Metagenomic profiling of antibiotic resistance genes/bacteria removal in urban water: Algal-bacterial consortium treatment system. - Related Documents




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703001.0000Metagenomic profiling of antibiotic resistance genes/bacteria removal in urban water: Algal-bacterial consortium treatment system. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have exhibited significant ecological concerns, especially in the urban water that are closely associated with human health. In this study, with presence of exogenous Chlorella vulgaris-Bacillus licheniformis consortium, most of the typical ARGs and MGEs were removed. Furthermore, the relative abundance of potential ARGs hosts has generally decreased by 1-4 orders of magnitude, revealing the role of algal-bacterial consortium in cutting the spread of ARGs in urban water. While some of ARGs such as macB increased, which may be due to the negative impact of algicidal bacteria and algal viruses in urban water on exogenous C. vulgaris and the suppression of exogenous B. licheniformis by indigenous microorganisms. A new algal-bacterial interaction might form between C. vulgaris and indigenous microorganisms. The interplay between C. vulgaris and bacteria has a significant impact on the fate of ARGs removal in urban water.202438801952
703110.9999Free-living lifestyle preferences drive the antibiotic resistance promotion during drinking water chlorination. The risk associated with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in size-fractionated bacterial community during drinking water chlorination remains unclear, and is of paramount importance for risk mitigation through process selection and optimization. This study employed metagenomic approaches to reveal the alterations of ARGs, their potential functions and hosts within the free-living and particle-associated fractions. The total relative abundance of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and virulence factor genes (VFGs) significantly increased in the free-living fraction after chlorination. The contribution of the free-living fraction to the ARG relative abundance rose from 16.40 ± 1.31 % to 93.62 ± 0.47 % after chlorination. Multidrug resistance genes (e.g. mexF and mexW) were major contributors, and their co-occurrence with MGEs in the free-living fraction was enhanced after chlorination. Considering multiple perspectives, including presence, mobility, and pathogenicity, chlorination led to a significant risk of the antibiotic resistome in the free-living fraction. Moreover, potential functions of ARGs, such as cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis, defense mechanisms, and transcription in the free-living fraction, were intensified following chlorination. Potential pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and Acinetobacter junii, were identified as the predominant hosts of multidrug resistance genes, with their increased abundances primarily contributing to the rise of the corresponding ARGs. Overall, alterations of hosts as well as enhancing mobility and biological functions could collectively aid the proliferation and spread of ARGs in the free-living fraction after chlorination. This study provides novel insights into antibiotic resistance evolution in size-fractionated bacteria community and offers a management strategy for microbiological safety in drinking water.202438043346
702920.9999Filamentous bacteria-induced sludge bulking can alter antibiotic resistance gene profiles and increase potential risks in wastewater treatment systems. Sludge bulking caused by filamentous bacteria is a prevalent issue in wastewater treatment systems. While previous studies have primarily concentrated on controlling sludge bulking, the biological risks associated with it have been overlooked. This study demonstrates that excessive growth of filamentous bacteria during sludge bulking can significantly increase the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in activated sludge. Through metagenomic analysis, we identified specific ARGs carried by filamentous bacteria, such as Sphaerotilus and Thiothrix, which are responsible for bulking. Additionally, by examining over 1,000 filamentous bacterial genomes, we discovered a diverse array of ARGs across different filamentous bacteria derived from wastewater treatment systems. Our findings indicate that 74.84% of the filamentous bacteria harbor at least one ARG, with the occurrence frequency of ARGs in these bacteria being approximately 1.5 times higher than that in the overall bacterial population in activated sludge. Furthermore, genomic and metagenomic analyses have shown that the ARGs in filamentous bacteria are closely linked to mobile genetic elements and are frequently found in potentially pathogenic bacteria, highlighting potential risks posed by these filamentous bacteria. These insights enhance our understanding of ARGs in activated sludge and underscore the importance of risk management in wastewater treatment systems.202439094405
703230.9999Free Radicals on Aging Microplastics Regulated the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Aquatic Environment: New Insight into the Effect of Microplastics on the Spreading of Biofilm Resistomes. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by microplastics has received a great concern in coexisting "hotspots". Despite most microplastics suffering from natural aging, little is known about the effect of aging microplastics (A-MPs) on ARGs dissemination. Here, we demonstrated significant suppression of A-MPs on ARGs dissemination in natural rivers. Although ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were effectively enriched on A-MPs, the relative abundance of ARGs and MGEs on A-MPs as well as in receiving water decreased by approximately 21.4% to 42.3% during a period of 30 days of dissemination. Further investigation revealed that (•)OH was consistently generated on A-MPs with a maximum value of 0.2 μmol/g. Importantly, scavenging of (•)OH significantly increased the relative abundance of ARGs and MGEs both on A-MPs and in receiving water 1.4-29.1 times, indicating the vital role of (•)OH in suppressing ARGs dissemination. Microbial analysis revealed that (•)OH inhibited the potential antibiotic-resistant bacteria in surface biofilms, such as Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter (with a decrease of 68.8% and 89.3%). These results demonstrated that (•)OH was extensively produced on A-MPs, which greatly reduced both the vertical and horizontal gene transfer of ARGs. This study provided new insights into the dissemination of ARGs through microplastics in natural systems.202540359213
702240.9999Fate of antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and cell-free antibiotic-resistant genes in full-scale membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plants. The removal of antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and cell-free antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) and the microbial community of ARB were investigated in detail to understand their fate and provide valuable information on the feasibility of full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). The potential risks of cell-free ARGs to the receiving environment were discovered. High influent antibiotic concentration could inhibit the microbial activity of MBR sludge, whereas good antibiotic removal could be maintained because of relatively long solid retention time and high biomass retention. Approximately 61.8%-77.5% of the total antibiotics were degraded, and 22.5%-38.2% of the total antibiotics were adsorbed by MBR sludge on average. The individual antibiotic removal presented intense discrepancy because of the chemical construction and distribution coefficient of antibiotics. Aeromonas exhibited specific antibiotic resistance to ampicillin and erythromycin, Escherichia became the predominant genera in kanamycin-ARB and tetracycline-ARB, and Klebsiella and Bacteroides were the particular genera that exhibited distinct antibiotic resistance to ciprofloxacin. A significant correlation was found between cell-free ARG abundance and ARB content, and relatively high effluent cell-free ARG abundance facilitated the proliferation and transmission of ARB. The impacts of the receiving environment to eliminate the ecological risks and severe threats to human health should be investigated because of the low decay ratio and long-term persistence of cell-free ARGs.202031986335
756150.9999Deciphering antibiotic resistome variations during nitrogen removal process transition under mixed antibiotics stress: Assembly process and driving factors. Antibiotic resistome, which encompasses all types of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in a given environment, has received increasing attention in research on different wastewater treatment processes. However, the variation in antibiotic resistome during the transition from the full nitrification-denitrification to the shortcut nitrification-denitrification process remains unclear. In this study, a total of 269 targeted gene subtypes were identified, along with 108 genes were consistently present in all samples. The introduction of mixed antibioticsrapidly increased the abundance of corresponding and non-corresponding ARGs, as well as that of mobile genetic elements.The variations in of the antibiotic resistome were primarily driven by dissolved oxygen and nitrite accumulation rate. Moreover, 34 bacterial genera were identified as potential ARG hosts, with most denitrifiers considered as potential antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Branchymonas, Rhodobacter, and Thauera. This study provides a method for controlling antibiotic resistance by regulating the changes in environmental variables and bacterial communities.202339492537
702160.9999Metagenomic insights into dissemination of antibiotic resistance across bacterial genera in wastewater treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of conventional wastewater treatment processes including secondary treatment and chlorination on the removal of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), and to assess the association of ARGs with their potential hosts in each treatment process. The results showed chlorination with subinhibitory concentration (<8 mg/L) resulted in an increased ARB number in the disinfection effluent. qPCR analysis indicated secondary treatment increased relative abundance of ARGs in remaining bacteria whereas disinfection reduced the relative abundance of those genes effectively. Metagenomic analysis revealed a significant shift of dominating bacterial genera harboring ARGs. Along the treatment train, 48, 95 and 80 genera were identified to be the ARG carriers in primary effluent, secondary effluent, and disinfection effluent, respectively. It was also found that secondary treatment increased the diversity of potential ARG hosts while both secondary treatment and chlorination broadened the host range of some ARGs at the genus level, which may be attributed to the spread of antibiotic resistance across bacterial genera through horizontal transfer. This study highlights the growing concerns that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may disseminate ARGs by associating this effect to specific treatment stages and by correlating ARGs with their bacterial hosts.202133453487
695070.9999Ceftiofur in swine manure contributes to reducing pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes during composting. Aerobic composting is a common way for the disposal of feces produced in animal husbandry, and can reduce the release of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from feces into the environment. In this study, we collected samples from two distinct treatments of swine manure compost with and without ceftiofur (CEF), and identified the ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and bacterial community by metagenomic sequencing. The impacts of CEF on the bacterial community composition and fate of ARGs and MGEs were investigated. With increasing composting temperature and pH, the concentration of CEF in the manure decreased rapidly, with a degradation half-life of 1.12 d and a 100% removal rate after 10 d of aerobic composting. Metagenomics demonstrated that CEF in the manure might inhibit the growth of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, thereby reducing some ARGs and MGEs hosted by these two bacteria, which was further confirmed by the variations of ARGs and MGEs. A further redundancy analysis suggested that pH and temperature are key environmental factors affecting ARG removal during composting, and intI1 and bacterial communities also have significant influence on ARG abundance. These results are of great significance for promoting the removal of some ARGs from animal manure by controlling some key environmental factors and the type of antibiotics used in animals.202438685300
695180.9999The vertical migration of antibiotic-resistant genes and pathogens in soil and vegetables after the application of different fertilizers. The prevalence of bacterial resistance caused by the application of animal manure has become an important environmental issue. Herein, the vertical migration of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and pathogens in soil and vegetables after the application of different fertilizers was explored. The results showed that the application of composted manure considerably enhanced the abundance of most ARGs and pathogens, especially in surface soil and pakchoi roots. Moreover, the soil ARGs increased partially from log 1.93 to log 4.65 after the application of composted manure, and six pathogens were simultaneously detected. It was observed that the increase in soil depth decreased most ARGs and pathogens by log 1.04-2.24 and 53.98 %~85.54 %, respectively. This indicated that ARGs and pathogens still existed in the deep soil (80-100 cm). Moreover, total organic carbon had a significant influence on the pathogen distribution, whereas bacterial communities primarily drove the vertical migration of ARGs rather than environmental factors. Although most of the ARG-host associations observed in the surface soil were disappeared in deep soil as revealed by network analysis, some co-occurrence pattern still occurred in deep soil, suggesting that some ARGs might be carried to deep soil by their host bacteria. These results were novel in describing the vertical migration of ARGs in the environment after the application of different fertilizers, providing ideas for curbing their migration to crops.202234400159
704290.9999Response of antibiotic resistance genes abundance by graphene oxide during the anaerobic digestion of swine manure with copper pollution. The pollution of various environments with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is an urgent problem that needs to be addressed, especially in heavy metal-polluted environments. This study investigated the responses of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) to the addition of graphene oxide (GO) to swine manure containing a high concentration copper during anaerobic digestion. The total copy numbers of ARGs and MGEs were significantly enhanced by the pressure due to Cu. GO significantly decreased the ARG and MGE copy numbers, where the low GO concentration performed better than the high GO concentration. Network analysis showed that most of the ARGs and MGEs co-occurred and they shared the same major potential host bacteria. The contributions of different factors to ARG abundances were assessed by redundancy analysis and MGEs had the most important effect on the fate of ARGs. Thus, GO may reduce the abundance of ARGs mainly by removing MGEs.201930445329
7511100.9999Antibiotic resistome promotion in drinking water during biological activated carbon treatment: Is it influenced by quorum sensing? The contamination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in drinking water may pose a direct threat to human health. This study applied high-throughput qPCR and sequencing to investigate the dynamics of ARGs and bacterial communities during the advanced treatment of drinking water using biological activated carbon. The promotion of ARGs was observed, and the normalized copy number of ARGs increased significantly after BAC treatment, raising the number of detected ARGs from 84 to 159. Twenty-nine ARGs were identified as biofilm-influencing sources in the BAC, and they persisted after chlorination. The shift of bacterial communities primarily had effects on the changes in resistome. Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria were related to persistent ARGs mostly in the BAC biofilm. Meanwhile, the Acyl-Homoserine Lactones (AHLs), quorum sensing molecules, and bacteria that produced AHLs were identified to understand the promotion of ARGs. The isolated AHL-producing bacteria belonged to the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla. Six detectable AHLs had an influence on plasmid-based horizontal gene transfer in the intragenus mating systems, indicating that the dynamics of ARGs were strongly affected by quorum sensing between specific bacteria in the biofilm. These results provide new insight into the mechanism of antibiotic resistome promotion in BAC biofilms.201828846900
7559110.9999Fate of antibiotic resistance genes and resistant bacteria under various operating temperatures of sludge anaerobic digestion. This study investigates the impact of varying temperatures on reducing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during anaerobic digestion (AD) of mixed raw sludge in wastewater treatment plants. Employing three different operating temperatures, i.e., 37, 55, and 65 °C, the research aims to identify how these conditions affect the diminution of resistant genes. The results, based on quantitative PCR analysis and metagenomic sequencing, show that higher temperatures significantly enhance the reduction of ARGs, with the most substantial decreases observed at 65 °C. This temperature-dependent reduction correlates with changes in the microbial community structure, where specific bacterial genera like Alicycliphilus, Macellibacteroides, Dokdonella, Ahniella, Thauera, and Zoogloea associated with ARGs exhibit decreased abundance at elevated temperatures. The study infers that AD at higher temperatures could be a more effective strategy in mitigating the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment, suggesting a pivotal role of operational temperature in optimizing wastewater treatment processes for ARGs attenuation. The findings highlight the need for further research to refine AD protocols, aiming to minimize the environmental impact of antibiotic resistance dissemination.202540662898
7510120.9999Impacts of antibiotics on biofilm bacterial community and disinfection performance on simulated drinking water supply pipe wall. Overuse of antibiotics is accelerating the spread of resistance risk in the environment. In drinking water supply systems, the effect of antibiotics on the resistance of biofilm is unclear, and there have been few studies in disinfectant-containing systems. Here, we designed a series of drinking water supply reactors to investigate the effects of antibiotics on biofilm and bacteria in the water. At low concentrations, antibiotics could promote the growth of bacteria in biofilm; among the tested antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfadiazine and chloramphenicol), tetracycline had the strongest ability to promote this. And the antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) could inhibit the growth of bacteria in drinking water. Results have shown that antibiotics enhanced the bacterial chlorine resistance in the effluent, but reduced that in the biofilm. Furthermore, metagenomic analysis showed that antibiotics reduced the richness of biofilm communities. The dominant phyla in the biofilm were Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Firmicutes. In tetracycline-treated biofilm, the dominant phylum was Planctomycetes. In sulfadiazine- and chloramphenicol-treated groups, bacteria with complex cell structures preferentially accumulated. The dominant class in biofilm in the ARB-added group was Gammaproteobacteria. The abundance of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) was correlated with biofilm community structure. This study shows that antibiotics make the biofilm community structure of drinking water more resistant to chlorine. ARGs may be selective for certain bacteria in the process, and there may ultimately be enhanced chlorine and antibiotic resistance of effluent bacteria in drinking water.202134256291
6900130.9999Tracking the extracellular and intracellular antibiotic resistance genes across whole year in wastewater of intensive dairy farm. Monitoring the annual variation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock wastewater is important for determining the high-risk period of transfer and spread of animal-derived antibiotic resistance into the environment. However, the knowledge regarding the variation patterns of ARGs, especially intracellular ARGs (iARGs) and extracellular ARGs (eARGs), over time in livestock wastewater is still unclear. Herein, we conducted a year-round study to trace the profiles of ARGs at a Chinese-intensive dairy farm, focusing on the shifts observed in different months. The results showed significant differences in the composition and variation between iARGs and eARGs. Tetracycline, sulfonamide, and macrolide resistance genes were the major types of iARGs, while cfr was the major type of eARG. The environmental adaptations of the host bacteria determine whether ARGs appear as intracellular or extracellular forms. The total abundance of ARGs was higher from April to September, which can be attributed to the favorable climatic conditions for bacterial colonization and increased antibiotic administration during this period. Integron was found to be highly correlated with most iARGs, potentially playing a role in the presence of these genes within cells and their similar transmission patterns in wastewater. The intracellular and extracellular bacterial communities were significantly different, primarily because of variations in bacterial adaptability to the high salt and anaerobic environment. The intracellular co-occurrence network indicated that some dominant genera in wastewater, such as Turicibacter, Clostridium IV, Cloacibacillus, Subdivision5_genera_incertae_sedis, Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis and Halomonas, were potential hosts for many ARGs. To the best of our knowledge, this study demonstrates, for the first time, the annual variation of ARGs at critical points in the reuse of dairy farm wastewater. It also offers valuable insights into the prevention and control of ARGs derived from animals.202438039853
7026140.9999Organic fertilizer potentiates the transfer of typical antibiotic resistance gene among special bacterial species. The propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environments has evoked many attentions, however, how to identify their host pathogenic bacteria in situ remains a great challenge. Here we explored the bacterial host distribution and dissemination of a typical ARG, sul1 gene, in agricultural soils through the simultaneous detection of sul1 and its host 16S rRNA gene by emulsion paired isolation and concatenation PCR (epicPCR). Compared to chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer (chicken manure) led to a higher prevalence of sul1 gene in the soil, and dominant bacterial hosts of sul1 gene were classified into Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla. Additionally, significant higher diversity of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB), higher rate of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), higher rate of mobile genetic elements (MGE) and higher proportion of pathogens were all observed in the treatment of organic fertilizer. This study alerts potential health risks of manure applications in agricultural soils.202235483268
7513150.9999Contribution of microplastic particles to the spread of resistances and pathogenic bacteria in treated wastewaters. Microplastic Particles (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants widely found in aquatic ecosystems. Although MPs are mostly retained in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a high number of MPs reaches the open waters potentially contributing to the spread of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. Nowadays, a limited number of studies have focused on the role of MPs as carriers of potentially pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in WWTPs. Thus, an investigation on the community composition (by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and the abundance of antibiotic and metal resistance genes (by qPCR) of the biofilm on MPs (the plastisphere) and of planktonic bacteria in treated (pre- and post-disinfection) wastewaters was performed. MPs resulted to be very similar in terms of type, color, size, and chemical composition, before and after the disinfection. The bacterial community on MPs differed from the planktonic community in terms of richness, composition, and structure of the community network. Potentially pathogenic bacteria generally showed higher abundances in treated wastewater than in the biofilm on MPs. Furthermore, among the tested resistance genes, only sul2 (a common resistance gene against sulfonamides) resulted to be more abundant in the plastisphere than in the planktonic bacterial community. Our results suggest that the wastewater plastisphere could promote the spread of pathogenic bacteria and resistance genes in aquatic environment although with a relatively lower contribution than the wastewater planktonic bacterial community.202134186288
7514160.9998Early and differential bacterial colonization on microplastics deployed into the effluents of wastewater treatment plants. Microbial colonization of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems is a well-known phenomenon; however, there is insufficient knowledge of the early colonization phase. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents have been proposed as important pathways for MPs entry and transport in aquatic environments and are hotspots of bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study aimed at characterizing bacterial communities in the early stage of biofilm formation on seven different types of MPs deployed in two different WWTPs effluents as well as measuring the relative abundance of two ARGs (sulI and tetM) on the tested MPs. Illumina Miseq sequencing of the 16S rRNA showed significant higher diversity of bacteria on MPs in comparison with free-living bacteria in the WWTP effluents. β-diversity analysis showed that the in situ environment (sampling site) and hydrophobicity, to a lesser extent, had a role in the early bacterial colonization phase. An early colonization phase MPs-core microbiome could be identified. Furthermore, specific core microbiomes for each type of polymer suggested that each type might select early attachment of bacteria. Although the tested WWTP effluent waters contained antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARBs) harboring the sulI and tetM ARGs, MPs concentrated ARBs harboring the sulI gene but not tetM. These results highlight the relevance of the early attachment phase in the development of bacterial biofilms on different types of MP polymers and the role that different types of polymers might have facilitating the attachment of specific bacteria, some of which might carry ARGs.202133246729
8086170.9998Biofilm enhanced the mitigations of antibiotics and resistome in sulfadiazine and trimethoprim co-contaminated soils. Reducing antibiotic levels in soil ecosystems is vital to curb the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mitigate global health threats. However, gaps persist in understanding how antibiotic resistome can be suppressed during antibiotic degradation. Herein, we investigate the efficacy of a biochar biofilm incorporating antibiotics-degrading bacterial strain (Arthrobacter sp. D2) to mitigate antibiotic resistome in non-manured and manure-amended soils with sulfadiazine (SDZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) contamination. Results show that biofilm enhanced SDZ degradation by 83.0% within three days and increased TMP attenuation by 55.4% over 60 days in non-manured soils. In the non-manured black soil, the relative abundance of ARGs increased initially after biofilm inoculation. However, by day 30, it decreased by 20.5% compared to the controls. Moreover, after 7 days, biofilm reduced TMP by 38.5% in manured soils and decreased the total ARG abundance by 19.0%. Thus, while SDZ degradation did not increase sulfonamide resistance genes, TMP dissipation led to a proliferation of insertion sequences and related TMP resistance genes. This study underscores the importance of antibiotic degradation in reducing related ARGs while cautioning against the potential proliferation and various ARGs transfer by resistant microorganisms.202439255667
7034180.9998Meta-analysis reveals the processes and conditions of using biochar to control antibiotic resistance genes in soil. Soil is a significant reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and an important habitat for pathogens associated with many clinical infections and plant disease outbreaks. Although scientists have found that biochar can reduce ARGs in soil, the understanding of how biochar removes soil ARGs and the influencing factors remains limited. Here, a meta-analysis of 65 published studies was conducted to illuminate the mechanisms through which biochar remediates ARG-contaminated soils. In biochar-amended soil, the antibiotic content significantly decreased by 24.1 %, while the abundances of mobile genetic elements and ARG host bacteria declined by 23.5 % and 12.1 %, respectively. The reduced antibiotic content, suppressed mobile genetic elements, and altered bacterial community structure collectively led to a 41.8 % reduction in soil ARG abundance. In addition, wood-derived biochar pyrolyzed at 300-500 °C exhibited a substantial advantage in the remediation of ARGs. Furthermore, biochar application decreased the abundance of ARGs in alkaline and neutral soil more markedly than that in acidic soil. The results of this research confirmed the positive mitigating effect of biochar on ARGs in soil, providing valuable insights for the prevention and control of ARG pollution.202540359860
6897190.9998Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in an oilfield's water re-injection systems. The recent widespread increase in antibiotic resistance has become a real threat to both human and environmental ecosystem health. In oil reservoirs, an extreme environment potentially influenced by human activity such as water flooding, the distribution and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remains poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the distribution of ARGs at different positions in a water-flooding oilfield in China, and found that ARGs were observed in all parts of the investigated system. The surface regions of the water re-injection system were more vulnerable to ARG pollution, and the final ARG concentration was up to 2.2 × 10(8) gene copies/L, and sulfonamide were the most abundant. However, ARG concentration decreased sharply in the samples from underground part of the re-injection system. The bacterial community composition was also varied with sampling position. The sample from production well, which was enriched in crude oil, contained more bacteria but the community richness was simpler. This study also indicated the wastewater-recycling process above ground, which proposed to reduce the discharge into environment directly, may pose a risk for ARGs spread.202031869712