# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 5026 | 0 | 1.0000 | Molecular mechanisms and clonal lineages of colistin-resistant bacteria across the African continent: a scoping review. Colistin (also known as polymyxin E), a polymyxin antibiotic discovered in the late 1940s, has recently reemerged as a last-line treatment option for multidrug-resistant infections. However, in recent years, colistin-resistant pathogenic bacteria have been increasingly reported worldwide. Accordingly, the presented review was undertaken to identify, integrate and synthesize current information regarding the detection and transmission of colistin-resistant bacteria across the African continent, in addition to elucidating their molecular mechanisms of resistance. PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct were employed for study identification, screening and extraction. Overall, based on the developed literature review protocol and associated inclusion/exclusion criteria, 80 studies published between 2000 and 2021 were included comprising varying bacterial species and hosts. Numerous mechanisms of colistin resistance were reported, including chromosomal mutation(s) and transferable plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (encoded by mcr genes). Perhaps unexpectedly, mcr-variants have exhibited rapid emergence and spread across most African regions. The genetic variant mcr-1 is predominant in humans, animals and the natural environment, and is primarily carried by IncHI2- type plasmid. The highest number of studies reporting the dissemination of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria were conducted in the North African region. | 2022 | 36000241 |
| 5027 | 1 | 0.9999 | Vegetables and Fruit as a Reservoir of β-Lactam and Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Review. Antibacterial resistance is one of the 2019 World Health Organization's top ten threats to public health worldwide. Hence, the emergence of β-lactam and colistin resistance among Gram-negative bacteria has become a serious concern. The reservoirs for such bacteria are increasing not only in hospital settings but in several other sources, including vegetables and fruit. In recent years, fresh produce gained important attention due to its consumption in healthy diets combined with a low energy density. However, since fresh produce is often consumed raw, it may also be a source of foodborne disease and a reservoir for antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria including those producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase, cephalosporinase and carbapenemase enzymes, as well as those harboring the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr) gene. This review aims to provide an overview of the currently available scientific literature on the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, cephalosporinase, carbapenemase and mcr genes in Gram-negative bacteria in vegetables and fruit with a focus on the possible contamination pathways in fresh produce. | 2021 | 34946136 |
| 5028 | 2 | 0.9999 | The Current Burden of Carbapenemases: Review of Significant Properties and Dissemination among Gram-Negative Bacteria. Carbapenemases are β-lactamases belonging to different Ambler classes (A, B, D) and can be encoded by both chromosomal and plasmid-mediated genes. These enzymes represent the most potent β-lactamases, which hydrolyze a broad variety of β-lactams, including carbapenems, cephalosporins, penicillin, and aztreonam. The major issues associated with carbapenemase production are clinical due to compromising the activity of the last resort antibiotics used for treating serious infections, and epidemiological due to their dissemination into various bacteria across almost all geographic regions. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae have received more attention upon their first report in the early 1990s. Currently, there is increased awareness of the impact of nonfermenting bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as other Gram-negative bacteria that are carbapenemase-producers. Outside the scope of clinical importance, carbapenemases are also detected in bacteria from environmental and zoonotic niches, which raises greater concerns over their prevalence, and the need for public health measures to control consequences of their propagation. The aims of the current review are to define and categorize the different families of carbapenemases, and to overview the main lines of their spread across different bacterial groups. | 2020 | 32316342 |
| 4851 | 3 | 0.9999 | A global view on carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii are of increasing public health importance, as they are resistant to last-line antibiotics. International clones with well-characterized resistance genes dominate globally; however, locally, other lineages with different properties may be of importance to consider. This study investigated isolates from a broad geographic origin from 114 hospitals in 47 countries and from five world regions ensuring the greatest possible diversity in an organism known for its propensity for clonal epidemic spread and reflecting the current global epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. In Latin America, a lineage different from other geographic regions circulates, with a different resistance gene profile. This knowledge is important to adjust local infection prevention measures. In a global world with migration and increasing use of antimicrobials, multidrug-resistant bacteria will continue to adapt and challenge our healthcare systems worldwide. | 2023 | 37882512 |
| 4861 | 4 | 0.9999 | The Challenge of Global Emergence of Novel Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli ST131. Escherichia coli ST131 is one of the high-risk multidrug-resistant clones with a global distribution and the ability to persist and colonize in a variety of niches. Carbapenemase-producing E. coli ST131 strains with the ability to resist last-line antibiotics (i.e., colistin) have been recently considered a significant public health. Colistin is widely used in veterinary medicine and therefore, colistin-resistant bacteria can be transmitted from livestock to humans through food. There are several mechanisms of resistance to colistin, which include chromosomal mutations and plasmid-transmitted mcr genes. E. coli ST131 is a great model organism to investigate the emergence of superbugs. This microorganism has the ability to cause intestinal and extraintestinal infections, and its accurate identification as well as its antibiotic resistance patterns are vitally important for a successful treatment strategy. Therefore, further studies are required to understand the evolution of this resistant organism for drug design, controlling the evolution of other nascent emerging pathogens, and developing antibiotic stewardship programs. In this review, we will discuss the importance of E. coli ST131, the mechanisms of resistance to colistin as the last-resort antibiotic against resistant Gram-negative bacteria, reports from different regions regarding E. coli ST131 resistance to colistin, and the most recent therapeutic approaches against colistin-resistance bacteria. | 2021 | 33913748 |
| 2512 | 5 | 0.9999 | Understanding and addressing β-lactam resistance mechanisms in gram-negative bacteria in Lebanon: A scoping review. BACKGROUND: A growing threat to public health is the worldwide problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in which gram-negative organisms are playing a significant role. Antibiotic abuse and misuse, together with inadequate monitoring and control protocols, have contributed to the emergence of resistant strains. This global scenario prepares us to look more closely at the situation in Lebanon. The aim of this review is to investigate in detail the resistance mechanisms and related genes that are displayed by gram-negative organisms in Lebanon. METHODS: A comprehensive analysis was carried out to pinpoint and gather information regarding gram-negative bacteria displaying resistance to antibiotics. To contribute to a complete understanding of the current state of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative strains, it was intended to collect and evaluate data on these organisms' resistance patterns in a comprehensive manner. RESULTS: Several studies have emphasized the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in Lebanon, specifically noting Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae as the most frequent culprits, with OXA-48 and NDM-1 being the primary carbapenemases discovered. Furthermore, the TEM β-lactamase families are the primary source of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Shigella and Salmonella. Additionally, resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been linked to nosocomial infections in the country. CONCLUSION: There is a considerable frequency of antibiotic overuse and misuse in Lebanon, based to the limited data available on antibiotic consumption. In conclusion, antibiotic stewardship initiatives and additional research beyond the confines of single-center studies in Lebanon are needed. | 2025 | 39981361 |
| 5023 | 6 | 0.9999 | Fosfomycin resistance mechanisms in Enterobacterales: an increasing threat. Antimicrobial resistance is well-known to be a global health and development threat. Due to the decrease of effective antimicrobials, re-evaluation in clinical practice of old antibiotics, as fosfomycin (FOS), have been necessary. FOS is a phosphonic acid derivate that regained interest in clinical practice for the treatment of complicated infection by multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Globally, FOS resistant Gram-negative pathogens are raising, affecting the public health, and compromising the use of the antibiotic. In particular, the increased prevalence of FOS resistance (FOS(R)) profiles among Enterobacterales family is concerning. Decrease in FOS effectiveness can be caused by i) alteration of FOS influx inside bacterial cell or ii) acquiring antimicrobial resistance genes. In this review, we investigate the main components implicated in FOS flow and report specific mutations that affect FOS influx inside bacterial cell and, thus, its effectiveness. FosA enzymes were identified in 1980 from Serratia marcescens but only in recent years the scientific community has started studying their spread. We summarize the global epidemiology of FosA/C2/L1-2 enzymes among Enterobacterales family. To date, 11 different variants of FosA have been reported globally. Among acquired mechanisms, FosA3 is the most spread variant in Enterobacterales, followed by FosA7 and FosA5. Based on recently published studies, we clarify and represent the molecular and genetic composition of fosA/C2 genes enviroment, analyzing the mechanisms by which such genes are slowly transmitting in emerging and high-risk clones, such as E. coli ST69 and ST131, and K. pneumoniae ST11. FOS is indicated as first line option against uncomplicated urinary tract infections and shows remarkable qualities in combination with other antibiotics. A rapid and accurate identification of FOS(R) type in Enterobacterales is difficult to achieve due to the lack of commercial phenotypic susceptibility tests and of rapid systems for MIC detection. | 2023 | 37469601 |
| 4863 | 7 | 0.9999 | Carbapenem Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria: The Not-So-Little Problem in the Little Red Dot. Singapore is an international travel and medical hub and faces a genuine threat for import and dissemination of bacteria with broad-spectrum resistance. In this review, we described the current landscape and management of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in Singapore. Notably, the number of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae has exponentially increased in the past two years. Resistance is largely mediated by a variety of mechanisms. Polymyxin resistance has also emerged. Interestingly, two Escherichia coli isolates with plasmid-mediated mcr-1 genes have been detected. Evidently, surveillance and infection control becomes critical in the local setting where resistance is commonly related to plasmid-mediated mechanisms, such as carbapenemases. Combination antibiotic therapy has been proposed as a last-resort strategy in the treatment of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) GNB infections, and is widely adopted in Singapore. The diversity of carbapenemases encountered, however, presents complexities in both carbapenemase detection and the selection of optimal antibiotic combinations. One unique strategy introduced in Singapore is a prospective in vitro combination testing service, which aids physicians in the selection of individualized combinations. The outcome of this treatment strategy has been promising. Unlike countries with a predominant carbapenemase type, Singapore has to adopt management strategies which accounts for diversity in resistance mechanisms. | 2016 | 27681907 |
| 4855 | 8 | 0.9999 | Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae: an emerging problem in children. Antibiotic resistance among gram-negative bacteria has reached critical levels. The rise of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae carrying additional resistance genes to multiple antibiotic classes has created a generation of organisms nearly resistant to all available therapy. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections are known to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and these pathogens have now made their way to the most vulnerable populations, including children. This review provides a brief overview of CRE, with a focus on CRE infections in children, and highlights available data on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, carbapenemase types, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes of these multi-drug resistant infections in the pediatric population. | 2012 | 22700827 |
| 5025 | 9 | 0.9999 | An Update of Mobile Colistin Resistance in Non-Fermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli. Colistin, the last resort for multidrug and extensively drug-resistant bacterial infection treatment, was reintroduced after being avoided in clinical settings from the 1970s to the 1990s because of its high toxicity. Colistin is considered a crucial treatment option for Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are listed as critical priority pathogens for new antibiotics by the World Health Organization. The resistance mechanisms of colistin are considered to be chromosomally encoded, and no horizontal transfer has been reported. Nevertheless, in November 2015, a transmissible resistance mechanism of colistin, called mobile colistin resistance (MCR), was discovered. Up to ten families with MCR and more than 100 variants of Gram-negative bacteria have been reported worldwide. Even though few have been reported from Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp., it is important to closely monitor the epidemiology of mcr genes in these pathogens. Therefore, this review focuses on the most recent update on colistin resistance and the epidemiology of mcr genes among non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli, especially Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa. | 2022 | 35782127 |
| 6621 | 10 | 0.9998 | Global Emergence of Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Food Chains and Associated Food Safety Implications: A Review. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria represents one of the most important challenges for public health worldwide. Human infections from antimicrobial-resistant bacteria can be transmitted from person to person, via the environment (especially in the hospital environment), or via handling or eating contaminated foods. Colistin is well known as a last-resort antibiotic for the treatment of human infections; a recent study performed in the People's Republic of China has revealed that colistin resistance is also conferred by the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli. After that discovery, further plasmid-mediated, colistin resistance genes have been detected. However, to date, only reports on E. coli carrying the mcr-1 gene (E. coli mcr-1(+)) in foodstuff are available. E. coli mcr-1(+) has been isolated from food of animal origin and vegetables; this discovery has opened a debate among food safety experts. This review aims to provide a critical overview of the currently available scientific literature on the presence of the plasmid-mediated, colistin resistance gene E. coli mcr-1 in foodstuffs, focusing on the main implications and future perspectives for food safety. | 2019 | 31339371 |
| 4758 | 11 | 0.9998 | Development of New Tools to Detect Colistin-Resistance among Enterobacteriaceae Strains. The recent discovery of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene conferring resistance to colistin is of clinical concern. The worldwide screening of this resistance mechanism among samples of different origins has highlighted the urgent need to improve the detection of colistin-resistant isolates in clinical microbiology laboratories. Currently, phenotypic methods used to detect colistin resistance are not necessarily suitable as the main characteristic of the mcr genes is the low level of resistance that they confer, close to the clinical breakpoint recommended jointly by the CLSI and EUCAST expert systems (S ≤ 2 mg/L and R > 2 mg/L). In this context, susceptibility testing recommendations for polymyxins have evolved and are becoming difficult to implement in routine laboratory work. The large number of mechanisms and genes involved in colistin resistance limits the access to rapid detection by molecular biology. It is therefore necessary to implement well-defined protocols using specific tools to detect all colistin-resistant bacteria. This review aims to summarize the current clinical microbiology diagnosis techniques and their ability to detect all colistin resistance mechanisms and describe new tools specifically developed to assess plasmid-mediated colistin resistance. Phenotyping, susceptibility testing, and genotyping methods are presented, including an update on recent studies related to the development of specific techniques. | 2018 | 30631384 |
| 4871 | 12 | 0.9998 | Colistin: from the shadows to a One Health approach for addressing antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to human, animal and environmental health worldwide. Colistin has regained importance as a last-resort treatment against multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. However, colistin resistance has been reported in various Enterobacteriaceae species isolated from several sources. The 2015 discovery of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 (mobile colistin resistance) gene conferring resistance to colistin was a major concern within the scientific community worldwide. The global spread of this plasmid - as well as the subsequent identification of 10 MCR-family genes and their variants that catalyse the addition of phosphoethanolamine to the phosphate group of lipid A - underscores the urgent need to regulate the use of colistin, particularly in animal production. This review traces the history of colistin resistance and mcr-like gene identification, and examines the impact of policy changes regarding the use of colistin on the prevalence of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli and colistin-resistant E. coli from a One Health perspective. The withdrawal of colistin as a livestock growth promoter in several countries reduced the prevalence of colistin-resistant bacteria and its resistance determinants (e.g. mcr-1 gene) in farm animals, humans and the environment. This reduction was certainly favoured by the significant fitness cost associated with acquisition and expression of the mcr-1 gene in enterobacterial species. The success of this One Health intervention could be used to accelerate regulation of other important antimicrobials, especially those associated with bacterial resistance mechanisms linked to high fitness cost. The development of global collaborations and the implementation of sustainable solutions like the One Health approach are essential to manage AMR. | 2023 | 36640846 |
| 4856 | 13 | 0.9998 | An Overview on Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterisation of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales. Improper use of antimicrobials has resulted in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), including multi-drug resistance (MDR) among bacteria. Recently, a sudden increase in Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) has been observed. This presents a substantial challenge in the treatment of CRE-infected individuals. Bacterial plasmids include the genes for carbapenem resistance, which can also spread to other bacteria to make them resistant. The incidence of CRE is rising significantly despite the efforts of health authorities, clinicians, and scientists. Many genotypic and phenotypic techniques are available to identify CRE. However, effective identification requires the integration of two or more methods. Whole genome sequencing (WGS), an advanced molecular approach, helps identify new strains of CRE and screening of the patient population; however, WGS is challenging to apply in clinical settings due to the complexity and high expense involved with this technique. The current review highlights the molecular mechanism of development of Carbapenem resistance, the epidemiology of CRE infections, spread of CRE, treatment options, and the phenotypic/genotypic characterisation of CRE. The potential of microorganisms to acquire resistance against Carbapenems remains high, which can lead to even more susceptible drugs such as colistin and polymyxins. Hence, the current study recommends running the antibiotic stewardship programs at an institutional level to control the use of antibiotics and to reduce the spread of CRE worldwide. | 2022 | 36422214 |
| 6623 | 14 | 0.9998 | Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Chain and Livestock-Associated Salmonella Species. The rising trend of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by foodborne bacteria is a public health concern as these pathogens are easily transmitted to humans through the food chain. Non-typhoid Salmonella spp. is one of the leading foodborne pathogens which infect humans worldwide and is associated with food and livestock. Due to the lack of discovery of new antibiotics and the pressure exerted by antimicrobial resistance in the pharmaceutical industry, this review aimed to address the issue of antibiotic use in livestock which leads to AMR in Salmonella. Much attention was given to resistance to carbapenems and colistin which are the last-line antibiotics used in cases of multi drug resistant bacterial infections. In the present review, we highlighted data published on antimicrobial resistant Salmonella species and serovars associated with livestock and food chain animals. The importance of genomic characterization of carbapenem and colistin resistant Salmonella in determining the relationship between human clinical isolates and food animal isolates was also discussed in this review. Plasmids, transposons, and insertion sequence elements mediate dissemination of not only AMR genes but also genes for resistance to heavy metals and disinfectants, thus limiting the therapeutic options for treatment and control of Salmonella. Genes for resistance to colistin (mcr-1 to mcr-9) and carbapenem (blaVIM-1, blaDNM-1, and blaNDM-5) have been detected from poultry, pig, and human Salmonella isolates, indicating food animal-associated AMR which is a threat to human public health. Genotyping, plasmid characterization, and phylogenetic analysis is important in understanding the epidemiology of livestock-related Salmonella so that measures of preventing foodborne threats to humans can be improved. | 2021 | 33803844 |
| 1838 | 15 | 0.9998 | An overview of carbapenem-resistant organisms from food-producing animals, seafood, aquaculture, companion animals, and wildlife. Carbapenem resistance (CR) is a major global health concern. CR is a growing challenge in clinical settings due to its rapid dissemination and low treatment options. The characterization of its molecular mechanisms and epidemiology are highly studied. Nevertheless, little is known about the spread of CR in food-producing animals, seafood, aquaculture, wildlife, their environment, or the health risks associated with CR in humans. In this review, we discuss the detection of carbapenem-resistant organisms and their mechanisms of action in pigs, cattle, poultry, seafood products, companion animals, and wildlife. We also pointed out the One Health approach as a strategy to attempt the emergency and dispersion of carbapenem-resistance in this sector and to determine the role of carbapenem-producing bacteria in animals among human public health risk. A higher occurrence of carbapenem enzymes in poultry and swine has been previously reported. Studies related to poultry have highlighted P. mirabilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae as NDM-5- and NDM-1-producing bacteria, which lead to carbapenem resistance. OXA-181, IMP-27, and VIM-1 have also been detected in pigs. Carbapenem resistance is rare in cattle. However, OXA- and NDM-producing bacteria, mainly E. coli and A. baumannii, are cattle's leading causes of carbapenem resistance. A high prevalence of carbapenem enzymes has been reported in wildlife and companion animals, suggesting their role in the cross-species transmission of carbapenem-resistant genes. Antibiotic-resistant organisms in aquatic environments should be considered because they may act as reservoirs for carbapenem-resistant genes. It is urgent to implement the One Health approach worldwide to make an effort to contain the dissemination of carbapenem resistance. | 2023 | 37397005 |
| 4874 | 16 | 0.9998 | Mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes from 1 to 10: a comprehensive review. At the present time, the polymyxin antibiotic colistin is considered a last-line treatment option for severe human infections caused by multi-drug and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Lately, the vast spread of colistin resistance among bacteria has got great attention worldwide due to its significant role as the last refuge in treating diseases caused by the resistant infectious agents. Therefore, the discovery of plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes raised global public health concerns as they can spread by horizontal transfer and have chances of global dissemination. To date, ten slightly different variants of the mcr-1 gene (mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been identified in different bacteria isolated from animals, foods, farms, humans, and the environment. Therefore, the issue of mcr spread is growing and worsening day after day. In this backdrop, the current article presents an overview of mcr variants, their spread, and the resistance mechanisms they confer. Hence, this paper will advance our knowledge about colistin resistance while supporting the efforts toward better stewardship and proper usage of antimicrobials. | 2021 | 33839987 |
| 2513 | 17 | 0.9998 | Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli and their resistance determinants in the Eastern Mediterranean Region over the last decade. Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasing worldwide, which has led the World Health Organization (WHO) to list these bacteria in the critical priority pathogens group. Infections by such pathogens pose a serious threat to hospitalised patients and are associated with clinical and economic consequences. What worsens the case is the weak pipeline of available antimicrobial agents to treat such infections and the absence of new drugs. The aim of this review was to shed light on all studies tackling carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa in the Eastern Mediterranean region, with indication for each country, description of studies timeline, prevalence of carbapenem resistance, and carbapenem resistance-encoding genes detected in these countries. | 2021 | 33812049 |
| 4872 | 18 | 0.9998 | A Review on Colistin Resistance: An Antibiotic of Last Resort. Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant global public health issue, driven by the rapid adaptation of microorganisms to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Colistin, previously regarded as a last-resort antibiotic for treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, is increasingly becoming resistant due to chromosomal mutations and the acquisition of resistance genes carried by plasmids, particularly the mcr genes. The mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) was first discovered in E. coli from China in 2016. Since that time, studies have reported different variants of mcr genes ranging from mcr-1 to mcr-10, mainly in Enterobacteriaceae from various parts of the world, which is a major concern for public health. The co-presence of colistin-resistant genes with other antibiotic resistance determinants further complicates treatment strategies and underscores the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms driving colistin resistance and monitoring its global prevalence are essential steps in addressing the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and preserving the efficacy of existing antibiotics. This review underscores the critical role of colistin as a last-choice antibiotic, elucidates the mechanisms of colistin resistance and the dissemination of resistant genes, explores the global prevalence of mcr genes, and evaluates the current detection methods for colistin-resistant bacteria. The objective is to shed light on these key aspects with strategies for combating the growing threat of resistance to antibiotics. | 2024 | 38674716 |
| 2514 | 19 | 0.9998 | Characteristics of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen that can cause a range of infections in hospitalized patients. With the growing use of antibiotics, MDR K. pneumoniae is more prevalent, posing additional difficulties and obstacles in clinical therapy. To provide a valuable reference to deeply understand K. pneumoniae, and also to provide the theoretical basis for clinical prevention of such bacteria infections, the antibiotic resistance and mechanism of K. pneumoniae are discussed in this article. We conducted a literature review on antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae. We ran a thorough literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, among other databases. We also thoroughly searched the literature listed in the papers. We searched all antibiotic resistance mechanisms and genes of seven important antibiotics used to treat K. pneumoniae infections. Antibiotics such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and quinolones are used in the treatment of K. pneumoniae infection. With both chromosomal and plasmid-encoded ARGs, this pathogen has diverse resistance genes. Carbapenem resistance genes, enlarged-spectrum β-lactamase genes, and AmpC genes are the most often β-lactamase resistance genes. K. pneumoniae is a major contributor to antibiotic resistance worldwide. Understanding K. pneumoniae antibiotic resistance mechanisms and molecular characteristics will be important for the design of targeted prevention and novel control strategies against this pathogen. | 2023 | 37197355 |