The ecological threat posed by invasive species as silent carriers of global priority bacteria to wildlife. - Related Documents




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662501.0000The ecological threat posed by invasive species as silent carriers of global priority bacteria to wildlife. •Invasive species can act as silent carriers of multidrug-resistant bacterial species.•Invasive species in natural environments without predators can amplify the spread of antimicrobial resistance.•Global data on WHO priority bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in invasive species are provided.•Epidemiological surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in invasive species is discussed.202540331078
662010.9999The growing burden of antimicrobial resistance. Since the first usage of antimicrobials, the burden of resistance among bacteria has progressively increased and has accelerated within the last 10 years. Antibiotic resistance genes were present at very low levels prior to the introduction of antibiotics and it is largely the selective pressure of antibiotic use and the resulting exposure of bacteria, not only in humans but also in companion and food animals and the environment, which has caused the rise. The increasing mobility across the globe of people, food and animals is another factor. Examples of this are the international pandemic of different genotypes of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (particularly CTX-M-14 and -15) and the emergence of the carbapenemase KPC-1 in both the USA and Israel. This review details examples of both the emergence and dissemination through different genetic routes, both direct and indirect selective pressure, of significance resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus species, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas/Acinetobacter. The response made by society to reduce resistance involves surveillance, reduced usage, improved infection control and the introduction of new antimicrobial agents. Although efforts are being made in all these areas, there is an urgent need to increase the effectiveness of these interventions or some bacterial infections will become difficult if not impossible to treat reliably.200818684701
661820.9999A review of antimicrobial resistance in imported foods. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious threats to medical science. Food supply is recognized as a potential source of resistant bacteria, leading to the development of surveillance programs targeting primarily poultry, pork, and beef. These programs are limited in scope, not only in the commodities tested, but also in the organisms targeted (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter); consequently, neither the breadth of food products available nor the organisms that may harbour clinically relevant and (or) mobile resistance genes are identified. Furthermore, there is an inadequate understanding of how international trade in food products contributes to the global dissemination of resistance. This is despite the recognized role of international travel in disseminating antimicrobial-resistant organisms, notably New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase. An increasing number of studies describing antimicrobial-resistant organisms in a variety of imported foods are summarized in this review.202234570987
661430.9999Whole-Genome Sequencing of Pathogenic Bacteria-New Insights into Antibiotic Resistance Spreading. In recent years, the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by both pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria has become a major problem worldwide, which was already noticed as a global healthcare threat by the World Health Organization [...].202134946225
662440.9999Water as a Source of Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are one of the most common patient complications, affecting 7% of patients in developed countries each year. The rise of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria has been identified as one of the biggest global health challenges, resulting in an estimated 23,000 deaths in the US annually. Environmental reservoirs for AMR bacteria such as bed rails, light switches and doorknobs have been identified in the past and addressed with infection prevention guidelines. However, water and water-related devices are often overlooked as potential sources of HAI outbreaks. This systematic review examines the role of water and water-related devices in the transmission of AMR bacteria responsible for HAIs, discussing common waterborne devices, pathogens, and surveillance strategies. AMR strains of previously described waterborne pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium spp., and Legionella spp. were commonly isolated. However, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae that are not typically associated with water were also isolated. Biofilms were identified as a hot spot for the dissemination of genes responsible for survival functions. A limitation identified was a lack of consistency between environmental screening scope, isolation methodology, and antimicrobial resistance characterization. Broad universal environmental surveillance guidelines must be developed and adopted to monitor AMR pathogens, allowing prediction of future threats before waterborne infection outbreaks occur.202032824770
489350.9999Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella flexneri. Due to their propensity for causing diarrheal illnesses and their rising susceptibility to antimicrobials, Shigella infections constitute a serious threat to global public health. This extensive study explores the frequency, antibiotic resistance, genetic evolution, and effects of Shigella infections on vulnerable groups. The research covers a wide range of geographical areas and sheds information on how the prevalence of Shigella species is evolving. Shigella strain antimicrobial resistance patterns are thoroughly examined. Multidrug resistance (MDR) has been found to often occur in investigations, especially when older antimicrobials are used. The improper use of antibiotics in China is blamed for the quick emergence of resistance, and variations in resistance rates have been seen across different geographical areas. Shigella strains' genetic makeup can be used to identify emerging trends and horizontal gene transfer's acquisition of resistance genes. Notably, S. sonnei exhibits the capacity to obtain resistance genes from nearby bacteria, increasing its capacity for infection. The study also emphasizes the difficulties in accurately serotyping Shigella strains due to inconsistencies between molecular and conventional serology. These results highlight the necessity of reliable diagnostic methods for monitoring Shigella infections. In conclusion, this study emphasizes how dynamic Shigella infections are, with varying patterns of occurrence, changing resistance landscapes, and genetic adaptability. In addition to tackling the rising problem of antibiotic resistance in Shigella infections, these findings are essential for guiding efforts for disease surveillance, prevention, and treatment.202438435906
499060.9999From soil to surface water: exploring Klebsiella 's clonal lineages and antibiotic resistance odyssey in environmental health. In the last decade, the presence of resistant bacteria and resistance genes in the environment has been a cause for increasing concern. However, understanding of its contribution to the spread of bacteria remains limited, as the scarcity of studies on how and under what circumstances the environment facilitates the development of resistance poses challenges in mitigating the emergence and spread of mobile resistance factors. Antimicrobial resistance in the environment is considered one of the biggest challenges and threats currently emerging. Thus, monitoring the presence of antibiotic-resistant species, in this particular case, Klebsiella spp., in the environment can be an added value for understanding the epidemiology of infections caused by Klebsiella spp.. Investigating soils and waters as potential reservoirs and transmission vehicles for these bacteria is imperative. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to describe the main genetic lineages present in environmental samples, as well as to describe the multidrug resistance strains associated with each environmental source. The studies analyzed in this review reported a high diversity of species and strains of Klebsiella spp. in the environment. K. pneumoniae was the most prevalent species, both in soil and water samples, and, as expected, often presented a multi-resistant profile. The presence of K. pneumoniae ST11, ST15, and ST147 suggests human and animal origin. Concerning surface waters, there was a great diversity of species and STs of Klebsiella spp. These studies are crucial for assessing the environmental contribution to the spread of pathogenic bacteria.202540012032
661370.9999Approaches for characterizing and tracking hospital-associated multidrug-resistant bacteria. Hospital-associated infections are a major concern for global public health. Infections with antibiotic-resistant pathogens can cause empiric treatment failure, and for infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria which can overcome antibiotics of "last resort" there exists no alternative treatments. Despite extensive sanitization protocols, the hospital environment is a potent reservoir and vector of antibiotic-resistant organisms. Pathogens can persist on hospital surfaces and plumbing for months to years, acquire new antibiotic resistance genes by horizontal gene transfer, and initiate outbreaks of hospital-associated infections by spreading to patients via healthcare workers and visitors. Advancements in next-generation sequencing of bacterial genomes and metagenomes have expanded our ability to (1) identify species and track distinct strains, (2) comprehensively profile antibiotic resistance genes, and (3) resolve the mobile elements that facilitate intra- and intercellular gene transfer. This information can, in turn, be used to characterize the population dynamics of hospital-associated microbiota, track outbreaks to their environmental reservoirs, and inform future interventions. This review provides a detailed overview of the approaches and bioinformatic tools available to study isolates and metagenomes of hospital-associated bacteria, and their multi-layered networks of transmission.202133582841
663280.9999Genes conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials in Salmonella enterica isolated from animals and food: A systematic review of the literature, 2013-2017. Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern, and food systems are a crucial point in the epidemiology of these resistances. Among antimicrobials, critically important ones are therapeutic drugs that should be primarily safeguarded to allow successful outcomes against important bacterial infections in humans. The most important source of antimicrobial resistance has been recognized in the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in human and animal medicine, with farming being a critical stage. Products of animal origin are the link between animal and humans and can contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance, in particular through bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, commonly present in both animals' gut and food. Salmonella is an important member of this bacterial family due to its pathogenicity, its noteworthy prevalence and the frequent detection of resistance genes in different isolates. In the present systematic review, the distribution of antimicrobial resistance determinants among Salmonella enterica serovars in pigs, cattle and poultry production was investigated in the European context. A comprehensive literature search was carried out in three different databases, and 7955 papers were identified as relevant. After the different steps of the review process, 31 papers were considered eligible for data extraction to gain insight about sources and reservoirs for such genes. Results suggest that despite the increasing attention directed toward antimicrobial resistance in animal production, a wide plethora of genes still exist and further actions should be undertaken to face this challenge.201931442714
663190.9999Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli from Farm Livestock and Related Analytical Methods: A Review. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics for the treatment of human and animal infections has led to the rise of resistance in pathogens and in commensal bacteria. In particular, farm animals may act as vectors for the dissemination of drug-resistant genes because of the intensive use of antibiotics in animal production, enabling resistance to a wide range of antimicrobial agents, including those normally used in human medicine. Escherichia coli, being a widespread commensal, is considered a good indicator of antibiotic use. Ultimately, it is emerging as a global threat, developing dramatically high levels of antibiotic resistance to multiple classes of drugs. Its prevalence in food animals is hence alarming, and more studies are needed in order to ascertain the spread dynamics between the food chain and humans. In this context, great attention should be paid to the accurate detection of resistance by conventional and molecular methods. In this review, a comprehensive list of the most widely used testing methods is also addressed.201829554996
6633100.9998Food Pathways of Salmonella and Its Ability to Cause Gastroenteritis in North Africa. Infections caused by human pathogenic bacteria in food sources pose significant and widespread concerns, leading to substantial economic losses and adverse impacts on public health. This review seeks to shed light on the recent literature addressing the prevalence of Salmonella in the food supply chains of North African countries. Additionally, it aims to provide an overview of the available information regarding health-related concerns, such as virulence genes, and the presence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. This review highlights a gap in our comprehensive understanding of Salmonella prevalence in the food supply chains of North African nations, with limited molecular characterization efforts to identify its sources. Studies at the molecular level across the region have shown the diversity of Salmonella strains and their virulence profiles, thus, these results show the difficulty of controlling Salmonella infections in the region. In addition, the discussion of antibiotic resistance makes it clear that there is a need for the development of comprehensive strategies to fight the potential threat of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella strains. Despite common reports on animal-derived foods in this region, this review underscores the persistent challenges that Salmonella may pose to food safety and public health in North African countries.202539856919
4337110.9998Monitoring of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of animal origin: epidemiological and microbiological methodologies. The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food animals is a major public health threat. Information on the prevalence of resistance to specific drugs in both bacterial and animal species together with changes occurring over time, are necessary to understand the magnitude of the problem and to establish baselines for taking action. The aim of this paper is to define the minimum epidemiological and microbiological requirements for establishing a surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin. Surveillance should involve different bacterial species, veterinary pathogens, zoonotic bacteria and commensal bacteria used as indicators. The collected data should be periodically updated and the reports distributed among practising veterinarians and regulatory authorities. These reports would be a useful tool for developing guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine and for action strategies.200010794950
4892120.9998Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli: Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance. The One Health approach emphasizes the importance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major concern both in public health and in food animal production systems. As a general classification, E. coli can be distinguished based on the ability to cause infection of the gastrointestinal system (IPEC) or outside of it (ExPEC). Among the different pathogens, E. coli are becoming of great importance, and it has been suggested that ExPEC may harbor resistance genes that may be transferred to pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria. ExPEC strains are versatile bacteria that can cause urinary tract, bloodstream, prostate, and other infections at non-intestinal sites. In this context of rapidly increasing multidrug-resistance worldwide and a diminishingly effective antimicrobial arsenal to tackle resistant strains. ExPEC infections are now a serious public health threat worldwide. However, the clinical and economic impact of these infections and their optimal management are challenging, and consequently, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of ExPECs amongst healthcare professionals and the general public alike. This review aims to describe pathotype characteristics of ExPEC to increase our knowledge of these bacteria and, consequently, to increase our chances to control them and reduce the risk for AMR, following a One Health approach.202134832511
4341130.9998Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella. Non-typhoidal Salmonella is the most common foodborne bacterial pathogen in most countries. It is widely present in food animal species, and therefore blocking its transmission through the food supply is a prominent focus of food safety activities worldwide. Antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella arises in large part because of antibiotic use in animal husbandry. Tracking resistance in Salmonella is required to design targeted interventions to contain or diminish resistance and refine use practices in production. Many countries have established systems to monitor antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and other bacteria, the earliest ones appearing the Europe and the US. In this chapter, we compare recent Salmonella antibiotic susceptibility data from Europe and the US. In addition, we summarize the state of known resistance genes that have been identified in the genus. The advent of routine whole genome sequencing has made it possible to conduct genomic surveillance of resistance based on DNA sequences alone. This points to a new model of surveillance in the future that will provide more definitive information on the sources of resistant Salmonella, the specific types of resistance genes involved, and information on how resistance spreads.201830027887
3900140.9998Antimicrobial resistance pattern in domestic animal - wildlife - environmental niche via the food chain to humans with a Bangladesh perspective; a systematic review. BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern globally, but the impact is very deleterious in the context of Bangladesh. Recent review article on the AMR issue demonstrates the scenario in human medicine; unfortunately, no attempt was taken to address this as One Health issue. The antimicrobial resistance bacteria or genes are circulating in the fragile ecosystems and disseminate into human food chain through direct or indirect ways. In this systematic review we are exploring the mechanism or the process of development of resistance pathogen into human food chain via the domestic animal, wildlife and environmental sources in the context of One Health and future recommendation to mitigate this issue in Bangladesh. RESULTS: Tetracycline resistance genes were presenting in almost all sample sources in higher concentrations against enteric pathogen Escherichia coli. The second most significant antibiotics are amino-penicillin that showed resistant pattern across different source of samples. It is a matter of concerns that cephalosporin tends to acquire resistance in wildlife species that might be an indication of this antibiotic resistance gene or the pathogen been circulating in our surrounding environment though the mechanism is still unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Steps to control antibiotic release and environmental disposal from all uses should be immediate and obligatory. There is a need for detailed system biology analysis of resistance development in-situ.202032838793
3946150.9998Bacteria from Animals as a Pool of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antimicrobial agents are used in both veterinary and human medicine. The intensive use of antimicrobials in animals may promote the fixation of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria, which may be zoonotic or capable to transfer these genes to human-adapted pathogens or to human gut microbiota via direct contact, food or the environment. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal health and explores the role of bacteria from animals as a pool of antimicrobial resistance genes for human bacteria. This review focused in relevant examples within the ESC(K)APE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile (Klebsiella pneumoniae), Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae) group of bacterial pathogens that are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world.201728587316
4873160.9998Farm animals and aquaculture: significant reservoirs of mobile colistin resistance genes. Colistin resistance has attracted substantial attention after colistin was considered as a last-resort drug for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant and/or multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria in clinical settings. However, with the discovery of highly mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, colistin resistance has become an increasingly urgent issue worldwide. Despite many reviews, which summarized the prevalence, mechanisms, and structures of these genes in bacteria of human and animal origin, studies on the prevalence of mobile colistin resistance genes in aquaculture and their transmission between animals and humans remain scarce. Herein, we review recent reports on the prevalence of colistin resistance genes in animals, especially wildlife and aquaculture, and their possibility of transmission to humans via the food chain. This review also gives some insights into the routine surveillance, changing policy and replacement of polymyxins by polymyxin derivatives, molecular inhibitors, and traditional Chinese medicine to tackle colistin resistance.202032114703
6630170.9998Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Detection Methods for Bacteria in Animal-Based Foods: A Brief Review of Highlights and Advantages. Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health problem and is mainly due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. The consumption of animal-based foods can contribute to the transfer of these genes between animal and human bacteria. Resistant and multi-resistant bacteria such as Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. have been detected both in animal-based foods and in production environments such as farms, industries and slaughterhouses. This review aims to compile the techniques for detecting antimicrobial resistance using traditional and molecular methods, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages as well as the effectiveness and confidence of their results.202133925810
4562180.9998The Dynamics of the Antimicrobial Resistance Mobilome of Salmonella enterica and Related Enteric Bacteria. The foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica is considered a global public health risk. Salmonella enterica isolates can develop resistance to several antimicrobial drugs due to the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, thus increasing the impact on hospitalization and treatment costs, as well as the healthcare system. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play key roles in the dissemination of AMR genes in S. enterica isolates. Multiple phenotypic and molecular techniques have been utilized to better understand the biology and epidemiology of plasmids including DNA sequence analyses, whole genome sequencing (WGS), incompatibility typing, and conjugation studies of plasmids from S. enterica and related species. Focusing on the dynamics of AMR genes is critical for identification and verification of emerging multidrug resistance. The aim of this review is to highlight the updated knowledge of AMR genes in the mobilome of Salmonella and related enteric bacteria. The mobilome is a term defined as all MGEs, including plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences (ISs), gene cassettes, integrons, and resistance islands, that contribute to the potential spread of genes in an organism, including S. enterica isolates and related species, which are the focus of this review.202235432284
6619190.9998Reflection paper on the use of third and fourth generation cephalosporins in food producing animals in the European Union: development of resistance and impact on human and animal health. Resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins is rapidly increasing in bacteria infecting humans. Although many of these problems are linked to human to human transmission and to use of antimicrobials in human medicine, the potential role of community reservoirs such as food producing animals needs to be scrutinized. Resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins is emerging in enteric bacteria of food producing animals and also in food of animal origin. The genes encoding resistance to these cephalosporins are transferrable and often linked to other resistance genes. Systemic use of third and fourth cephalosporins selects for resistance, but co-selection by other antimicrobials is also likely to influence prevalence of resistance. Although there are many uncertainties, the potential consequences of a further increase of resistance to this critically important class of antimicrobials in bacteria colonising animals are serious. Measures to counter a further increase and spread of resistance among animals should therefore be considered.200920444006