Genomic analysis and antibiotic resistance of a multidrug-resistant bacterium isolated from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant sludge. - Related Documents




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513401.0000Genomic analysis and antibiotic resistance of a multidrug-resistant bacterium isolated from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant sludge. Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants (PWWTPs) serve as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, a multiantibiotic-resistant strain of Acinetobacter lwoffii (named N4) was isolated from the dewatered sludge of a PWWTP. N4 exhibited high resistance to both antibiotics and metals, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of chloramphenicol and cefazolin reaching 1024 mg·L(-1) and MICs of Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) reaching 512 mg·L(-1). Co-sensitization experiments revealed that when antibiotics are co-existing with heavy metal ions (such as TET and Cd(2+), AMP and Cu(2+)) could enhance the resistance of N4 to them. Whole-genome sequencing of N4 revealed a genome size of 0.37 Mb encoding 3359 genes. Among these, 23 ARGs were identified, including dfrA26, bl2be(CTXM), catB3, qnrB, rosB, tlrC, smeD, smeE, mexE, ceoB, oprN, acrB, adeF, ykkC, ksgA and sul2, which confer resistance through mechanisms such as efflux pumps, enzyme modification and target bypass. Additionally, the N4 genome contained 187 genes associated with human disease and 249 virulence factors, underscoring its potential pathogenicity. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into ARBs in PWWTPs and highlights the potential risks posed by multidrug-resistant strains such as N4.202539626482
178410.9988Draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant emerging pathogenic isolate of Vibrio alginolyticus from the Red Sea. The marine ecosystem is a growing reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and thus an emerging risk to human health. In this study, we report the first draft genome sequence of multidrug-resistant Vibrio alginolyticus strain OS1T-47, isolated from an offshore site in the Red Sea. The draft genome of V. alginolyticus OS1T-47 is 5 157 150 bp in length and has DNA G + C content of 44.83%. Strain OS1T-47 possesses 22 antimicrobial resistance genes, including those associated with multidrug-resistant efflux pumps.202033294196
286320.9988Detection of Aminoglycoside Resistant Bacteria in Sludge Samples From Norwegian Drinking Water Treatment Plants. Through a culture-based approach using sludge from drinking water treatment plants, this study reports on the presence of aminoglycoside resistant bacteria at 23 different geographical locations in Norway. Sludge samples are derived from a large environmental area including drinking water sources and their surrounding catchment areas. Aminoglycoside resistant bacteria were detected at 18 of the sample sites. Only five samples did not show any growth of isolates resistant to the selected aminoglycosides, kanamycin and gentamycin. There was a statistically significant correlation between the numbers of kanamycin and gentamycin resistant bacteria isolated from the 23 samples, perhaps suggesting common determinants of resistance. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing of 223 aminoglycoside resistant isolates, three different genera of Bacteroidetes were found to dominate across samples. These were Flavobacterium, Mucilaginibacter and Pedobacter. Further phenotypic and genotypic analyses showed that efflux pumps, reduced membrane permeability and four assayed genes coding for aminoglycoside modifying enzymes AAC(6')-Ib, AAC(3')-II, APH(3')-II, APH(3')-III, could only explain the resistance of a few of the isolates selected for testing. aph(3')-II was detected in 1.6% of total isolates, aac(6')-Ib and aph(3')-III in 0.8%, while aac(3')-II was not detected in any of the isolates. The isolates, for which potential resistance mechanisms were found, represented 13 different genera suggesting that aminoglycoside resistance is widespread in bacterial genera indigenous to sludge. The present study suggests that aminoglycoside resistant bacteria are present in Norwegian environments with limited anthropogenic exposures. However, the resistance mechanisms remain largely unknown, and further analyses, including culture-independent methods, could be performed to investigate other potential resistance mechanisms. This is, to our knowledge, the first large scale nationwide investigation of aminoglycoside resistance in the Norwegian environment.201930918503
533630.9988Resistant Genes and Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Wastewater: A Study of Their Transfer to the Water Reservoir in the Czech Republic. Wastewater is considered the most serious source of the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. This work, therefore, focuses on the fate and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater and the monitoring of multidrug-resistant strains. ARGs were monitored in the nitrification and sedimentation tanks of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and in the dam into which this WWTP flows, at various times. The highest relative abundance was found for the blaTEM > tetW > blaNDM-1 > vanA resistance genes, respectively. An increased concentration of tetracycline (up to 96.00 ng/L) and ampicillin (up to 19.00 ng/L) was found in water samples compared to other antibiotics detected. The increased incidence of seven ARGs and four antibiotics was observed in the November and December sampling times. Isolated ampicillin-resistant strains showed a high degree of resistance to ampicillin (61.2% of the total isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 20 mg/mL). In 87.8% of isolates, out of the total number, the occurrence of two or more ARGs was confirmed. These multidrug-resistant strains were most often identified as Aeromonas sp. This strain could represent a significant role in the spread of multidrug resistance through wastewater in the environment.202235207435
286240.9988Regulation Transcriptional of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in Bacteria Isolated from WWTP. The incidence of antibiotics and transcriptional regulation of ARGs in isolated bacteria from wastewater needs to be explored. By HPLC, in samples of untreated wastewater, ampicillin (49.74 ± 5.70 µg/mL), chloramphenicol (0.60 ± 0.03 µg/mL), tylosin (72.95 ± 2.03 µg/mL), and oxytetracycline (0.22 ± 0.01 µg/mL) was determined. Through metagenomic analysis identified 58 bacterial species belonging to 9 phyla and at least 14 species have shown resistance to a variety of antibiotics. Twenty-two bacterial isolates were proved to be resistant to fifteen antibiotics of new generation and used in medical research to combat infectious diseases. Fourteen strains were shown to harbor plasmids in size ranges of 2-5 Kb, 6-10 Kb and plasmids with size greater than 10 Kb. By quantitative PCR it was possible to identify genes sul, qnr, cat1, aadA1, and sat-1 gene were shown to be present in gDNA samples from treated and untreated samples of wastewater and by relative expression analysis, differential expression of cat1, ermB, act, and tetA genes was demonstrated in strains that showed identity with Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Salmonella thyphi, and that were stressed with different concentrations of antibiotics. The presence of ARGs in untreated water samples, as well as in bacterial isolates, was indicative that in these habitats there are microorganisms that can resist β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and quinolones.202337672120
343750.9988Characteristics of ARG-carrying plasmidome in the cultivable microbial community from wastewater treatment system under high oxytetracycline concentration. Studies on antibiotic production wastewater have shown that even a single antibiotic can select for multidrug resistant bacteria in aquatic environments. It is speculated that plasmids are an important mechanism of multidrug resistance (MDR) under high concentrations of antibiotics. Herein, two metagenomic libraries were constructed with plasmid DNA extracted from cultivable microbial communities in a biological wastewater treatment reactor supplemented with 0 (CONTROL) or 25 mg/L of oxytetracycline (OTC-25). The OTC-25 plasmidome reads were assigned to 72 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) conferring resistance to 13 types of antibiotics. Dominant ARGs, encoding resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, and multidrug resistance genes, were enriched in the plasmidome under 25 mg/L of oxytetracycline. Furthermore, 17 contiguous multiple-ARG carrying contigs (carrying ≥ 2 ARGs) were discovered in the OTC-25 plasmidome, whereas only nine were found in the CONTROL. Mapping of the OTC-25 plasmidome reads to completely sequenced plasmids revealed that the conjugative IncU resistance plasmid pFBAOT6 of Aeromonas caviae, carrying multidrug resistance transporter (pecM), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetR), and transposase genes, might be a potential prevalent resistant plasmid in the OTC-25 plasmidome. Additionally, two novel resistant plasmids (containing contig C301682 carrying multidrug resistant operon mexCD-oprJ and contig C301632 carrying the tet36 and transposases genes) might also be potential prevalent resistant plasmids in the OTC-25 plasmidome. This study will be helpful to better understand the role of plasmids in the development of MDR in water environments under high antibiotic concentrations.201829332216
286860.9988Detection and Analysis of Drug and Disinfectant Resistance Genes in the Sewage of a Center for Disease Control and Prevention. PURPOSE: Sewage is a significant reservoir for drug and disinfectant resistance genes and a medium for dissemination. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of drug and disinfectant resistance genes in the sewage of a Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and to assess the risks of their dissemination. METHODS: Sewage from a CDC in Hangzhou was collected, filtered, and enriched, and its microorganisms were cultured. The isolated bacteria were identified, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The drug and disinfectant resistance genes in the sewage and bacteria were detected through polymerase chain reaction amplification. RESULTS: Three kinds of bacteria were isolated from the sewage sample. The MIC for Sphingomonas and Staphylococcus xylosus against chlorine-containing disinfectants was 250 mg/L, whereas the MIC for Bacillus firmus was 500 mg/L. The β-lactam resistance gene TEM and the disinfectant resistance gene qacA were positive in the bacteria, whereas the β-lactam resistance genes TEM, SHV, and VIM-1, the tetracycline resistance gene tetM, the aminoglycoside resistance genes aac(6')/aph(2') and aph3'-III, and the disinfectant resistance genes qacA, qacE, and qacEΔ1 were positive in the sewage. CONCLUSION: Drug and disinfectant resistance genes were found in the sewage of a CDC and were associated with bacteria. Thus, optimizing the monitoring and treatment of sewage is crucial.202540303605
337770.9988Pharmaceutical industrial wastewater exhibiting the co-occurrence of biofilm-forming genes in the multidrug-resistant bacterial community poses a novel environmental threat. The interaction of the environment with the effluent of wastewater treatment plants, having antibiotics, multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, and biofilm-forming genes (BFGs), has vast environmental risks. Antibiotic pollution bottlenecks environmental bacteria and has the potential to significantly lower the biodiversity of environmental bacteria, causing an alteration in ecological equilibrium. It can induce selective pressure for antibiotic resistance (AR) and can transform the non-resistant environmental bacteria into a resistant form through HGT. This study investigated the occurrence of MDR bacteria, showing phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of biofilm. The bacteria were isolated from the pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Dehradun and Haridwar (India), located in the pharmaceutical areas. The findings of this study demonstrate the coexistence of BFGs and MDR clinical bacteria in the vicinity of pharmaceutical industrial wastewater treatment plants. A total of 47 bacteria were isolated from both WWTPs and tested for antibiotic resistance to 13 different antibiotics; 16 isolates (34.04 %) tested positive for MDR. 5 (31.25 %) of these 16 MDR isolates were producing biofilm and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Burkholderia cepacia. The targeted BFGs in this study were ompA, bap and pslA. The most common co-occurring gene was ompA (80 %), with pslA (40 %) being the least common. A. baumannii contains all three targeted genes, whereas B. cepacia only has bap. Except for B. cepacia, all the biofilm-forming MDR isolates show AR to all the tested antibiotics and prove that the biofilm enhances the AR potential. The samples of both wastewater treatment plants also showed the occurrence of tetracycline, ampicillin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol, along with high levels of BOD, COD, PO(4)(-3), NO(3)(-), heavy metals and organic pollutants. The co-occurrence of MDR and biofilm-forming tendency in the clinical strain of bacteria and its environmental dissemination may have an array of hazardous impacts on human and environmental health.202439002428
308680.9988Seasonal variation, virulence gene and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio in a semi-enclosed bay with mariculture (Dongshan Bay, Southern China). In this study, the virulence genes, antibiotic resistance of culturable Vibrio and the environmental factors affecting Vibrio abundance were analyzed in four seasons in DongShan Bay with different intensity of aquaculture practice. A total of 253 bacteria isolates were obtained, of which 177 Vibrio strains belonged to 26 species. Annual Vibrio abundance in this region ranged from 20 to 11,600 CFU mL(-1) and the most significant positive correlation occurred with temperature. Detection of 9 different Vibrio virulence genes revealed that most isolates contained atypical virulence genes in addition to the typical ones. In particular, virulence genes of hemolysin such as tdh, trh, and hlyA (6.32 %, 15.52 %, and 11.30 %) showed different degrees of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In our antibiotic resistance test, the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of the isolates ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 in different seasons, and three MAR Vibrio strains were detected. Overall, our study sheds new light on the spatial distribution patterns and the occurrence of virulence genes and antibiotics resistance Vibrio isolated from a subtropical bay with intensive aquaculture. Our study provides a suitable microbial quality surveillance in a mariculture impacted coastal environment. It will help to establish effective disease prevention measures in this area and provide useful guidance and support for formulating local antibiotics use policies.202236113173
513390.9987Draft genome sequence of Marinobacter sp. DUT-3, a manganese-oxidizing and potential antibiotic-resistant bacterium from Bohai coastal sediments. A manganese-oxidizing bacterium, Marinobacter sp. DUT-3, was isolated from Bohai coastal sediments. A total of 24 contigs with GC content of 57.91% and 3,817 protein-coding genes were obtained by genome sequencing. Isolation of this strain suggests potential for synergistic antibiotics removal via biogenic manganese oxides and intrinsic resistance.202541081498
2807100.9987Occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the sea surface microlayer of coastal waters in the southern North Sea. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in coastal waters is a global health problem posing potential risks to the health of humans who depend on coastal resources. Monitoring and increased efforts are needed to maintain the health of marine ecosystems. The sea surface microlayer (SML) is poorly studied for antibiotic resistance of the inhabiting bacteria. Therefore, we examined the antibiotic resistance patterns of 41 bacterial strains isolated from the SML in a harbor in the southern North Sea. The strains are affiliated with 17 genera typically found in the marine environment. Using the disc diffusion assay, we found extensive resistance, particularly to gentamycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, penicillin, sulfadimidine, and streptomycin. A broth microdilution assay showed high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for most isolates for amikacin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefepime, minocycline, and tobramycin. Genome analysis of three strains affiliated with the genera Pseudoseohaeicola, Nereida, and Vibrio, all showing a highly resistant phenotype, revealed the presence of 57, 42, and 90 genes, respectively, associated with antibiotic resistance. Over 50 % of these genes are multidrug efflux pumps. Our study shows that the SML in anthropogenic-influenced coastal regions harbors a wide diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria equipped with a broad range of multidrug efflux pumps.202439471667
5298110.9987Investigation of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of marine cyanobacteria in Bohai Bay: Cyanobacteria may be important hosts of antibiotic resistance genes in marine environment. Marine cyanobacteria, as widely distributed and photosynthetically autotrophic bacteria in the ocean, may contribute to the global dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and develop a different antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria from freshwater environments. However, studies on antimicrobial susceptibility and the carriage of ARGs in marine cyanobacteria are still very limited. In this study, the antibiotic resistance characteristics of cyanobacteria in nearshore waters were examined through field monitoring and laboratory investigations, which included PCR detection and ARG transformation. The results showed a positive correlation between marine cyanobacteria and some ARGs in the nearshore waters of Bohai Bay. Moreover, most screened cyanobacteria showed high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for polymyxins, tetracyclines, kanamycin, and sulfonamides, moderate MIC values for streptomycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and norfloxacin, and low MIC values for roxithromycin and cephalosporins. The bla(TEM), bla(KPC), sul1, sul2, strA, tetA, tetB, tetC, tetM, mdfA, and intI1 genes were detected in the screened marine cyanobacteria. The highest detection rates were observed for bla(TEM) (93.3 %), sul1 (56.6 %), sul2 (90 %), and strA (73.3 %). The detection rate of tetA (33.3 %) was the highest among the tetracycline resistance genes, and mdfA, a multidrug-resistant pump gene with resistance to tetracycline, also showed a high detection level (23.3 %). Overall, most of the screened marine cyanobacteria were found to tolerate multiple antibiotics in seawater, and the condition of the ARGs carriage was serious. Furthermore, the screened marine Synechocystis sp. C12-2 demonstrated the ability to accept ARGs on the RP4 plasmid through natural transformation and showed reduced sensitivity to ampicillin, suggesting the possibility that some marine cyanobacteria could acquire ARGs from the environment through horizontal gene transfer. Thus, marine cyanobacteria may play an important role in the propagation of marine ARGs.202437972772
5915120.9987Characterization of Two Macrolide Resistance-Related Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates. In analyzing the drug resistance phenotype and mechanism of resistance to macrolide antibiotics of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, the agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was applied to screen for macrolide antibiotics resistance genes. The macrolide antibiotics resistance genes were cloned, and their functions were identified. Of the 13 antibiotics tested, P. aeruginosa strains showed high resistance rates (ranging from 69.5-82.1%), and MIC levels (MIC90 > 256 μg/ml) to macrolide antibiotics. Of the 131 known macrolide resistance genes, only two genes, mphE and msrE, were identified in 262 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates. Four strains (1.53%, 4/262) carried both the msrE and mphE genes, and an additional three strains (1.15%, 3/262) harbored the mphE gene alone. The cloned msrE and mphE genes conferred higher resistance levels to three second-generation macrolides compared to two first-generation ones. Analysis of MsrE and MphE protein polymorphisms revealed that they are highly conserved, with only 1-3 amino acids differences between the proteins of the same type. It can be concluded that even though the strains showed high resistance levels to macrolides, known macrolide resistance genes are seldom present in clinical P. aeruginosa strains, demonstrating that a mechanism other than this warranted by the mphE and msrE genes may play a more critical role in the bacteria's resistance to macrolides.202033574864
4532130.9987Acquired genetic mechanisms of a multiresistant bacterium isolated from a treatment plant receiving wastewater from antibiotic production. The external environment, particularly wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where environmental bacteria meet human commensals and pathogens in large numbers, has been highlighted as a potential breeding ground for antibiotic resistance. We have isolated the extensively drug-resistant Ochrobactrum intermedium CCUG 57381 from an Indian WWTP receiving industrial wastewater from pharmaceutical production contaminated with high levels of quinolones. Antibiotic susceptibility testing against 47 antibiotics showed that the strain was 4 to >500 times more resistant to sulfonamides, quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, and the aminoglycoside streptomycin than the type strain O. intermedium LMG 3301T. Whole-genome sequencing identified mutations in the Indian strain causing amino acid substitutions in the target enzymes of quinolones. We also characterized three acquired regions containing resistance genes to sulfonamides (sul1), tetracyclines [tet(G) and tetR], and chloramphenicol/florfenicol (floR). Furthermore, the Indian strain harbored acquired mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer, including a type I mating pair-forming system (MPFI), a MOBP relaxase, and insertion sequence transposons. Our results highlight that WWTPs serving antibiotic manufacturing may provide nearly ideal conditions for the recruitment of resistance genes into human commensal and pathogenic bacteria.201324038701
2860140.9987Multi-drug resistance, integron and transposon-mediated gene transfer in heterotrophic bacteria from Penaeus vannamei and its culture environment. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) in bacteria is regarded as an emerging pollutant in different food production avenues including aquaculture. One hundred and sixty out of 2304 bacterial isolates from shrimp farm samples (n = 192) of Andhra Pradesh, India, were MDR. Based on biochemical identification and 16S rRNA sequencing, they were grouped into 35 bacterial species with the predominance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (12.5%). The MDR isolates showed highest resistance toward oxytetracycline (89%) with more than 0.2 MAR (multiple antibiotic resistance), demonstrates a high-risk source. The most prevalent antibiotic-resistance gene (ARG) and mobile genetic element (MGE) detected were tetA (47.5%) and int1 (46.2%), respectively. In conjugation experiments, overall transfer frequency was found to be in the range of 1.1 × 10(-9) to 1.8 × 10(-3) with the transconjugants harbouring ARGs and MGEs. This study exposed the wide distribution of MDR bacteria in shrimp and its environment, which can further aggravate the already raised concerns of antibiotic residues in the absence of proper mitigation measures.202235066837
3371150.9987Ubiquitous and persistent Proteobacteria and other Gram-negative bacteria in drinking water. Drinking water comprises a complex microbiota, in part shaped by the disinfection and distribution systems. Gram-negative bacteria, mainly members of the phylum Proteobacteria, represent the most frequent bacteria in drinking water, and their ubiquity and physiological versatility raises questions about possible implications in human health. The first step to address this concern is the identification and characterization of such bacteria that is the first objective of this study, aiming at identifying ubiquitous or persistent Gram-negative bacteria, Proteobacteria or members of other phyla, isolated from tap water or from its source. >1000 bacterial isolates were characterized and identified, and a selected group (n=68) was further analyzed for the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) to antibiotics (amoxicillin and gentamicin) and metals (copper and arsenite). Total DNA extracts of tap water were examined for the presence of putatively acquired antibiotic resistance or related genes (intI1, bla(TEM), qnrS and sul1). The ubiquitous tap water genera comprised Proteobacteria of the class Alpha- (Blastomonas, Brevundimonas, Methylobacterium, Sphingobium, Sphingomonas), Beta- (Acidovorax, Ralstonia) and Gamma- (Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas). Persistent species were members of genera such as Aeromonas, Enterobacter or Dechloromonas. Ralstonia spp. showed the highest MIC values to gentamicin and Acinetobacter spp. to arsenite. The genes intI1, bla(TEM) or sul1 were detected, at densities lower than 2.3×10(5)copies/L, 2.4×10(4)copies/L and 4.6×10(2)copies/L, respectively, in most tap water samples. The presence of some bacterial groups, in particular of Beta- or Gammaproteobacteria (e.g. Ralstonia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas) in drinking water may deserve attention given their potential as reservoirs or carriers of resistance or as opportunistic pathogens.201728238372
3133160.9987A Study of Resistome in Mexican Chili Powder as a Public Health Risk Factor. Chili powder is an important condiment around the world. However, according to various reports, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms could present a public health risk factor during its consumption. Therefore, microbiological quality assessment is required to understand key microbial functional traits, such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and bioinformatics analysis were used to characterize the comprehensive profiles of the bacterial community and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in 15 chili powder samples from different regions of Mexico. The initial bacterial load showed aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) ranging between 6 × 10(3) and 7 × 10(8) CFU/g, sporulated mesophilic bacteria (SMB) from 4.3 × 10(3) to 2 × 10(9) CFU/g, and enterobacteria (En) from <100 to 2.3 × 10(6) CFU/g. The most representative families in the samples were Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, in which 18 potential pathogen-associated species were detected. In total, the resistome profile in the chili powder contained 68 unique genes, which conferred antibiotic resistance distributed in 13 different classes. Among the main classes of antibiotic resistance genes with a high abundance in almost all the samples were those related to multidrug, tetracycline, beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, and phenicol resistance. Our findings reveal the utility of mNGS in elucidating microbiological quality in chili powder to reduce the public health risks and the spread of potential pathogens with antibiotic resistance mechanisms.202438391568
3090170.9987Networking and co-occurrence of virulent and multidrug resistant environmental bacteria in different aquatic systems: A gap in MDR-virulence transfer? Co-occurrence of resistance and virulence is often overlooked in aquatic bacteria as environmental reservoirs, while transmission of these characteristics to clinically significant strains present unforeseen problems in future. In this investigation, environmental bacteria identified concurrently from multiple aquatic habitats viz., groundwater, canal, river and coastal waters were profiled for antibiotic resistance, metal tolerance, virulence factors and genes coding for these determinants. Strains from polluted river and canal exhibited higher resistance and virulence, especially Pseudomonas gessardii and P. fluorescens displayed high antibiotic resistance index (ARI > 0.6-0.8) with Alkaline Protease and Phospholipase production. Opportunistic pathogens including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. vulnificus, Corynebacterium and Comamonas testosteroni expressed all three virulence factors with relatively low resistance. However, V. vulnificus and V. alginolyticus exhibited multiclass antibiotic resistance (5/6 classes). Metagenomic analysis revealed that genes corresponding to beta-lactam resistance were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in freshwater than seawater, while multidrug resistance gene were higher (p < 0.05) in seawater. In all aquatic bodies, abundant virulence genes belonged to secretion system proteins followed by motility related genes. Culturable bacteria revealed differential distribution of positive and negative correlation between 31 targeted genes with expressed resistance and virulence. Among Acinetobacter, significant positive correlation was found between Phospholipase production, other virulence genes (OVGs) and resistance to DNA Synthesis Inhibitors (DSI). In Pseudomonas, positive correlation was detected between toxin genes (toxA, eta, hlyA and stx) and resistance to cell wall synthesis inhibitors (CSI) as well as with OVGs and adhesion genes (eae, afa, papC and papA). Network analysis displayed unique clustering of genes ncc, arsB, strA, merA and intI dominated by non-pathogens and distinct clustering of genes pho, erm, nfsA, trh, lasB, tdh and invA by Vibrio. This investigation extends insight on co-occurring resistance and virulence in aquatic reservoir bacteria that could pose serious threats to public health in future.202336206910
5371180.9987Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. Antibiotic resistance in drinking water has received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) was comprehensively investigated using metagenomics. Bioinformatics analysis showed that 381 ARG subtypes belonging to 15 ARG types were detected, and bacitracin had the highest abundance (from 0.26 × 10(-2) to 0.86 copies/cell), followed by multidrug (from 0.57 × 10(-1) to 0.47 copies/cell) and sulfonamide (from 0.83 × 10(-2) to 0.35 copies/cell). Additionally, 933 ARG-carrying contigs (ACCs) were obtained from the metagenomic data, among which 153 contigs were annotated as pathogens. The most abundant putative ARG host was Staphylococcus (7.9%), which most frequently carried multidrug ARGs (43.2%). Additionally, 38 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were recovered, one of which was identified as Staphylococcus aureus (Bin.624) and harboured the largest number of ARGs (n = 16). Using the cultivation technique, 60 isolates were obtained from DWTP samples, and Staphylococcus spp. (n = 11) were found to be dominant in all isolates, followed by Bacillus spp. (n = 17). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that most Staphylococcus spp. were multidrug resistant (MDR). These results deepen our understanding of the distribution profiles of ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in DWTPs for potential health risk evaluation. Our study also highlights the need for new and efficient water purification technologies that can be introduced and applied in DWTPs.202337331316
2867190.9987Enzymatic Activity and Horizontal Gene Transfer of Heavy Metals and Antibiotic Resistant Proteus vulgaris from Hospital Wastewater: An Insight. Globally, the issue of microbial resistance to medicines and heavy metals is getting worse. There are few reports or data available for Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris), particularly in India. This investigation intends to reveal the bacteria's ability to transmit genes and their level of resistance as well. The wastewater samples were taken from several hospitals in Lucknow City, India, and examined for the presence of Gram-negative bacteria that were resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals. The microbial population count in different hospital wastewaters decreases with increasing concentrations of metal and antibiotics. Among all the examined metals, Ni and Zn had the highest viable counts, whereas Hg, Cd, and Co had the lowest viable counts. Penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin, among the antibiotics, demonstrated higher viable counts, whereas tetracycline and erythromycin exhibited lower viable counts. The MIC values for the P. vulgaris isolates tested ranged from 50 to 16,00 μg/ml for each metal tested. The multiple metal resistance (MMR) index, which ranged from 0.04 to 0.50, showed diverse heavy metal resistance patterns in all P. vulgaris isolates (in the case of 2-7 metals in various combinations). All of the tested isolates had methicillin resistance, whereas the least number of isolates had ofloxacin, gentamycin, or neomycin resistance. The P. vulgaris isolates displayed multidrug resistance patterns (2-12 drugs) in various antibiotic combinations. The MAR indexes were shown to be between (0.02-0.7). From the total isolates, 98%, 84%, and 80% had urease, gelatinase, and amylase activity, whereas 68% and 56% displayed protease and beta-lactamase activity. Plasmids were present in all the selected resistant isolates and varied in size from 42.5 to 57.0 kb and molecular weight from 27.2 to 37.0 MD. The transmission of the antibiotic/metal resistance genes was evaluated between a total of 7 pairs of isolates. A higher transfer frequency (4.4 × 10(-1)) was observed among antibiotics, although a lower transfer frequency (1.0 × 10(-2)) was observed against metals in both the media from the entire site tested. According to exponential decay, the population of hospital wastewater declined in the following order across all sites: Site II > Site IV > Site III > Site I for antibiotics and site IV > site II > site I >site III for metal. Different metal and antibiotic concentrations have varying effects on the population. The metal-tolerant P. vulgaris from hospital wastewater was studied in the current study had multiple distinct patterns of antibiotic resistance. It could provide cutting-edge methods for treating infectious diseases, which are essential for managing and assessing the risks associated with hospital wastewater, especially in the case of P. vulgaris.202236523753