Fosfomycin Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Companion Animals (Dogs and Cats). - Related Documents




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567601.0000Fosfomycin Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Companion Animals (Dogs and Cats). Fosfomycin is an old antibacterial agent, which is currently used mainly in human medicine, in uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). The purpose of this review is to investigate the presence and the characteristics of Fosfomycin resistance in bacteria isolated from canine or feline samples, estimate the possible causes of the dissemination of associated strains in pets, and underline the requirements of prospective relevant studies. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines were used for the search of current literature in two databases. A total of 33 articles were finally included in the review. Relevant data were tracked down, assembled, and compared. Referring to the geographical distribution, Northeast Asia was the main area of origin of the studies. E. coli was the predominant species detected, followed by other Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococci, and Pseudomonas spp. FosA and fosA3 were the more frequently encountered Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the related Gram-negative isolates, while fosB was regularly encountered in Gram-positive ones. The majority of the strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and co-carried resistance genes against several classes of antibiotics and especially β-Lactams, such as bla(CTX-M) and mecA. These results demonstrate the fact that the cause of the spreading of Fosfomycin-resistant bacteria among pets could be the extended use of other antibacterial agents, that promote the prevalence of MDR, epidemic strains among an animal population. Through the circulation of these strains into a community, a public health issue could arise. Further research is essential though, for the comprehensive consideration of the issue, as the current data are limited.202337235420
567710.9999Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from horses: Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to the continued successful use of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections. While the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from man has been studied extensively, less work has been undertaken in companion animals, particularly horses. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as a cause of infections, with a low prevalence of nasal carriage by horses in the community but higher for hospitalised horses. Molecular characterisation has shown methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains either to be predominantly of types associated with horses or of sequence type ST398. Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli (including multidrug-resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing isolates) have caused infections and been documented in faecal carriage by horses, with many significant resistance mechanisms identified. More sporadic reports and molecular characterisation exist for resistance in other bacteria such as enterococci, Salmonella, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species. Limited work has been undertaken evaluating risk factors and much of the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from horses remains to be determined.201526084443
556220.9999Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains to Last Resort Human Antibiotics Isolated from Healthy Companion Animals in Valencia Region. Failure in antibiotic therapies due to the increase in antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria is one of the main threats to public and animal health. In recent decades, the perception of companion animals has changed, from being considered as a work tool to a household member, creating a family bond and sharing spaces in their daily routine. Hence, the aim of this study is to assess the current epidemiological situation regarding the presence of AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) in companion animals in the Valencia Region, using the indicator bacteria Escherichia coli as a sentinel. For this purpose, 244 samples of dogs and cats were collected from veterinary centres to assess antimicrobial susceptibility against a panel of 22 antibiotics with public health relevance. A total of 197 E. coli strains were isolated from asymptomatic dogs and cats. The results showed AMR against all the 22 antibiotics studied, including those critically important to human medicine. Moreover, almost 50% of the strains presented MDR. The present study revealed the importance of monitoring AMR and MDR trends in companion animals, as they could pose a risk due to the spread of AMR and its resistance genes to humans, other animals and the environment they cohabit.202337998840
568230.9999Reservoirs of resistance: polymyxin resistance in veterinary-associated companion animal isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of infections. Widespread resistance in human infections are increasing the use of last resort antimicrobials such as polymyxins. However, these have been used for decades in veterinary medicine. Companion animals are an understudied source of antimicrobial resistant P. aeruginosa isolates. This study evaluated the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa veterinary isolates to polymyxins to determine whether the veterinary niche represents a potential reservoir of resistance genes for pathogenic bacteria in both animals and humans. METHODS AND RESULTS: Clinical P. aeruginosa isolates (n=24) from UK companion animals were compared for antimicrobial susceptibility to a panel of human-associated isolates (n=37). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for polymyxin B and colistin in the companion animals was significantly higher than in human isolates (P=0.033 and P=0.013, respectively). Genotyping revealed that the veterinary isolates were spread throughout the P. aeruginosa population, with shared array types from human infections such as keratitis and respiratory infections, suggesting the potential for zoonotic transmission. Whole genome sequencing revealed mutations in genes associated with polymyxin resistance and other antimicrobial resistance-related genes. CONCLUSION: The high levels of resistance to polymyxin shown here, along with genetic similarities between some human and animal isolates, together suggest a need for sustained surveillance of this veterinary niche as a potential reservoir for resistant, clinically relevant bacteria in both animals and humans.201931239295
556340.9999Exploring the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella and commensal Escherichia coli from Non-Traditional Companion Animals: A Pilot Study. Companion animal ownership has evolved to new exotic animals, including small mammals, posing a new public health challenge, especially due to the ability of some of these new species to harbour zoonotic bacteria, such as Salmonella, and spread their antimicrobial resistances (AMR) to other bacteria through the environment they share. Therefore, the objective of the present pilot study was to evaluate the current epidemiological AMR situation in commensal Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., in non-traditional companion animal small mammals in the Valencia region. For this purpose, 72 rectal swabs of nine different species of small mammals were taken to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility against 28 antibiotics. A total of one Salmonella enterica serovar Telelkebir 13,23:d:e,n,z(15) and twenty commensal E. coli strains were isolated. For E. coli strains, a high prevalence of AMR (85%) and MDR (82.6%) was observed, although neither of them had access outside the household. The highest AMR were observed in quinolones, one of the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs) in human medicine. However, no AMR were found for Salmonella. In conclusion, the results showed that small mammals' commensal E. coli poses a public health risk due to the high AMR found, and the ability of this bacterium to transmit its resistance genes to other bacteria. For this reason, this pilot study highlighted the need to establish programmes to control AMR trends in the growing population of new companion animals, as they could disseminate AMR to humans and animals through their shared environment.202438398679
568350.9999Association between antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae and burden of environmental bacteria in hospital acquired infections: analysis of clinical studies and national reports. BACKGROUND: WHO has named three groups of gram-negative bacteria "our critical antimicrobial resistance-related problems globally". It is thus a priority to unveil any important covariation of variables behind this three-headed epidemic, which has gained alarming proportions in Low Income Countries, and spreads rapidly. Environmental bacteria including Acinetobacter spp. are common nosocomial pathogens in institutions that have high rates of antimicrobial resistance among other groups of gram-negative bacteria. METHODS: Based on two different data sources, we calculated the correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) between pathogenic burden of Acinetobacter spp. and antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in European and African nosocomial cohorts. CLINICAL REPORTS: Database search for studies on nosocomial sepsis in Europe and Africa was followed by a PRISMA-guided selection process. NATIONAL REPORTS: Data from Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections published by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control were used to study the correlation between prevalence of Acinetobacter spp. and antimicrobial resistance among K. pneumoniae in blood culture isolates. FINDINGS: The two approaches both revealed a strong association between prevalence of Acinetobacter spp. and rates of resistance against 3. generation cephalosporins among Enterobacteriaceae. In the study of clinical reports (13 selected studies included), r was 0.96 (0.80-0.99) when calculated by proportions on log scale. Based on national reports, r was 0.80 (0.56-0.92) for the correlation between resistance rates of K. pneumoniae and proportion of Acinetobacter spp. INTERPRETATION: The critical antimicrobial resistance-related epidemics that concern enteric and environmental gram-negative bacteria are not independent epidemics; they have a common promoting factor, or they are mutually supportive. Further, accumulation of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial settings depends on the therapeutic environment. Burden of Acinetobacter spp. as defined here is a candidate measure for this dependence.201931372534
392960.9999Genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in bovine mastitis and its possible implications for human and ecological health. Bovine mastitis is a mammary gland inflammation that can occur due to infectious pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which are, respectively, the most prevalent Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria associated with this disease. Currently, antibiotic treatment has become more complicated due to the presence of resistant pathogens. This review, therefore, aims to identify the most common resistance genes reported for these strains in the last four years. During the review, it was noted that bla(Z), bla(SHV,) bla(TEM), and bla(ampC) are the most reported genes for S. aureus and E. coli, associated with drug inactivation, mainly β-lactamases. They are characterized by generating bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, the most common treatment in animal and human bacterial treatments (penicillins and cephalosporins, among others). Genes associated with efflux systems were also present in the two strains and included norA, tetA, tetC, and tetK, which generate resistance to macrolide and tetracycline antibiotics. Additionally, the effects of spreading resistance between animals and humans through direct contact (such as consumption of contaminated milk) or indirect contact (through environmental contamination) has been deeply discussed, emphasizing the importance of having adequate sanitation and antibiotic control and administration protocols.202538916977
567870.9999Antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria in Southeast Asia. Antimicrobial drug resistance is a problem in both developing and developed countries, in hospitals as well as in the community. Much data exists about antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asia, but this information is fragmented, being published in different papers from different countries over several decades. We reviewed all available information about antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asia using the PubMed database, concentrating on bacteria that commonly cause infection. From January 1, 1995 to January 1, 2007, 97 reports were published with accurate data regarding resistance patterns among the major pathogens. Thailand was the country where most of the published data were found. No reports were published for East Timor. From the available data, the following trends were observed: 1) there was a high prevalence of resistance to penicillin among Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae; 2) pathogens causing diarrheal diseases are now often resistant to inexpensive, older antibiotics; 3) among Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria, resistance to virtually all antibiotic classes has been reported, but it is unclear whether multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria have emerged as a major problem; 4) the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is not clear; in some countries, such as Singapore, MRSA is endemic in the health care system. This review shows that antimicrobial resistance to pathogenic bacteria has been and still is on the rise in Southeast Asia. However, there is great variation in resistance by hospital, patient type and country.201223082591
551980.9999Antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence potential and sequence types associated with Arcobacter strains recovered from human faeces. PURPOSE: The genus Arcobacter includes bacteria that are considered emergent pathogens because they can produce infections in humans and animals. The most common symptoms are bloody and non-bloody persistent diarrhea but cases with abdominal cramps without diarrhea or asymptomatic cases have also been described as well as cases with bacteremia. The objective was to characterize Arcobacter clinical strains isolated from the faeces of patients from three Spanish hospitals. METHODOLOGY: We have characterized 28 clinical strains (27 of A. butzleri and one of A. cryaerophilus) isolated from faeces, analysing their epidemiological relationship using the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach and screening them for their antibiotic susceptibility and for the presence of virulence genes.Results/Key findings. Typing results showed that only one of the 28 identified sequence types (i.e. ST 2) was already present in the MLST database. The other 27 STs constituted new records because they included new alleles for five of the seven genes or new combinations of known alleles of the seven genes. All strains were positive for the ciaB virulence gene and sensitive to tetracycline. However, 7.4 % of the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus strains showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSION: The fact that epidemiological unrelated strains show the same ST indicates that other techniques with higher resolution should be developed to effectively recognize the infection source. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, one of the antibiotics recommended for the treatment of Arcobacter intestinal infections, demonstrated in 10.7 % of the strains, indicates the importance of selecting the most appropriate effective treatment.201729120301
556190.9999Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Companion Birds. Antimicrobial resistance is a public health concern worldwide and it is largely attributed to the horizontal exchange of transferable genetic elements such as plasmids carrying integrons. Several studies have been conducted on livestock showing a correlation between the systemic use of antibiotics and the onset of resistant bacterial strains. In contrast, although companion birds are historically considered as an important reservoir for human health threats, little information on the antimicrobial resistance in these species is available in the literature. Therefore, this study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonasaeruginosa isolated from 755 companion birds. Cloacal samples were processed for E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolation and then all isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. P. aeruginosa was isolated in 59/755 (7.8%) samples, whereas E. coli was isolated in 231/755 (30.7%) samples. Most strains showed multidrug resistance. This study highlights that companion birds may act as substantial reservoirs carrying antimicrobial resistance genes which could transfer directly or indirectly to humans and animals, and from a One Health perspective this risk should not be underestimated.202033171927
1599100.9999Colistin Resistance Genes in Broiler Chickens in Tunisia. Colistin is a polymyxin antibiotic that has been used in veterinary medicine for decades, as a treatment for enterobacterial digestive infections as well as a prophylactic treatment and growth promoter in livestock animals, leading to the emergence and spread of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and to a great public health concern, considering that colistin is one of the last-resort antibiotics against multidrug-resistant deadly infections in clinical practice. Previous studies performed on livestock animals in Tunisia using culture-dependent methods highlighted the presence of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In the present survey, DNA extracted from cloacal swabs from 195 broiler chickens from six farms in Tunisia was tested via molecular methods for the ten mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes known so far. Of the 195 animals tested, 81 (41.5%) were mcr-1 positive. All the farms tested were positive, with a prevalence ranging from 13% to 93%. These results confirm the spread of colistin resistance in livestock animals in Tunisia and suggest that the investigation of antibiotic resistance genes by culture-independent methods could be a useful means of conducting epidemiological studies on the spread of antimicrobial resistance.202337106971
5679110.9999Surveillance of antibiotic resistance. Resistance among bacteria is on the rise, both in the hospital and in the community. Surveillance is needed for guided empiric treatment and to detect new resistance mechanisms at an early stage. Surveillance shows a wide variation in resistance among hospitals and countries. Especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci are uncommon in north western European countries but frequently observed otherwise elsewhere. Among Gram-negative bacteria regional differences are less obvious. Many hospitals all over the world suffer from recurrent outbreaks by Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamases, Acinetobacter, etc. Because of the evolving pattern of resistance, surveillance should be done at regular intervals in all hospitals and in the community.199917035793
5564120.9999Epidemiology of the colonization and acquisition of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in dogs hospitalized in a clinic veterinary hospital in Spain. Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to human and animal health. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) are of increasing importance in hospital and/or nosocomial infections and represent a potential risk of transmission to humans from infected or colonized companion animals. Studies on the risk factors associated with colonization by multiresistant bacteria in animals are scarce. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of MRS and VRE in canine patients hospitalized in a veterinary hospital and to identify the risk factors for its acquisition and persistence. Nasal and perianal swabs were obtained from 72 dogs. Antimicrobial susceptibility assays and molecular detection of mecA and van genes were performed. A prevalence of 13.9% and incidence of 26.5% was observed in dogs colonized by MRS at hospital admission and release, respectively, higher values than those described in most veterinary studies. Thirty-five Staphylococcus isolates had mecA gene and showed higher resistance levels to most of the antimicrobials evaluated. Previous and concomitant use of antibiotics and corticosteroids has been associated with an increase in MRS colonization. The use of antibiotics in other animals living with the canine patients has also been identified as an associated factor, suggesting cross transmission. The presence of van-resistant genes from Enterococcus spp. was not detected. Pets should be considered possible vehicles of transmission and reservoirs for MRS bacteria and veterinary hospitals should be considered high-risk environments for the occurrence and spread of nosocomial infections and resistant bacteria.202032535110
5681130.9999Molecular Epidemiology of Neonatal-Associated Staphylococcus haemolyticus Reveals Endemic Outbreak. Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a major cause of late-onset sepsis in neonates, and endemic clones are often multidrug-resistant. The bacteria can also act as a genetic reservoir for more pathogenic bacteria. Molecular epidemiology is important in understanding bacterial pathogenicity and preventing infection. To describe the molecular epidemiology of S. haemolyticus isolated from neonatal blood cultures at a Swedish neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over 4 decades, including antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factors, and comparison to international isolates. Isolates were whole-genome sequenced, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the core genome were used to map the relatedness. The occurrence of previously described ARGs and virulence genes were investigated. Disc diffusion and gradient tests were used to determine phenotypic resistance. The results revealed a clonal outbreak of S. haemolyticus at this NICU during the 1990s. Multidrug resistance was present in 28 (82%) of all isolates and concomitant resistance to aminoglycoside and methicillin occurred in 27 (79%). No isolates were vancomycin resistant. Genes encoding ARGs and virulence factors occurred frequently. The isolates in the outbreak were more homogenous in their genotypic and phenotypic patterns. Genotypic and phenotypic resistance combinations were consistent. Pathogenic traits previously described in S. haemolyticus occurred frequently in the present isolates, perhaps due to the hospital selection pressure resulting in epidemiological success. The clonal outbreak revealed by this study emphasizes the importance of adhering to hygiene procedures in order to prevent future endemic outbreaks. IMPORTANCE This study investigated the relatedness of Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from neonatal blood and revealed a clonal outbreak in the 1990s at a Swedish neonatal intensive care unit. The outbreak clone has earlier been isolated in Japan and Norway. Virulence and antibiotic resistance genes previously associated with clinical S. haemolyticus were frequently occuring in the present study as well. The majority of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. These traits should be considered important for S. haemolyticus epidemiological success and are probably caused by the hospital selection pressure. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of restrictive antibiotic use and following the hygiene procedures, to prevent further antibiotic resistance spread and future endemic outbreaks.202236314976
2572140.9999Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Different Aquatic Environments in the North of Spain and South of France. Due to the global progress of antimicrobial resistance, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the list of the antibiotic-resistant "priority pathogens" in order to promote research and development of new antibiotics to the families of bacteria that cause severe and often deadly infections. In the framework of the One Health approach, the surveillance of these pathogens in different environments should be implemented in order to analyze their spread and the potential risk of transmission of antibiotic resistances by food and water. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the presence of high and critical priority pathogens included in the aforementioned list in different aquatic environments in the POCTEFA area (North Spain-South France). In addition to these pathogens, detection of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was included due its relevance as being the antibiotic of choice to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR). From the total of 80 analyzed samples, 100% of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and collectors (from hospitals and slaughterhouses) and 96.4% of the rivers, carried antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) against the tested antibiotics. Fifty-five (17.7%) of the isolates were identified as target microorganisms (high and critical priority pathogens of WHO list) and 58.2% (n = 32) of them came from WWTPs and collectors. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization showed that 96.4% were MDR and resistance to penicillins/cephalosporins was the most widespread. The presence of bla genes, KPC-type carbapenemases, mcr-1 and vanB genes has been confirmed. In summary, the presence of clinically relevant MDR bacteria in the studied aquatic environments demonstrates the need to improve surveillance and treatments of wastewaters from slaughterhouses, hospitals and WWTPs, in order to minimize the dispersion of resistance through the effluents of these areas.202032947947
5518150.9999Analysis of Resistance Gene Prevalence in Whole-Genome Sequenced Enterobacteriales from Brazil. Enterobacteriales is an order of bacteria responsible for community and hospital-acquired infections related to high rates of antimicrobial resistance and increased treatment costs, morbidity, and mortality globally. The aims of this study were to analyze the frequency of the resistance genes detected and distribution over the years and sources of isolation in sequenced Enterobacteriales strains isolated in Brazil and available at the Pathogen Detection website. The presence of resistance genes was analyzed in 1,507 whole-genome sequenced strains of 19 Enterobacteriales species. A total of 58.0% of the strains presented resistance genes to at least one antimicrobial class and 684 strains presented a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile. Resistance genes to 14 classes of antimicrobials were detected. Aminoglycosides presented the most prevalent and diverse resistance genes, while the sulfonamide resistance gene, sul2, was the most prevalent among the strains studied. The presence of resistance genes from 14 different antimicrobial classes, the high levels of MDR strains, and the detection of genes related to clinical and veterinary-used drugs reinforce the necessity of more efficient control measures. Moreover, it warns for the necessity of the rational use of antimicrobials in veterinary and clinical situations in Brazil, since contaminated food may act as a vehicle for human infections.202031746671
1838160.9999An overview of carbapenem-resistant organisms from food-producing animals, seafood, aquaculture, companion animals, and wildlife. Carbapenem resistance (CR) is a major global health concern. CR is a growing challenge in clinical settings due to its rapid dissemination and low treatment options. The characterization of its molecular mechanisms and epidemiology are highly studied. Nevertheless, little is known about the spread of CR in food-producing animals, seafood, aquaculture, wildlife, their environment, or the health risks associated with CR in humans. In this review, we discuss the detection of carbapenem-resistant organisms and their mechanisms of action in pigs, cattle, poultry, seafood products, companion animals, and wildlife. We also pointed out the One Health approach as a strategy to attempt the emergency and dispersion of carbapenem-resistance in this sector and to determine the role of carbapenem-producing bacteria in animals among human public health risk. A higher occurrence of carbapenem enzymes in poultry and swine has been previously reported. Studies related to poultry have highlighted P. mirabilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae as NDM-5- and NDM-1-producing bacteria, which lead to carbapenem resistance. OXA-181, IMP-27, and VIM-1 have also been detected in pigs. Carbapenem resistance is rare in cattle. However, OXA- and NDM-producing bacteria, mainly E. coli and A. baumannii, are cattle's leading causes of carbapenem resistance. A high prevalence of carbapenem enzymes has been reported in wildlife and companion animals, suggesting their role in the cross-species transmission of carbapenem-resistant genes. Antibiotic-resistant organisms in aquatic environments should be considered because they may act as reservoirs for carbapenem-resistant genes. It is urgent to implement the One Health approach worldwide to make an effort to contain the dissemination of carbapenem resistance.202337397005
5513170.9999The genetic background of antibiotic resistance among clinical uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. The spreading mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are related to many bacterial and environment factors. The overuse of antibiotics is leading to an unceasing emergence of new multidrug resistant strains. This problem also concerns uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, which is the most common pathogen causing urinary tract infections. The aim of this study was the genetic analysis of antibiotic resistance in comparison to the phenotypic background of E. coli strains. The characterized collection of E. coli strains isolated 10 years ago from the urine samples of patients with urinary tract infections was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (the disc diffusion method) and analysis of antibiotic resistance genes (PCR reaction, sequencing). Additionally, the presence of ESBL strains was analyzed. Fourteen genes were associated with resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and quinolones. The genetic analysis revealed that bla(TEM-1) and sul2 were present in almost all of the studied strains. Other drug-resistance genes were very rare or non-existent. Otherwise, the phenotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones was well correlated with the genotypic background of the studied bacteria. The presence of particular genes and specific mutations indicate a high bacterial potential to multidrug resistance. On the other hand, it needs to be emphasized that the standard disk diffusion test for the routine antimicrobial susceptibility analysis is still the best way to estimate the current situation of bacterial drug-resistance.201830008141
5007180.9999Gram-positive ESKAPE pathogens in Germany: A comprehensive analysis of occurrence and resistance development in animal, food, and environmental sources. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem affecting both humans and animals. Multidrug resistance (MDR) infections are predominantly caused by a group of bacteria known as ESKAPE pathogens, namely Enterococcus (E.) faecium, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae, Acinetobacter (A.) baumannii, Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species. They are among the top threats to public health worldwide as their acquisition of AMR genes has significantly diminished available treatment alternatives for severe infections, increased disease burden, and elevated mortality rates due to treatment failures. The current review aimed to investigate the occurrence and resistance development of the Gram-positive ESKAPE pathogens, E. faecium and S. aureus, in animals, food, and environmental sources in Germany. S. aureus has been extensively investigated in human medicine, and there is a decent knowledge regarding their presence in animals, food, and the environmental health sectors. However, limited published work exists on E. faecium in non-human samples. MDR isolates of both bacteria, harbouring resistance genes conferring resistance to several antimicrobial classes, have been detected in various companion animals and livestock species, as well as food and environmental samples across different regions of Germany. Notably, isolates with identical genotypes have been found in both animals and farm employees, underscoring the potential for cross-infection between animals and humans. This review highlights the impact of E. faecium and S. aureus in non-human sources in Germany and emphasizes the importance of addressing MDR from a One-Health perspective.202540535975
5009190.9998Types and prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in poultry. For several billion years, bacteria have developed mechanisms to resist antibacterial substances. In modern time, antibiotics are frequently used in veterinary and human medicine for prevention and treatment of diseases, globally still also for their growth promoting effects as feed additives. This complex situation has evolved in accelerating development and prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in livestock and people. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are resistant to a wide range of ß-lactam antibiotics. They are currently considered as one of the main threats for the treatment of infections in humans and animals. In livestock and animal products, poultry and poultry products show the highest prevalence of ESBL-producers with CTX-M-1, TEM-52 and SHV-12 being the most common ESBL-types in poultry. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are the bacteria in poultry, which carry ESBL-genes most frequently. ESBL-producing bacteria are present at every level of the poultry production pyramid and can be detected even in the meconium of newly hatched chicks. The environment close to poultry barns shows high prevalence rates of these bacteria and contributes to an ongoing infection pressure with further ESBL-types. Probiotics have been shown to successfully reduce ESBL-producers in chicken, as well as ESBL-gene transfer. Other feed additives, such as zinc and copper, increase the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria when fed to animals. To our best knowledge, this is the first publication presenting a comparative overview of the prevalence of ESBL-types using data from different countries. To reduce the hazard for public health from poultry carrying high numbers of ESBL-producers, preventive measurements must include the surrounding environment and avoidance of antibiotic usage at all levels of the production pyramid. The first results, of the research on the impact of feed additives on the spread of ESBL-genes, indicate the diet as a further, possible magnitude of influence.201728641596