Presence of β-Lactamase Encoding Genes in Burkholderia cepacia Complex Isolated from Soil. - Related Documents




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569901.0000Presence of β-Lactamase Encoding Genes in Burkholderia cepacia Complex Isolated from Soil. Burkholderia cepacia complex has emerged as an important opportunistic bacteria group for immunocompromised patients, and it has a high level of intrinsic resistance for different antibiotic classes. Hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics by β-lactamases is the most common resistance mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria, and the presence of such enzymes complicates the selection of appropriate therapy. This study aimed at investigating the antimicrobial resistance profile and the presence of β-lactamase encoding genes in B. cepacia complex isolated from Brazilian soils. High-level ceftazidime resistance and several β-lactamase encoding genes were found, including the first report of bla(KPC) genes in bacteria isolated from soil.201828915359
569710.9999In Silico Analysis of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Bacteria. The growing bacterial resistance to available β-lactam antibiotics is a very serious public health problem, especially due to the production of a wide range of β-lactamases. At present, clinically important bacteria are increasingly acquiring new elements of resistance to carbapenems and polymyxins, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), carbapenemases and phosphoethanolamine transferases of the MCR type. These bacterial enzymes limit therapeutic options in human and veterinary medicine. It must be emphasized that there is a real risk of losing the ability to treat serious and life-threatening infections. The present study aimed to design specific oligonucleotides for rapid PCR detection of ESBL-encoding genes and in silico analysis of selected ESBL enzymes. A total of 58 primers were designed to detect 49 types of different ESBL genes. After comparing the amino acid sequences of ESBLs (CTX-M, SHV and TEM), phylogenetic trees were created based on the presence of conserved amino acids and homologous motifs. This study indicates that the proposed primers should be able to specifically detect more than 99.8% of all described ESBL enzymes. The results suggest that the in silico tested primers could be used for PCR to detect the presence of ESBL genes in various bacteria, as well as to monitor their spread.202134356733
191920.9999Combining Functional Genomics and Whole-Genome Sequencing to Detect Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacterial Strains Co-Occurring Simultaneously in a Brazilian Hospital. (1) Background: The rise of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria represents an emergent threat to human health. Here, we investigate antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria of several species isolated from an intensive care unit in Brazil. (2) Methods: We used whole-genome analysis to identify antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and plasmids in 34 strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, providing the first genomic description of Morganella morganii and Ralstonia mannitolilytica clinical isolates from South America. (3) Results: We identified a high abundance of beta-lactamase genes in resistant organisms, including seven extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (OXA-1, OXA-10, CTX-M-1, KPC, TEM, HYDRO, BLP) shared between organisms from different species. Additionally, we identified several ARG-carrying plasmids indicating the potential for a fast transmission of resistance mechanism between bacterial strains. Furthermore, we uncovered two pairs of (near) identical plasmids exhibiting multi-drug resistance. Finally, since many highly resistant strains carry several different ARGs, we used functional genomics to investigate which of them were indeed functional. In this sense, for three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and M. morganii), we identified six beta-lactamase genes out of 15 predicted in silico as those mainly responsible for the resistance mechanisms observed, corroborating the existence of redundant resistance mechanisms in these organisms. (4) Conclusions: Systematic studies similar to the one presented here should help to prevent outbreaks of novel multidrug-resistant bacteria in healthcare facilities.202133920372
570030.9999Gram-negative bacterial colonization in the gut: Isolation, characterization, and identification of resistance mechanisms. BACKGROUND: The gut microbiome is made up of a diverse range of bacteria, especially gram-negative bacteria, and is crucial for human health and illness. There is a great deal of interest in the dynamic interactions between gram-negative bacteria and their host environment, especially considering antibiotic resistance. This work aims to isolate gram-negative bacteria that exist in the gut, identify their species, and use resistance-associated gene analysis to define their resistance mechanisms. METHODS: Samples were collected from all patients who had a stool culture at a tertiary care center in Lebanon. Each type of bacteria that was identified from the stool samples was subjected to critical evaluations, and all discovered strains underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Polymerase chain reaction was used to profile the genes for Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), and that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. RESULTS: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa turned out to be the predominant microbiota members. Escherichia coli strains had a high frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes, with the most discovered gene being bla CTX-M. Additionally, a considerable percentage of isolates had carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacteriaceae genes, suggesting the rise of multidrug-resistant strains. Multidrug resistance genes, such as bla mexR, bla mexB, and bla mexA, were found in strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, highlighting the possible difficulties in treating infections brought on by these bacteria. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the critical importance of effective surveillance and response measures to maintain the effectiveness of antibiotics considering the introduction of multidrug resistance genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ESBL and CRE genes in Escherichia coli.202439216133
550840.9999Genomic and phenotypic comparison of environmental and patient-derived isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa suggest that antimicrobial resistance is rare within the environment. Patient-derived isolates of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa are frequently resistant to antibiotics due to the presence of sequence variants in resistance-associated genes. However, the frequency of antibiotic resistance and of resistance-associated sequence variants in environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa has not been well studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, meropenem, tobramycin) of environmental (n=50) and cystic fibrosis (n=42) P. aeruginosa isolates was carried out. Following whole genome sequencing of all isolates, 25 resistance-associated genes were analysed for the presence of likely function-altering sequence variants. Environmental isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics with one exception, whereas patient-derived isolates had significant frequencies of resistance to each antibiotic and a greater number of likely resistance-associated genetic variants. These findings indicate that the natural environment does not act as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa, supporting a model in which antibiotic susceptible environmental bacteria infect patients and develop resistance during infection.201931553303
157250.9999Phenotypic and Genomic Characterization of AmpC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae From Korea. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria has continuously increased over the past few years; bacterial strains producing AmpC β-lactamases and/or extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are of particular concern. We combined high-resolution whole genome sequencing and phenotypic data to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to cephamycin and β-lactamase in Korean Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, in which no AmpC-encoding genes were detected by PCR. We identified several genes that alone or in combination can potentially explain the resistance phenotype. We showed that different mechanisms could explain the resistance phenotype, emphasizing the limitations of the PCR and the importance of distinguishing closely-related gene variants.201829611388
569860.9998Evolutionary Trajectories toward High-Level β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitor Resistance in the Presence of Multiple β-Lactamases. β-Lactam antibiotics are the first choice for the treatment of most bacterial infections. However, the increased prevalence of β-lactamases, in particular extended-spectrum β-lactamases, in pathogenic bacteria has severely limited the possibility of using β-lactam treatments. Combining β-lactam antibiotics with β-lactamase inhibitors can restore treatment efficacy by negating the effect of the β-lactamase and has become increasingly important against infections caused by β-lactamase-producing strains. Not surprisingly, bacteria with resistance to even these combinations have been found in patients. Studies on the development of bacterial resistance to β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations have focused mainly on the effects of single, chromosomal or plasmid-borne, β-lactamases. However, clinical isolates often carry more than one β-lactamase in addition to multiple other resistance genes. Here, we investigate how the evolutionary trajectories of the development of resistance to three commonly used β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftazidime-avibactam, were affected by the presence of three common β-lactamases, TEM-1, CTX-M-15, and OXA-1. First-step resistance was due mainly to extensive gene amplifications of one or several of the β-lactamase genes where the amplification pattern directly depended on the respective drug combination. Amplifications also served as a stepping-stone for high-level resistance in combination with additional mutations that reduced drug influx or mutations in the β-lactamase gene bla(CTX-M-15). This illustrates that the evolutionary trajectories of resistance to β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations are strongly influenced by the frequent and transient nature of gene amplifications and how the presence of multiple β-lactamases shapes the evolution to higher-level resistance.202235652643
551370.9998The genetic background of antibiotic resistance among clinical uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. The spreading mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are related to many bacterial and environment factors. The overuse of antibiotics is leading to an unceasing emergence of new multidrug resistant strains. This problem also concerns uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, which is the most common pathogen causing urinary tract infections. The aim of this study was the genetic analysis of antibiotic resistance in comparison to the phenotypic background of E. coli strains. The characterized collection of E. coli strains isolated 10 years ago from the urine samples of patients with urinary tract infections was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (the disc diffusion method) and analysis of antibiotic resistance genes (PCR reaction, sequencing). Additionally, the presence of ESBL strains was analyzed. Fourteen genes were associated with resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and quinolones. The genetic analysis revealed that bla(TEM-1) and sul2 were present in almost all of the studied strains. Other drug-resistance genes were very rare or non-existent. Otherwise, the phenotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones was well correlated with the genotypic background of the studied bacteria. The presence of particular genes and specific mutations indicate a high bacterial potential to multidrug resistance. On the other hand, it needs to be emphasized that the standard disk diffusion test for the routine antimicrobial susceptibility analysis is still the best way to estimate the current situation of bacterial drug-resistance.201830008141
493280.9998Comprehensive analysis of beta-lactamase genes in clinical strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: molecular characterization, and in Silico predictions. The emergence of beta-lactamase producing multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria presents a significant challenge to effective treatment of infections. This study focuses on the isolation, amplification, and molecular characterization of β-lactamase genes from clinical strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Seven new partial gene sequences, including novel variants of blaOXA and blaNDM, were identified after screening 108 clinical samples and submitted to NCBI GenBank. In silico analysis revealed considerable diversity and distribution of these resistance genes among different strains of bacteria. Gene structure predictions using GENSCAN showed that blaOXA genes typically contain single exons with moderate GC content, whereas blaNDM genes feature longer exons with higher GC content. Multiple sequence alignment showed that NDM and OXA β-lactamases were highly similar, with only slight differences in a few amino acids. The study also analyzed the physico-chemical properties, functional domains, and phosphorylation patterns of the β-lactamase proteins. Secondary structure prediction indicated a dominance of beta sheets, contributing to protein stability, while tertiary modeling provided insights into their 3D structure. Overall, these findings provide critical insights into the genetic diversity and potential mechanisms of β-lactamase-mediated resistance, offering valuable information for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and surveillance programs.202540898000
495490.9998Integron class 1 reservoir among highly resistant gram-negative microorganisms recovered at a Dutch teaching hospital. Integrons play an important role in the dissemination of resistance genes among bacteria. Nearly 70% of highly resistant gram-negative bacteria isolated at a tertiary care hospital harbored an integron. Epidemiologic analysis suggests that horizontal gene transfer is an important mechanism of resistance spread and has a greater contribution than cross-transmission to levels of resistance in settings where highly resistant gram-negative bacteria are endemic.200919719415
1920100.9998Exploring the resistome, virulome, and mobilome of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: deciphering the molecular basis of carbapenem resistance. BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae, a notorious pathogen for causing nosocomial infections has become a major cause of neonatal septicemia, leading to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. This opportunistic bacterium has become highly resistant to antibiotics due to the widespread acquisition of genes encoding a variety of enzymes such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases. We collected Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a local tertiary care hospital from February 2019-February 2021. To gain molecular insight into the resistome, virulome, and genetic environment of significant genes of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates, we performed the short-read whole-genome sequencing of 10 K. pneumoniae isolates recovered from adult patients, neonates, and hospital tap water samples. RESULTS: The draft genomes of the isolates varied in size, ranging from 5.48 to 5.96 Mbp suggesting the genome plasticity of this pathogen. Various genes conferring resistance to different classes of antibiotics e.g., aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and trimethoprim were identified in all sequenced isolates. The highest resistance was observed towards carbapenems, which has been putatively linked to the presence of both class B and class D carbapenemases, bla(NDM,) and bla(OXA), respectively. Moreover, the biocide resistance gene qacEdelta1 was found in 6/10 of the sequenced strains. The sequenced isolates exhibited a broad range of sequence types and capsular types. The significant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were bracketed by a variety of mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Various spontaneous mutations in genes other than the acquired antibiotic-resistance genes were observed, which play an indirect role in making these bugs resistant to antibiotics. Loss or deficiency of outer membrane porins, combined with ESBL production, played a significant role in carbapenem resistance in our sequenced isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the study isolates exhibited evolutionary relationships with strains from China, India, and the USA suggesting a shared evolutionary history and potential dissemination of similar genes amongst the isolates of different origins. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable insight into the presence of multiple mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae strains including the acquisition of multiple antibiotic-resistance genes through mobile genetic elements. Identification of rich mobilome yielded insightful information regarding the crucial role of insertion sequences, transposons, and integrons in shaping the genome of bacteria for the transmission of various resistance-associated genes. Multi-drug resistant isolates that had the fewest resistance genes exhibited a significant number of mutations. K. pneumoniae isolate from water source displayed comparable antibiotic resistance determinants to clinical isolates and the highest number of virulence-associated genes suggesting the possible interplay of ARGs amongst bacteria from different sources.202438664636
4817110.9998Relationship Between Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Gram-negative microorganisms are a significant cause of infection in both community and nosocomial settings. The increase, emergence, and spread of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria are the most important health problems worldwide. One of the mechanisms of resistance used by bacteria is biofilm formation, which is also a mechanism of virulence. This study analyzed the possible relationship between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation among isolates of three Gram-negative bacteria species. Several relationships were found between the ability to form biofilm and antimicrobial resistance, being different for each species. Indeed, gentamicin and ceftazidime resistance was related to biofilm formation in Escherichia coli, piperacillin/tazobactam, and colistin in Klebsiella pneumoniae, and ciprofloxacin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, no relationship was observed between global resistance or multidrug-resistance and biofilm formation. In addition, compared with other reported data, the isolates in the present study showed higher rates of antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, the acquisition of specific antimicrobial resistance can compromise or enhance biofilm formation in several species of Gram-negative bacteria. However, multidrug-resistant isolates do not show a trend to being greater biofilm producers than non-multiresistant isolates.201930142035
4951120.9998Aeromonas and mcr-3: A Critical Juncture for Transferable Polymyxin Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Polymyxin antibiotics B and colistin are considered drugs of last resort for the treatment of multi-drug and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. With the emergence and dissemination of multi-drug resistance, monitoring the use and resistance to polymyxins imparted by mobilised colistin resistance genes (mcr) is becoming increasingly important. The Aeromonas genus is widely disseminated throughout the environment and serves as a reservoir of mcr-3, posing a significant risk for the spread of resistance to polymyxins. Recent phylogenetic studies and the identification of insertion elements associated with mcr-3 support the notion that Aeromonas spp. may be the evolutionary origin of the resistance gene. Furthermore, mcr-3-related genes have been shown to impart resistance in naïve E. coli and can increase the polymyxin MIC by up to 64-fold (with an MIC of 64 mg/L) in members of Aeromonas spp. This review will describe the genetic background of the mcr gene, the epidemiology of mcr-positive isolates, and the relationship between intrinsic and transferable mcr resistance genes, focusing on mcr-3 and mcr-3-related genes.202439599474
4923130.9998Genetic Resistance Determinants in Clinical Acinetobacter pittii Genomes. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria are an increasing problem in public health, especially in the healthcare environment, where nosocomial infection microorganisms find their niche. Among these bacteria, the genus Acinetobacter which belongs to the ESKAPE pathogenic group harbors different multi-drug resistant (MDR) species that cause human nosocomial infections. Although A. baumannii has always attracted more interest, the close-related species A. pittii is the object of more study due to the increase in its isolation and MDR strains. In this work, we present the genomic analysis of five clinically isolated A. pittii strains from a Spanish hospital, with special attention to their genetic resistance determinants and plasmid structures. All the strains harbored different genes related to β-lactam resistance, as well as different MDR efflux pumps. We also found and described, for the first time in this species, point mutations that seem linked with colistin resistance, which highlights the relevance of this comparative analysis among the pathogenic species isolates.202235625320
5511140.9998Escherichia coli as a Potential Reservoir of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes on the Island of O'ahu. The problem of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has not been adequately explored in the tropical island environment. To date, there has not been a systematic investigation into the prevalence and distribution of antimicrobial resistance determinants in the Hawaiian Islands. Urinary isolates are the most common bacterial pathogens encountered in the clinical laboratory. Therefore, the antimicrobial resistance determinant profiles of these organisms can serve as a sentinel of the overall antimicrobial resistance situation in a localized patient population. In this study, 82 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli derived from 82 distinct patients were collected at a large medical center on the island of O'ahu. Each isolate was evaluated for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes using a microarray-based approach. A total of 36 antimicrobial resistance genes covering 10 classes of antimicrobial compounds were identified. Most isolates were found to harbor between 3 and 5 antimicrobial resistance genes. Only a few isolates were found to harbor more than 12 genes. Significantly, a high rate of phenotypic resistance to one of the first-line treatments for uncomplicated urinary tract infection (sulfamethoxazole) was identified. This phenotype was correlated to the presence of sulfonamides and trimethoprim resistance determinants. Since E. coli is one of the most encountered pathogens in the hospital environment, the presence of clinically relevant resistance determinants in isolates of this organism from a clinical setting on O'ahu is a significant finding that warrants further investigation.202133490961
5509150.9998Exploring Virulence Characteristics of Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates from Greece. The aim of this study was to examine the genetic characteristics that could be associated with the virulence characteristics of Escherichia coli collected from clinical samples. A collection of 100 non-repetitive E. coli isolates was analyzed. All isolates were typed by MLST. String production, biofilm formation and serum resistance were examined for all isolates. Twenty E. coli isolates were completely sequenced Illumina platform. The results showed that the majority of E. coli isolates (87%) produced significant levels of biofilm, while none of the isolates were positive for string test and resistance to serum. Additionally, the presence of CRISPR/Cas systems (type I-E or I-F) was found in 18% of the isolates. Analysis of WGS data found that all sequenced isolates harbored a variety of virulence genes that could be implicated in adherence, invasion, iron uptake. Also, WGS data confirmed the presence of a wide variety of resistance genes, including ESBL- and carbapenemase-encoding genes. In conclusion, an important percentage (87%) of the E. coli isolates had a significant ability to form biofilm. Biofilms, due to their heterogeneous nature and ability to make microorganisms tolerant to multiple antimicrobials, complicate treatment strategies. Thus, in combination with the presence of multidrug resistance, expression of virulence factors could challenge antimicrobial therapy of infections caused by such bacteria.202540731998
5676160.9998Fosfomycin Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Companion Animals (Dogs and Cats). Fosfomycin is an old antibacterial agent, which is currently used mainly in human medicine, in uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). The purpose of this review is to investigate the presence and the characteristics of Fosfomycin resistance in bacteria isolated from canine or feline samples, estimate the possible causes of the dissemination of associated strains in pets, and underline the requirements of prospective relevant studies. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines were used for the search of current literature in two databases. A total of 33 articles were finally included in the review. Relevant data were tracked down, assembled, and compared. Referring to the geographical distribution, Northeast Asia was the main area of origin of the studies. E. coli was the predominant species detected, followed by other Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococci, and Pseudomonas spp. FosA and fosA3 were the more frequently encountered Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the related Gram-negative isolates, while fosB was regularly encountered in Gram-positive ones. The majority of the strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and co-carried resistance genes against several classes of antibiotics and especially β-Lactams, such as bla(CTX-M) and mecA. These results demonstrate the fact that the cause of the spreading of Fosfomycin-resistant bacteria among pets could be the extended use of other antibacterial agents, that promote the prevalence of MDR, epidemic strains among an animal population. Through the circulation of these strains into a community, a public health issue could arise. Further research is essential though, for the comprehensive consideration of the issue, as the current data are limited.202337235420
2280170.9998Evaluation of Aminoglycoside and Carbapenem Resistance in a Collection of Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a member of the ESKAPE pathogens and one of the leading causes of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. Aminoglycosides (AGs) are recognized for their efficacy against P. aeruginosa. The most common resistance mechanism against AGs is the acquisition of AG-modifying enzymes (AMEs) by the bacteria, including AG N-acetyltransferases (AACs), AG O-phosphotransferases (APHs), and AG O-nucleotidyltransferases (ANTs). In this study, we obtained 122 multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates and evaluated the antibacterial effects of six AGs and two carbapenems alone against all clinical isolates, and in combination against eight selected strains. We further probed for four representatives of the most common AME genes [aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-IV, ant(2")-Ia, and aph(3')-Ia] by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared the AME patterns of these 122 clinical isolates to their antibiotic resistance profile. Among the diverse antibiotics resistance profile displayed by these clinical isolates, we found correlations between the resistance to various AGs as well as between the resistance to one AG and the resistance to carbapenems. PCR results revealed that the presence of aac(6')-Ib renders these isolates more resistant to a variety of antibiotics. The correlation between resistance to various AGs and carbapenems partially reflects the complex resistance strategies adapted in these pathogens and encourages the development of strategic treatment for each P. aeruginosa infection by considering the genetic information of each isolated bacteria.201829261405
5693180.9998Evaluation of an expanded microarray for detecting antibiotic resistance genes in a broad range of gram-negative bacterial pathogens. A microarray capable of detecting genes for resistance to 75 clinically relevant antibiotics encompassing 19 different antimicrobial classes was tested on 132 Gram-negative bacteria. Microarray-positive results correlated >91% with antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, assessed using British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy clinical breakpoints; the overall test specificity was >83%. Microarray-positive results without a corresponding resistance phenotype matched 94% with PCR results, indicating accurate detection of genes present in the respective bacteria by microarray when expression was low or absent and, hence, undetectable by susceptibility testing. The low sensitivity and negative predictive values of the microarray results for identifying resistance to some antimicrobial resistance classes are likely due to the limited number of resistance genes present on the current microarray for those antimicrobial agents or to mutation-based resistance mechanisms. With regular updates, this microarray can be used for clinical diagnostics to help accurate therapeutic options to be taken following infection with multiple-antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and prevent treatment failure.201323129055
3393190.9998Antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria in rivers, United States. Bacteria with intrinsic resistance to antibiotics are found in nature. Such organisms may acquire additional resistance genes from bacteria introduced into soil or water, and the resident bacteria may be the reservoir or source of widespread resistant organisms found in many environments. We isolated antibiotic-resistant bacteria in freshwater samples from 16 U.S. rivers at 22 sites and measured the prevalence of organisms resistant to beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Over 40% of the bacteria resistant to more than one antibiotic had at least one plasmid. Ampicillin resistance genes, as well as other resistance traits, were identified in 70% of the plasmids. The most common resistant organisms belonged to the following genera: Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Serratia.200212095440