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The results would illumine the coexisting effect of heavy metals and antibiotics on the dissemination of ARGs in activated sludge system.202234482077
851620.9999Graphene Oxide Inhibits Antibiotic Uptake and Antibiotic Resistance Gene Propagation. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the natural environment have become substantial threats to the ecosystem and public health. Effective strategies to control antibiotics and ARG contaminations are emergent. A novel carbon nanomaterial, graphene oxide (GO), has attracted a substantial amount of attention in environmental fields. This study discovered the inhibition effects of GO on sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) uptake for bacteria and ARG transfer among microorganisms. GO promoted the penetration of SMZ from intracellular to extracellular environments by increasing the cell membrane permeability. In addition, the formation of a GO-SMZ complex reduced the uptake of SMZ in bacteria. Moreover, GO decreased the abundance of the sulI and intI genes by approximately 2-3 orders of magnitude, but the global bacterial activity was not obviously inhibited. A class I integron transfer experiment showed that the transfer frequency was up to 55-fold higher in the control than that of the GO-treated groups. Genetic methylation levels were not significant while sulI gene replication was inhibited. The biological properties of ARGs were altered due to the GO-ARG noncovalent combination, which was confirmed using multiple spectral analyses. This work suggests that GO can potentially be applied for controlling ARG contamination via inhibiting antibiotic uptake and ARG propagation.201627934199
674930.9999The influence of ZnO nanoparticles on horizontal transfer of resistance genes in lab and soil conditions. Antibiotic resistance is a severe problem that threatens the achievements of modern medicine. Metallic nanoparticles may promote the horizontal transfer of resistance genes due to their toxicity to bacterial cells and metal-induced co-selection mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to E. coli DH5α laboratory strain and the abundance of soil microbial community. Moreover, the influence of ZnO nanoparticles on resistance gene transfer in laboratory and soil conditions was evaluated. ZnO nanoparticles at concentrations up to 10 mg L(-1) reduced the survival of E. coli cells by 14.6% and increased the transformation frequency by almost 1.8 fold. In soil, ZnO nanoparticles at a concentration of 1000 mg kg(-1) affected the total abundance of bacteria, causing a decrease in the 16S rRNA gene copy number. We did not detect the presence of 11 target antibiotic resistance genes (sul1, sul2, imp2, imp5, bla(CTX-M), ermB, mefA, strB, aadA1, tetA1, tetB), which confer resistance to five classes of antibiotics in soil treated with ZnO nanoparticles. No elevated conjugation frequency was observed in soil microbial communities treated with ZnO nanoparticles. However, the increase in czcA gene copies indicates the spread of genetic elements harbouring metal resistance. The data shows that metallic nanoparticles promote the spread of antibiotic and metal resistance genes. The broad implication of the present research is that the inevitable nanoparticles environmental pollution may lead to the further dissemination of antibiotic resistance and profoundly influence public health.202336764431
758140.9999Enhanced performance of anaerobic digestion of cephalosporin C fermentation residues by gamma irradiation-induced pretreatment. Antibiotic fermentation residues is a hazardous waste due to the existence of residual antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), probably leading to the induction and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in the environment, which could pose potential harm to the ecosystem and human health. It is urgent to develop an effective technology to remove the residual antibiotics and ARGs. In this study, the anaerobic digestion combined with gamma irradiation was applied for the disposal and utilization of cephalosporin C fermentation residues. The experimental results showed that the antibacterial activities of cephalosporin C against Staphylococcus aureus were significantly decreased after anaerobic digestion. The removal of tolC, a multidrug resistant gene, was improved up to 100% by the combination of gamma irradiation and anaerobic digestion compared to solely anaerobic digestion process, which may be due to the changes of microbial community structures induced by gamma irradiation.202031590081
796650.9999How heavy metal stress promotes dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in the activated sludge process. Heavy metals have been recently revealed as promoters to antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dissemination in water environment, but their influence on ARG transfer in the activated sludge process has not been clear. In this study, a set of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and micro-scale microfluidic chips were established to quantify the impacts of heavy metals (0.5 mM of Pb, 0.1 mM of As, and 0.005 mM of Hg) on the ARG spreading in the activated sludge consortium. Under heavy metal stress, transfer frequencies were 1.7-3.6 folds increase compared to the control. Gram-negative bacteria increased significantly after heavy metal added, which were more prone to receiving resistant plasmid from donors. Meanwhile, the relative expression of genes related to conjugation changed in activated sludge, especially the expression of outer membrane protein and oxidative stress regulatory genes increased by 2.9-7.4 folds and 7.8-13.1 folds, respectively. Furthermore, using microfluidic chips, the dynamics of ARG transfer was observed at single cell level under heavy metal pressure. Heavy metals firstly promoted conjugation and then vertical gene transfer played an important part for ARG spreading. The results provided in-depth understanding of the influence of heavy metals on ARG behavior in the environment.202235724617
676860.9999Biofilm formation mechanisms of mixed antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water: Bacterial interactions and horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistant plasmids. Over 95 % of bacteria on water supply pipeline surfaces exist in biofilms, which are hotspots for antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) transmission. This study established mixed biofilm culture systems on a metal iron substrate using Escherichia coli: antibiotic-sensitive bacteria (ASB) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). The growth rate and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content of mixed biofilm surpassed single-species biofilms due to synergistic interactions among different bacteria. However, the composition of mixed biofilms formed by ASB and ARB became unstable after 72 h, linked to reduced polysaccharide proportions in EPS and inter-bacterial competition. The bacterial composition and conjugative transfer frequency of ARGs in mixed biofilms indicate that biofilm formation significantly enhances horizontal transfer of ARGs. Notably, the conjugative transfer frequency of the mixed biofilm formed by two ARB increased 100-fold within five days. In contrast, the conjugative transfer frequency in the mixed biofilm formed by ASB and ARB was unstable; inter-bacterial competition led to plasmid loss associated with horizontal transfer of ARGs, ultimately resulting in biofilm shedding. Furthermore, genes associated with ARG transfer and biofilm growth up-regulated by 1.5 - 6 and 2 - 7 times, respectively, in mixed biofilm. These findings highlight a mutually reinforcing relationship between biofilm formation and horizontal ARG transmission, with significant environmental implications.202539566460
675170.9999Assessment of chlorine and hydrogen peroxide on airborne bacteria: Disinfection efficiency and induction of antibiotic resistance. Airborne pathogens severely threaten public health worldwide. Air disinfection is essential to ensure public health. However, excessive use of disinfectants may endanger environmental and ecological security due to the residual disinfectants and their by-products. This study systematically evaluated disinfection efficiency, induction of multidrug resistance, and the underlying mechanisms of disinfectants (NaClO and H(2)O(2)) on airborne bacteria. The results showed that airborne bacteria were effectively inactivated by atomized NaClO (>160 μg/L) and H(2)O(2) (>320 μg/L) after 15 min. However, some bacteria still survived after disinfection by atomized NaClO (0-80 μg/L) and H(2)O(2) (0-160 μg/L), and they exhibited significant increases in antibiotic resistance. The whole-genome sequencing of the resistant bacteria revealed distinct mutations that were responsible for both antibiotic resistance and virulence. This study also provided evidences and insights into possible mechanisms underlying the induction of antibiotic resistance by air disinfection, which involved intracellular reactive oxygen species formation, oxidative stress responses, alterations in bacterial membranes, activation of efflux pumps, and the thickening of biofilms. The present results also shed light on the role of air disinfection in inducing antibiotic resistance, which could be a crucial factor contributing to the global spread of antibiotic resistance through the air.202438823102
674880.9999Time-dependent effects of ZnO nanoparticles on bacteria in an estuarine aquatic environment. Many studies have examined the acute toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) towards model bacteria. In this study, we report the time-dependent effects of ZnO NPs on native, selected Zn-resistant and dominant bacteria in estuarine waters. An initial inhibition of bacterial growth followed by a recovery at 24 h was observed, and this rebound phenomenon was particularly notable when the raw water samples were treated with relatively high ZnO NP concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L).By comparing the groups treated with Zn(2+), Zn(2+) was shown to largely explain the acute cytotoxic effect of ZnO NPs on bacteria in raw waters. Furthermore, similar to the native bacteria, especially the dominant bacteria, the viability of Escherichia coli (E. coli) decreased with the increasing treatments time and the concentrations of ZnO NPs in water with different salinities. Moreover, the expression of Zn-resistance genes including zntA and zntR in E. coli suggested that the Zn-resistance system in E. coli can be activated to defend against the stress of Zn(2+) released from ZnO NPs, and salinity may promote this process in estuarine aquatic systems. Thus, the effect of ZnO NPs on bacteria in estuarine water bodies is likely determined by the synergistic effect of environmental salinity and dissolved Zn ions. As such, our findings are of high relevance and importance for understanding the ecological disturbances caused by anthropogenic NPs in estuarine environments.202031505343
385990.9998Co-selection of antibiotic resistance via copper shock loading on bacteria from a drinking water bio-filter. Heavy metal contamination of source water frequently occurred in developing countries as a result of accidents. To address the problems, most of the previous studies have focused on engineering countermeasures. In this study, we investigated the effects of heavy metals, particularly copper, on the development of antibiotic resistance by establishing a copper shock loading test. Results revealed that co-selection occurred rapidly within 6 h. Copper, at the levels of 10 and 100 mg/L, significantly increased bacterial resistance to the antibiotics tested, including rifampin, erythromycin, kanamycin, and a few others. A total of 117 antimicrobial-resistance genes were detected from 12 types of genes, and the relative abundance of most genes (particularly mobile genetic elements intⅠand transposons) was markedly enriched by at least one fold. Furthermore, the copper shock loading altered the bacterial community. Numerous heavy metal and antibiotic resistant strains were screened out and enriched. These strains are expected to enhance the overall level of resistance. More noticeably, the majority of the co-selected antibiotic resistance could sustain for at least 20 h in the absence of copper and antimicrobial drugs. Resistance to vancomycin, erythromycin and lincomycin even could remain for 7 days. The prominent selection pressure by the copper shock loading implies that a real accident most likely poses similar impacts on the water environment. An accidental release of heavy metals would not only cause harm to the ecological environment, but also contribute to the development of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Broader concerns should be raised about the biological risks caused by sudden releases of pollutants by accidents.201829059628
6775100.9998Copper nanoparticles and copper ions promote horizontal transfer of plasmid-mediated multi-antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genera. The spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major concern for public health. As emerging contaminants, various metallic nanoparticles (NPs) and ionic heavy metals have been ubiquitously detected in various environments. Although previous studies have indicated NPs and ionic heavy metals could exhibit co-selection effects for antibiotic resistance, little is known about whether and how they could promote antibiotic resistance spread via horizontal gene transfer across bacterial genera. This study, we report both CuO NPs and copper ions (Cu(2+)) could stimulate the conjugative transfer of multiple-drug resistance genes. When exposing bacteria to CuO NPs or Cu(2+) at environmental-relevant and sub-inhibitory concentrations (e.g., 1-100 μmol/L), conjugation frequencies of plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance genes across genera (i.e., from Escherichia coli to Pseudomonas putida) were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). The over-production of reactive oxygen species played a crucial role in promoting conjugative transfer. Genome-wide RNA and protein sequencing suggested expressional levels of genes and proteins related to oxidative stress, cell membrane permeability, and pilus generation were significantly up-regulated under CuO NPs and Cu(2+) exposure (p < 0.05). This study provides insights in the contributions of NPs and heavy metals on the spread of antibiotic resistance.201931158594
6767110.9998Effects of iron mineral adhesion on bacterial conjugation: Interfering the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes through an interfacial process. Bacterial conjugation is one of the most prominent ways for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) transmission in the environment. Interfacial interactions between natural colloidal minerals and bacteria can alter the effective contact of bacteria, thereby affecting ARGs conjugation. Understanding the impact of iron minerals, a core component of colloidal minerals, on ARGs conjugation can help assess and intervene in the risk of ARGs transmission. With three selected iron minerals perturbation experiments, it was found that the conjugative transfer of plasmid that carried kanamycin resistance gene was 1.35 - 3.91-fold promoted by low concentrations of iron minerals (i.e., 5 - 100 mg L(-1)), but inhibited at high concentrations (i.e., 1000 - 2000 mg L(-1)) as 0.10 - 0.22-fold. Conjugation occurrence was highly relevant to the number of bacteria adhering per unit mass of mineral, thus switch in the adhesion modes of mineral-bacterial determined whether the conjugate transfer of ARGs was facilitated or inhibited. In addition, a unified model was formularized upon the physicochemical and physiological effects of adhesion on conjugation, and it can be used in estimating the critical inhibitory concentration of different iron minerals on conjugation. Our findings indicate natural colloidal minerals have great potential for applications in preventing the environmental propagation of ARGs through interfacial interactions.202235472548
7801120.9998Disinfection of swine wastewater using chlorine, ultraviolet light and ozone. Veterinary antibiotics are widely used at concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to prevent disease and promote growth of livestock. However, the majority of antibiotics are excreted from animals in urine, feces, and manure. Consequently, the lagoons used to store these wastes can act as reservoirs of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. There is currently no regulation or control of these systems to prevent the spread of these bacteria and their genes for antibiotic resistance into other environments. This study was conducted to determine the disinfection potential of chlorine, ultraviolet light and ozone against swine lagoon bacteria. Results indicate that a chlorine dose of 30 mg/L could achieve a 2.2-3.4 log bacteria reduction in lagoon samples. However, increasing the dose of chlorine did not significantly enhance the disinfection activity due to the presence of chlorine-resistant bacteria. The chlorine resistant bacteria were identified to be closely related to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. A significant percentage of lagoon bacteria were not susceptible to the four selected antibiotics: chlortetracycline, lincomycin, sulfamethazine and tetracycline (TET). However, the presence of both chlorine and TET could inactivate all bacteria in one lagoon sample. The disinfection potential of UV irradiation and ozone was also examined. Ultraviolet light was an effective bacterial disinfectant, but was unlikely to be economically viable due to its high energy requirements. At an ozone dose of 100 mg/L, the bacteria inactivation efficiency could reach 3.3-3.9 log.200616678233
7501130.9998Enhanced sensitivity of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to environmental concentrations of antibiotic. As emerging contaminants, antibiotics are frequently present in various environments, particularly rivers, albeit often at sublethal concentrations (ng/L∼μg/L). Assessing the risk associated with these low levels, which are far below the lethal threshold for most organisms, remains challenging. In this study, using microcosms containing planktonic bacteria and biofilm, we examined how antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in different physical states, including intracellular ARGs (iARGs) and extracellular ARGs (eARGs) responded to these low-level antibiotics. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between sub-lethal antibiotic exposure (ranging from 0.1 to 10 μg/L) and increased prevalence (measured as ARG copies/16s rDNA) of both iARGs and eARGs in planktonic bacteria. Notably, eARGs demonstrated greater sensitivity to antibiotic exposure compared to iARGs, with a lower threshold (0.1 μg/L for eARGs versus 1 μg/L for iARGs) for abundance increase. Moreover, ARGs in biofilms demonstrates higher sensitivity to antibiotic exposure compared to planktonic bacteria. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we established an integrated population dynamics-pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PD-PP) model. This model indicates that the enhanced sensitivity of eARGs is primarily driven by an increased potential for plasmid release from cells under low antibiotic concentrations. Furthermore, the accumulation of antibiotic in biofilms induces a greater sensitivity of ARG compared to the planktonic bacteria. This study provides a fresh perspective on the development of antibiotic resistance and offers an innovative approach for assessing the risk of sublethal antibiotic in the environment.202438797215
8517140.9998Influences of graphene on microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes in mouse gut as determined by high-throughput sequencing. Graphene is a promising candidate as an antibacterial material owning to its bacterial toxicity. However, little information on influence of graphene on gut microbiota is available. In this study, mice were exposed to graphene for 4 weeks, and high-throughput sequencing was applied to characterize the changes in microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in mouse gut. The results showed that graphene exposure increased biodiversity of gut microbiota, and changed their community. The 1 μg/d graphene exposure had higher influences on the gut microbiota than 10 μg/d and 100 μg/d graphene exposures, which might be due to higher aggregation of high-level graphene. The influence of graphene on gut microbiota might attribute to that graphene could induce oxidative stress and damage of cell membrane integrity. The results were verified by the increase of ratio of Gram-negative bacteria. Outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria could reduce the membrane damage induced by graphene and make them more tolerance to graphene. Further, we found that graphene exposure significantly increased the abundance and types of ARGs, indicating a potential health risk of graphene. This study firstly provides new insight to the health effects of graphene on gut microbiota.201626476051
6761150.9998Exposure to Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles facilitates conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from Escherichia coli to Streptomyces. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has become a global environmental issue; it has been found that nanoparticles (NPs) can promote the transfer of ARGs between bacteria. However, it remains unclear whether NPs can affect this kind of conjugation in Streptomyces, which mainly conjugate with other bacteria via spores. In the present study, we demonstrated that Al(2)O(3) NPs significantly promote the conjugative transfer of ARGs from Escherichia coli (E. coli) ET12567 to Streptomyces coelicolor (S. coelicolor) M145 without the use of heat shock method. The number of transconjugants induced by Al(2)O(3) particles was associated with the size and concentration of Al(2)O(3) particles, exposure time, and the ratio of E. coli and spores. When nanoparticle size was 30 nm at a concentration of 10 mg/L, the conjugation efficiency reached a peak value of 182 cfu/10(8) spores, which was more than 60-fold higher than that of the control. Compared with nanomaterials, bulk particles exhibited no significant effect on conjugation efficiency. We also explored the mechanisms by which NPs promote conjugative transfer. After the addition of NPs, the intracellular ROS content increased and the expression of the classical porin gene ompC was stimulated. In addition, ROS enhanced the mRNA expression levels of conjugative genes by inhibiting global regulation genes. Meanwhile, expression of the conjugation-related gene intA was also stimulated, ultimately increasing the number of transconjugants. Our results indicated that Al(2)O(3) NPs significantly promoted the conjugative transfer of ARGs from bacteria to spores and aggravated the diffusion of resistance genes in the environment.201931561730
7582160.9998Anaerobic fermentation for hydrogen production and tetracycline degradation: Biodegradation mechanism and microbial community succession. The misuse and continues discharge of antibiotics can cause serious pollution, which is urgent to take steps to remit the environment pollution. In this study, anaerobic bacteria isolated from the aeration tank of a local sewage treatment plant were employed to investigate hydrogen production and tetracycline (TC) degradation during anaerobic fermentation. Results indicate that low concentrations of TC enhanced hydrogen production, increasing from 366 mL to a maximum of 480 mL. This increase is attributed to stimulated hydrolysis and acidogenesis, coupled with significant inhibition of homoacetogenesis. Furthermore, the removal of TC, facilitated by adsorption and biodegradation, exceeded 90 %. During the fermentation process, twenty-one by-products were identified, leading to the proposal of four potential degradation pathways. Analysis of the microbial community revealed shifts in diversity and a decrease in the abundance of hydrogen-producing bacteria, whereas bacteria harboring tetracycline resistance genes became more prevalent. This study provides a possibility to treat tetracycline-contaminated wastewater and to produce clean energy simultaneously by anaerobic fermentation.202439168318
7845170.9998Mechanism and potential risk of antibiotic resistant bacteria carrying last resort antibiotic resistance genes under electrochemical treatment. The significant rise in the number of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that resulted from our abuse of antibiotics could do severe harm to public health as well as to the environment. We investigated removal efficiency and removal mechanism of electrochemical (EC) treatment based on 6 different bacteria isolated from hospital wastewater carrying 3 last resort ARGs including NDM-1, mcr-1 and tetX respectively. We found that the removal efficiency of ARGs increased with the increase of both voltage and electrolysis time while the maximum removal efficiency can reach 90%. The optimal treatment voltage and treatment time were 3 V and 120 min, respectively. Temperature, pH and other factors had little influence on the EC treatment process. The mechanism of EC treatment was explored from the macroscopic and microscopic levels by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and flow cytometry. Our results showed that EC treatment significantly changed the permeability of cell membrane and caused cells successively experience early cell apoptosis, late cell apoptosis and cell necrosis. Moreover, compared with traditional disinfection methods, EC treatment had less potential risks. The conjugative transfer frequencies of cells were significantly reduced after treatment. Less than 1% of bacteria entered the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and less than 5% of intracellular ARGs (iARGs) turned into extracellular ARGs (eARGs). Our findings provide new insights into as well as important reference for future electrochemical treatment in removing ARB from hospital wastewater.202235085630
7628180.9998Mechanism of antibiotic resistance development in an activated sludge system under tetracycline pressure. The mechanism of antibiotic resistance (AR) development in an activated sludge system under tetracycline (TC) pressure was discussed and analyzed. According to the variation of macro-factors, including TC, COD, TN, TP, NH(3)-N, pH, heavy metals, and reactor settings, the tet genes respond accordingly. Consequently, the enrichment sites of tet genes form an invisible AR selection zone, where AR microorganisms thrive, gather, reproduce, and spread. The efflux pump genes tetA and tetB prefer anaerobic environment, while ribosome protective protein genes tetM, tetO, tetQ, tetT, and tetW were more concentrated in aerobic situations. As a corresponding micro-effect, different types of tet genes selected the corresponding dominant bacteria such as Thauera and Arthrobacter, suggesting the intrinsic relationship between tet genes and potential hosts. In summary, the macro-response and micro-effect of tet genes constitute an interactive mechanism with tet genes as the core, which is the crucial cause for the continuous development of AR. This study provides an executable strategy to control the development of AR in actual wastewater treatment plants from the perspective of macro-factors and micro-effects.202337464207
3860190.9998Mobility of antibiotic resistance and its co-occurrence with metal resistance in pathogens under oxidative stress. The bacterial communities are challenged with oxidative stress during their exposure to bactericidal antibiotics, metals, and different levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) encountered in diverse environmental habitats. The frequency of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs) co-selection is increased by selective pressure posed by oxidative stress. Hence, study of resistance acquisition is important from an evolutionary perspective. To understand the dependence of oxidative stress on the dissemination of ARGs and MRGs through a pathogenic bacterial population, 12 metagenomes belonging to gut, water and soil habitats were evaluated. The metagenome-wide analysis showed the chicken gut to pose the most diverse pool of ARGs (30.4 ppm) and pathogenic bacteria (Simpson diversity = 0.98). The most common types of resistances found in all the environmental samples were efflux pumps (13.22 ppm) and genes conferring resistance to vancomycin (12.4 ppm), tetracycline (12.1 ppm), or beta-lactam (9.4 ppm) antibiotics. Additionally, limiting DO level in soil was observed to increase the abundance of excision nucleases (uvrA and uvrB), DNA polymerase (polA), catalases (katG), and other oxidative stress response genes (OSGs). This was further evident from major variations occurred in antibiotic efflux genes due to the effect of DO concentration on two human pathogens, namely Salmonella enterica and Shigella sonnei found in all the selected habitats. In conclusion, the microbial community, when challenged with oxidative stress caused by environmental variations in oxygen level, tends to accumulate higher amounts of ARGs with increased dissemination potential through triggering non-lethal mutagenesis. Furthermore, the genetic linkage or co-occurrence of ARGs and MRGs provides evidence for selecting ARGs under high concentrations of heavy metals.202134298350