# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 5957 | 0 | 1.0000 | ant(6)-I Genes Encoding Aminoglycoside O-Nucleotidyltransferases Are Widely Spread Among Streptomycin Resistant Strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Thermotolerant Campylobacter species C. jejuni and C. coli are actually recognized as the major bacterial agent responsible for food-transmitted gastroenteritis. The most effective antimicrobials against Campylobacter are macrolides and some, but not all aminoglycosides. Among these, susceptibility to streptomycin is reduced by mutations in the ribosomal RPSL protein or by expression of ANT(6)-I aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferases. The presence of streptomycin resistance genes was evaluated among streptomycin-resistant Campylobacter isolated from humans and animals by using PCR with degenerated primers devised to distinguish ant(6)-Ia, ant(6)-Ib and other ant-like genes. Genes encoding ANT(6)-I enzymes were found in all possible combinations with a major fraction of the isolates carrying a previously described ant-like gene, distantly related and belonging to the new ant(6)-I sub-family ant(6)-Ie. Among Campylobacter isolates, ant(6)-Ie was uniquely found functional in C. coli, as shown by gene transfer and phenotype expression in Escherichia coli, unlike detected coding sequences in C. jejuni that were truncated by an internal frame shift associated to RPSL mutations in streptomycin resistant strains. The genetic relationships of C. coli isolates with ANT(6)-Ie revealed one cluster of strains presented in bovine and humans, suggesting a circulation pathway of Campylobacter strains by consuming contaminated calf meat by bacteria expressing this streptomycin resistance element. | 2018 | 30405573 |
| 5953 | 1 | 0.9998 | CAT III chloramphenicol resistance in Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolated from calves. Chloramphenicol, which had been used extensively for antimicrobial veterinary therapy, was prohibited in Europe in 1994. Soon after it became available, resistance to this drug was detected, generally conferred by plasmids encoding inactivating enzymes, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (CAT), in Gram-negative as well as in Gram-positive bacteria. In the last few years, resistance to antibiotics emerged in Pasteurella strains from breeding herds and this evolution was followed by a national surveillance network. Chloramphenicol-resistance was more recently detected in multiresistant strains. We studied 25 strains of Pasteurella, selected for their resistance to chloramphenicol. Production of a CAT was demonstrated in all these strains. PCR amplification indicated that the CAT produced was of type III for 23 of them. In these strains, chloramphenicol-resistance was mediated by plasmids of about 5.1 kb. Southern blots on restriction fragments suggested a high degree of homology between these 5.1 kb plasmids. In the two other strains, production of a CAT type I was demonstrated, and the corresponding genes were either shown on a plasmid of 17 or 5.5 kb. | 1996 | 8877534 |
| 5956 | 2 | 0.9998 | Gentamicin resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli encoded by genes of veterinary origin. Seven (27%) of 26 gentamicin-resistant human clinical isolates of Escherichia coli were resistant to the veterinary aminoglycoside antibiotic apramycin. A gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from a patient infected with gentamicin/apramycin-resistant E. coli was also resistant to apramycin. DNA hybridisation studies showed that all gentamicin/apramycin-resistant isolates contained a gene encoding the enzyme 3-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase type IV (AAC[3]IV) that mediates resistance to gentamicin and apramycin in bacteria isolated from animals. Seven of the eight gentamicin/apramycin-resistant isolates were also resistant to the veterinary antihelminthic agent hygromycin B, a phenomenon observed previously in gentamicin/apramycin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from animals. Resistance to gentamicin/apramycin and hygromycin B was co-transferable in six of the isolates. Restriction enzyme analysis of plasmids in apramycin-resistant transconjugants derived from E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from the same patient were virtually identical, suggesting that inter-generic transfer of plasmids encoding apramycin resistance had occurred in vivo. These findings support the view that resistance to gentamicin and apramycin in clinical isolates of E. coli results from the spread of resistant organisms from animals to man, with subsequent inter-strain or inter-species spread, or both, of resistance genes on transferable plasmids. | 1994 | 8114074 |
| 5997 | 3 | 0.9998 | Resistance of potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria of African and European origin to antimicrobials: determination and transferability of the resistance genes to other bacteria. Probiotic bacteria and starter cultures of Lactobacillus, Weissella and Bifidobacterium of African and European origins were studied and compared for their susceptibility to antimicrobials. The study included, for all isolates, determination of MICs (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) for 24 antimicrobials, detection of resistance genes by PCR reactions using specific primers and sequencing of positive amplicons. The ability of Lb. reuteri from Africa to transfer the erythromycin resistance gene erm(B) to closely related bacteria was investigated by conjugation. Variations were observed and high levels of intrinsic resistance were found among the tested species. Positive amplicons were obtained for resistance genes encoding aminoglycoside (aph(3')-III, aadA, aadE) and tetracycline (tet(S)) from isolates from Europe and macrolide (erm(B)) from an isolate from Africa. However, only the erm(B) gene found in Lb. reuteri L4: 12002 from Africa contained a homologous sequence to previously published sequences. This gene could be transferred in vitro to enterococci. Higher prevalence of phenotypic resistance for aminoglycoside was found in isolates from Europe. | 2008 | 18063151 |
| 5854 | 4 | 0.9998 | Discovery of a gene conferring multiple-aminoglycoside resistance in Escherichia coli. Bovine-origin Escherichia coli isolates were tested for resistance phenotypes using a disk diffusion assay and for resistance genotypes using a DNA microarray. An isolate with gentamicin and amikacin resistance but with no corresponding genes detected yielded a 1,056-bp DNA sequence with the closest homologues for its inferred protein sequence among a family of 16S rRNA methyltransferase enzymes. These enzymes confer high-level aminoglycoside resistance and have only recently been described in Gram-negative bacteria. | 2010 | 20368404 |
| 5996 | 5 | 0.9998 | Molecular characterization of intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 6 different antibiotics (chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin) were determined for 143 strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria using the Etest. Different MICs were found for different species and strains. Based on the distribution of these MIC values, most of the strains were either susceptible or intrinsically resistant to these antibiotics. However, the MIC range of some of these antibiotics showed a bimodal distribution, which suggested that some of the tested strains possess acquired antibiotic resistance. Screening for resistance genes was performed by PCR using specific primers, or using a DNA microarray with around 300 nucleotide probes representing 7 classes of antibiotic resistance genes. The genes identified encoded resistance to tetracycline [tet(M), tet(W), tet(O) and tet(O/W)], erythromycin and clindamycin [erm(B)] and streptomycin [aph(E) and sat(3)]. Internal portions of some of these determinants were sequenced and found to be identical to genes described in other bacteria. All resistance determinants were located on the bacterial chromosome, except for tet(M), which was identified on plasmids in Lactococcus lactis. The contribution of intrinsic multidrug transporters to the antibiotic resistance was investigated by cloning and measuring the expression of Bifidobacterium breve genes in L. lactis. | 2008 | 17957105 |
| 5853 | 6 | 0.9998 | Identification of the tet(B) resistance gene in Streptococcus suis. The tetracycline resistance gene, tet(B), has been described previously in gram negative bacteria. In this study tet(B) was detected in plasmid extracts from 17/111 (15%) Streptococcus suis isolates from diseased pigs, representing the first report of this resistance gene in gram positive bacteria. | 2011 | 20696603 |
| 2060 | 7 | 0.9998 | Plasmid-mediated high-level gentamicin resistance among enteric bacteria isolated from pet turtles in Louisiana. The sale of small turtles is banned by the Food and Drug Administration from the U.S. market due to concerns about their excretion of Salmonella spp. To produce a safe pet for the export market, the Louisiana pet turtle industry uses gentamicin sulfate baths (1,000 microg/ml) to eradicate Salmonella spp. from turtle eggs. In 1999, we analyzed bacterial samples recovered from turtle farms and found that strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae and other bacteria, such as Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, were resistant to high concentrations of gentamicin (>2,000 microg/ml) and to other aminoglycosides. The goal of this study was to identify the gene(s) which contributes to the high-level gentamicin resistance phenotype observed in bacteria from environmental samples with turtle farming activity, particularly the salmonellae, and to estimate the incidence of such genes in these bacteria. R plasmids from gentamicin-resistant strains were transferred by conjugation and transformation to naive Escherichia coli cells. Cloning and sequencing of the gentamicin resistance determinants on these plasmids revealed the presence of the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase genes aac(3)-IIa and aac(3)-VIa; the latter was present as a gene cassette of a class 1 integron. Multiplex PCR assays showed that every gentamicin-resistant isolate carried one of these acetyltransferase genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme digestion analysis of R plasmids carrying these genes revealed different restriction profiles and sizes, indicating a dissemination of the gentamicin resistance genes through mobile molecular elements. The data presented highlight the need to develop an alternate method for the eradication of Salmonella spp. from turtle eggs. | 2006 | 16391058 |
| 5954 | 8 | 0.9998 | Distribution of genes for trimethoprim and gentamicin resistance in bacteria and their plasmids in a general hospital. The incidence of trimethoprim resistance in enterobacteria causing infection in a London hospital increased from 5.6% in 1970 to 16% in 1979. The proportion of gentamicin-resistant aerobic Gram-negative bacilli had risen to 6.5% by 1979. During a 5-month period in 1977, during which no epidemic was recognized, all isolates resistant to either trimethoprim, gentamicin, tobramycin or amikacin were studied. The proportion of enterobacteria resistant to both trimethoprim and gentamicin (3.8% of the total) was significantly higher than expected assuming no correlation between acquisition of resistance characters. The resistance was transferable in 23% of trimethoprim-resistant and 76% of gentamicin-resistant strains. Trimethoprim resistance was carried by plasmids of seven different incompatibility groups and in at least four instances was part of a transposon. Gentamicin resistance was determined by plasmids of three groups - IncC, IncFII and IncW. Transposition of gentamicin resistance was not shown, though this may have been the means of evolution of the gentamicin R plasmids of InW, which determined aminoglycoside acetyltransferase, AAC(3). Some bacterial strains with their plasmids were endemic. There was evidence for these plasmids (i) acquiring new resistance genes by transposition, (ii) losing resistance genes by deletion and (iii) being transferred between bacterial species in the hospital. | 1980 | 7003059 |
| 5902 | 9 | 0.9998 | Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Products of Animal Origin in Spain. The objective of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance in Listeria spp. isolated from food of animal origin. A total of 50 Listeria strains isolated from meat and dairy products, consisting of 7 Listeria monocytogenes and 43 Listeria innocua strains, were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility against nine antimicrobials. The strains were screened by real-time PCR for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes: tet M, tet L, mef A, msr A, erm A, erm B, lnu A, and lnu B. Multidrug resistance was identified in 27 Listeria strains, 4 belonging to L. monocytogenes. Resistance to clindamycin was the most common resistance phenotype and was identified in 45 Listeria strains; the mechanisms of resistance are still unknown. A medium prevalence of resistance to tetracycline (15 and 9 resistant and intermediate strains) and ciprofloxacin (13 resistant strains) was also found. Tet M was detected in Listeria strains with reduced susceptibility to tetracycline, providing evidence that both L. innocua and L. monocytogenes displayed acquired resistance. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in L. innocua and L. monocytogenes indicates that these genes may be transferred to commensal and pathogenic bacteria via the food chain; besides this, antibiotic resistance in L. monocytogenes could compromise the effective treatment of listeriosis in humans. | 2017 | 28355096 |
| 5955 | 10 | 0.9998 | Integrons and gene cassettes in clinical isolates of co-trimoxazole-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Despite a trend of declining consumption, resistance to co-trimoxazole has increased during a 12-year period in Stockholm. The molecular background to this surprising development was investigated by using PCR to screen for integrons and specific resistance genes, followed by sequence analysis of selected integrons, in 105 clinical urinary isolates of Gram-negative bacteria selected partly for trimethoprim resistance. Sixty-five integrons of class 1 or 2 were detected in a subset of 59 isolates, and of these positive isolates, all but one were resistant to trimethoprim. However, 11 isolates were resistant to trimethoprim, but negative for integrons. Isolates positive for integrons were resistant to an average of 4.2 antibiotics, compared with 1.9 antibiotics for integron-negative isolates. Despite this, the only gene cassettes identified in 19 class 1 integrons analysed were dfr and aadA cassettes. Thus, only resistance to trimethoprim, streptomycin, spectinomycin and sulphonamides could be explained by the presence of integrons in these isolates. A new dfr gene, named dfrA22, was discovered as a single gene cassette in a class 1 integron. In addition, sulphonamide resistance in many isolates was caused by carriage of sul2, which has no known association with integrons. Resistance to co-trimoxazole and many other antibiotics was thus not accounted for fully by the presence of integrons in these isolates. | 2005 | 15715715 |
| 2010 | 11 | 0.9997 | Epidemiological survey of genes encoding aminoglycoside phosphotransferases APH (3') I and APH (3') II using DNA probes. The epidemiological survey of APH (3') I and APH (3') II genes, at a time when the specific antibiotic pressure was very low, was carried out by DNA-DNA hybridization. The sample included 334 aminoglycoside resistant Gram-negative bacteria collected from patients of a General Hospital. Of these, 251 hybridized with the APH (3') I-probe and 19 with the APH (3') II-probe but only 190 strains showed high resistance levels (CIM greater than 64 micrograms/ml) for kanamycin, neomycin and paromomycin. These strains were isolated both from inpatients and outpatients with different infectious diseases. The APH (3') I-gene was dispersed among all the bacterial species and clinical specimens tested but the APH (3') II-gene was not found in Pseudomonas spp, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter cloacae, nor in infected catheters. Several plasmids of different sizes carrying APH (3') genes were detected among different bacteria. Plasmids along with transposable elements (the probes used in this work were developed from Tn906 and Tn5) and the high consumption of other antibiotics whose resistance is carried by these bacteria might be playing an important role in the maintenance and dispersion of APH (3') genes. | 1992 | 1328557 |
| 5947 | 12 | 0.9997 | Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae: epidemiology and mechanism of resistance. Quinolone-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae bacteria were recovered from single-patient isolates and found to contain mutations in the gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated that four isolates from the same long-term care facility were closely related; in seven cases, quinolone-resistant Haemophilus influenzae and S. agalactiae bacteria were isolated from the same patient. | 2005 | 15917553 |
| 5932 | 13 | 0.9997 | Detection of the florfenicol resistance gene floR in Chryseobacterium isolates from rainbow trout. Exception to the general rule? Bacteria from the family Flavobacteriaceae often show low susceptibility to antibiotics. With the exception of two Chryseobacterium spp. isolates that were positive for the florfenicol resistance gene floR, no clinical resistance genes were identified by microarray in 36 Flavobacteriaceae isolates from salmonid fish that could grow in ≥ 4 mg/L florfenicol. Whole genome sequence analysis of the floR positive isolates revealed the presence of a region that contained the antimicrobial resistance genes floR, a tet(X) tetracycline resistance gene, a streptothricin resistance gene and a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. In silico analysis of 377 published genomes for Flavobacteriaceae isolates from a range of sources confirmed that well-characterised resistance gene cassettes were not widely distributed in bacteria from this group. Efflux pump-mediated decreased susceptibility to a range of antimicrobials was confirmed in both floR positive isolates using an efflux pump inhibitor (phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide) assay. The floR isolates possessed putative virulence factors, including production of siderophores and haemolysins, and were mildly pathogenic in rainbow trout. Results support the suggestion that, despite the detection of floR, susceptibility to antimicrobials in Flavobacteriaceae is mostly mediated via intrinsic mechanisms rather than the horizontally acquired resistance genes more normally associated with Gram-negative bacterial pathogens such as Enterobacteriaceae. | 2017 | 28199699 |
| 5411 | 14 | 0.9997 | Detection of the aminoglycosidestreptothricin resistance gene cluster ant(6)-sat4-aph(3 ')-III in commensal viridans group streptococci. High-level aminoglycoside resistance was assessed in 190 commensal erythromycin-resistant alpha-hemolytic streptococcal strains. Of these, seven were also aminoglycoside-resistant: one Streptococcus mitis strain was resistant to high levels of kanamycin and carried the aph(3 ')-III gene, four S. mitis strains were resistant to high levels of streptomycin and lacked aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and two S. oralis strains that were resistant to high levels of kanamycin and streptomycin harbored both the aph(3 ')-III and the ant(6) genes. The two S. oralis strains also carried the ant(6)-sat4- aph(3 ' ')-III aminoglycoside-streptothricin resistance gene cluster, but it was not contained in a Tn5405-like structure. The presence of this resistance gene cluster in commensal streptococci suggests an exchange of resistance genes between these bacteria and enterococci or staphylococci. | 2007 | 17407061 |
| 5498 | 15 | 0.9997 | The prevalence of multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus hominis isolated from clinical materials. The treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus hominis remains a challenge, mainly due to the increasing resistance of these bacteria to antibiotics. The aim of the study was to determine antibiotic resistance in 62 strains S. hominis isolated from clinical materials, and to identify the molecular basis of resistance to antibiotics. Forty-six strains were both methicillin-resistant and harbored the mecA gene. Twenty-three of these strains had mec complex A and ccr complex AB1. Such a combination of the mec and ccr complexes does not correspond to any cassettes that have been demonstrated so far. However, over 80% of the tested strains were multidrug-resistant, of which as many as 12 were resistant to at least seven antibiotics. More than a half of strains harbored the tetK, acc(6')-Ie aph(2''), and ant(4')-I genes. erm(C) was the most common resistant gene to antibiotics from the MLS group. Two strains had as many as five antibiotic resistance genes from the tested groups (erm(C), msr(A), msr(B), mph(C), lnu(A)). The presence of the vga gene encoding resistance to streptogramins A was detected in one strain. All of strains were sensitive to vancomycin. However, 11 of them had reduced sensitivity to this antibiotic and eight of them were characterized by a heterogeneous resistance profile to this antibiotic. Our results clearly shows increasing threat of S. hominis caused by their multi-resistance. Moreover, these bacteria can constitute a reservoir of resistance genes for more pathogenic bacteria. | 2025 | 39747570 |
| 5500 | 16 | 0.9997 | Whole genome sequence analyses-based assessment of virulence potential and antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance of Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from commercial swine and cattle probiotic products. Enterococcus faecium is one of the more commonly used bacterial species as a probiotic in animals. The organism, a common inhabitant of the gut of animals and humans, is a major nosocomial pathogen responsible for a variety infections in humans and sporadic infections in animals. In swine and cattle, E. faecium-based probiotic products are used for growth promotion and gut functional and health benefits. The objective of this study was to utilize whole genome sequence-based analysis to assess virulence potential, detect antimicrobial resistance genes, and analyze phylogenetic relationships of E. faecium strains from commercial swine and cattle probiotics. Genomic DNA extracted from E. faecium strains, isolated from commercial probiotic products of swine (n = 9) and cattle (n = 13), were sequenced in an Illumina MiSeq platform and analyzed. Seven of the nine swine strains and seven of the 13 cattle strains were identified as Enterococcus lactis, and not as E. faecium. None of the 22 probiotic strains carried major virulence genes required to initiate infections, but many carried genes involved in adhesion to host cells, which may benefit the probiotic strains to colonize and persist in the gut. Strains also carried genes encoding resistance to a few medically important antibiotics, which included aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia], macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B (msrC), tetracyclines [tet(L) and tet(M)], and phenicols [cat-(pc194)]. The comparison of the genotypic to phentypic AMR data showed presence of both related and unrelated genes in the probiotic strains. Swine and cattle probiotic E. faecium strains belonged to diverse sequence types. Phylogenetic analysis of the probiotic strains, and strains of human (n = 29), swine (n = 4), and cattle (n = 4) origin, downloaded from GenBank, indicated close clustering of strains belonging to the same species and source, but a few swine and cattle probiotic strains clustered closely with other cattle and human fecal strains. In conclusion, the absence of major virulence genes characteristic of the clinical E. faecium strains suggests that these probiotic strains are unlikely to initiate opportunistic infection. However, the carriage of AMR genes to medically important antibiotics and close clustering of the probiotic strains with other human and cattle fecal strains suggests that probiotic strains may pose risk to serve as a source of transmitting AMR genes to other gut bacteria. | 2022 | 35150575 |
| 2045 | 17 | 0.9997 | Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shigella species isolated from epidemic and endemic cases of shigellosis in India. Shigella species represent one of the growing numbers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in developing countries. Fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Shigella flexneri type 2a emerged in India during 2002 and 2003, respectively. Sixty strains of Shigella from different parts of India were analysed for antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of the qnr plasmid, mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs), fluoroquinolone accumulation, and the presence of other genes encoding resistance to various antimicrobials. Fluoroquinolone-resistant strains had mutations in gyrA and parC genes and had an active efflux system. They were also resistant to several other antimicrobials but were susceptible to azithromycin and ceftriaxone. The majority of the strains harboured genes encoding resistance to ampicillin (97 %), tetracycline (95 %), streptomycin (95 %) and chloramphenicol (94 %). PFGE analysis revealed clonality among strains of S. dysenteriae types 1 and 5, S. flexneri type 2a and Shigella boydii type 12. | 2008 | 18566144 |
| 5921 | 18 | 0.9997 | Prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in oral bacteria. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in humans, animals, and aquaculture; therefore, many bacteria from different ecosystems are exposed to this antibiotic. In order to determine the genetic basis for resistance to tetracycline in bacteria from the oral cavity, saliva and dental plaque samples were obtained from 20 healthy adults who had not taken antibiotics during the previous 3 months. The samples were screened for the presence of bacteria resistant to tetracycline, and the tetracycline resistance genes in these isolates were identified by multiplex PCR and DNA sequencing. Tetracycline-resistant bacteria constituted an average of 11% of the total cultivable oral microflora. A representative 105 tetracycline-resistant isolates from the 20 samples were investigated; most of the isolates carried tetracycline resistance genes encoding a ribosomal protection protein. The most common tet gene identified was tet(M), which was found in 79% of all the isolates. The second most common gene identified was tet(W), which was found in 21% of all the isolates, followed by tet(O) and tet(Q) (10.5 and 9.5% of the isolates, respectively) and then tet(S) (2.8% of the isolates). Tetracycline resistance genes encoding an efflux protein were detected in 4.8% of all the tetracycline-resistant isolates; 2.8% of the isolates had tet(L) and 1% carried tet(A) and tet(K) each. The results have shown that a variety of tetracycline resistance genes are present in the oral microflora of healthy adults. This is the first report of tet(W) in oral bacteria and the first report to show that tet(O), tet(Q), tet(A), and tet(S) can be found in some oral species. | 2003 | 12604515 |
| 2389 | 19 | 0.9997 | Antibiotic Resistance of LACTOBACILLUS Strains. The study provides phenotypic and molecular analyses of the antibiotic resistance in 20 Lactobacillus strains including 11 strains newly isolated from fermented plant material. According to the results of disc diffusion method, 90% of tested lactobacilli demonstrated sensitivity to clindamycin and 95% of strains were susceptible to tetracycline, erythromycin, and rifampicin. Ampicillin and chloramphenicol were found to inhibit all bacteria used in this study. The vast majority of tested strains revealed phenotypic resistance to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and aminoglycosides. Most of Lactobacillus strains showed high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefazolin and therefore were considered resistant to cephalosporins. All the strains exhibited multidrug resistance. The occurrence of resistance genes was associated with phenotypic resistance, with the exception of phenotypically susceptible strains that contained genes for tetracycline (tetK, tetL) and erythromycin (ermB, mefA) resistance. The vanX gene for vancomycin resistance was among the most frequently identified among the lactobacilli (75% of strains), but the occurrence of the parC gene for ciprofloxacin resistance was sporadic (20% of strains). Our results mainly evidence the intrinsic nature of the resistance to aminoglycosides in lactobacilli, though genes for enzymatic modification of streptomycin aadA and aadE were found in 20% of tested strains. The occurrence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) was unknown in Lactobacillus, but our results revealed the blaTEM gene in 80% of strains, whereas blaSHV and blaOXA-1 genes were less frequent (20% and 15% of strains, respectively). | 2019 | 31555856 |