Exploring the Role of the Environment as a Reservoir of Antimicrobial-Resistant Campylobacter: Insights from Wild Birds and Surface Waters. - Related Documents




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498501.0000Exploring the Role of the Environment as a Reservoir of Antimicrobial-Resistant Campylobacter: Insights from Wild Birds and Surface Waters. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health challenge, compromising bacterial infection treatments and necessitating robust surveillance and mitigation strategies. The overuse of antimicrobials in humans and farm animals has made them hotspots for AMR. However, the spread of AMR genes in wildlife and the environment represents an additional challenge, turning these areas into new AMR hotspots. Among the AMR bacteria considered to be of high concern for public health, Campylobacter has been the leading cause of foodborne infections in the European Union since 2005. This study examines the prevalence of AMR genes and virulence factors in Campylobacter isolates from wild birds and surface waters in Luxembourg. The findings reveal a significant prevalence of resistant Campylobacter strains, with 12% of C. jejuni from wild birds and 37% of C. coli from surface waters carrying resistance genes, mainly against key antibiotics like quinolones and tetracycline. This study underscores the crucial role of the environment in the spread of AMR bacteria and genes, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and control measures to curb AMR in wildlife and environmental reservoirs and reduce transmission risks to humans. This research supports One Health approaches to tackling antimicrobial resistance and protecting human, animal, and environmental health.202439203463
498910.9999A closer look on the variety and abundance of the faecal resistome of wild boar. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious problem for public and animal health, and also for the environment. Monitoring and reporting the occurrence of AMR determinants and bacteria with the potential to disseminate is a priority for health surveillance programs around the world and critical to the One Health concept. Wildlife is a reservoir of AMR, and human activities can strongly influence their resistome. The main goal of this work was to study the resistome of wild boar faecal microbiome, one of the most important game species in Europe using metagenomic and culturing approaches. The most abundant genes identified by the high-throughput qPCR array encode mobile genetic elements, including integrons, which can promote the dissemination of AMR determinants. A diverse set of genes (n = 62) conferring resistance to several classes of antibiotics (ARGs), some of them included in the WHO list of critically important antimicrobials were also detected. The most abundant ARGs confer resistance to tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. The phenotypic resistance of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were also investigated, and together supported the metagenomic results. As the wild boar is an omnivorous animal, it can be a disseminator of AMR bacteria and ARGs to livestock, humans, and the environment. This study supports that wild boar can be a key sentinel species in ecosystems surveillance and should be included in National Action Plans to fight AMR, adopting a One Health approach.202234710519
659320.9999Metagenomic analysis of human, animal, and environmental samples identifies potential emerging pathogens, profiles antibiotic resistance genes, and reveals horizontal gene transfer dynamics. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to global health. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has accelerated the emergence and spread of drug-resistant bacteria, compromising our ability to treat infectious diseases. A One Health approach is essential to address this urgent issue, recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. This study investigated the prevalence and transmission of AMR in a temporary settlement in Kathmandu, Nepal. By employing shotgun metagenomics, we analyzed a diverse range of samples, including human fecal samples, avian fecal samples, and environmental samples. Our analysis revealed a complex interplay of pathogenic bacteria, virulence factors (VF), and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) across these different domains. We identified a diverse range of bacterial species, including potential pathogens, in both human and animal samples. Notably, Prevotella spp. was the dominant gut bacterium in human samples. Additionally, we detected a wide range of phages and viruses, including Stx-2 converting phages, which can contribute to the virulence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains. Our analysis revealed the presence of 72 virulence factor genes and 53 ARG subtypes across the studied samples. Poultry samples exhibited the highest number of ARG subtypes, suggesting that the intensive use of antibiotics in poultry production may contribute to the dissemination of AMR. Furthermore, we observed frequent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events, with gut microbiomes serving as key reservoirs for ARGs. This study underscores the critical role of a One Health approach in addressing AMR. By integrating human, animal, and environmental health perspectives, we can better understand the complex dynamics of AMR and develop effective strategies for prevention and control. Our findings highlight the urgent need for robust surveillance systems, judicious antibiotic use, and improved hygiene practices to mitigate the impact of AMR on public health.202540204742
498830.9999Oh, deer! How worried should we be about the diversity and abundance of the faecal resistome of red deer? The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health. Antimicrobials are used in animal production and human medicine, which contribute to the circulation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. Wildlife can be reservoirs of pathogens and resistant bacteria. Furthermore, anthropogenic pressure can influence their resistome. This work aimed to study the AMR of the faecal microbiome of red deer, one of the most important game species in Europe. To this end, a high-throughput qPCR approach was employed to screen a high number of ARGs and the antimicrobial susceptibility of indicator bacteria was determined. Several genes that confer resistance to different classes of antibiotics were identified, with the most abundant being tetracycline ARGs. Other genes were also present that are considered current and future threats to human health, and some of these were relatively abundant. Multidrug-resistant E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were isolated, although the overall level of antibiotic resistance was low. These results highlight the pressing need to know the origin and transmission of AMR in wildlife. Thus, and considering the One Health concept, studies such as this one shows the need for surveillance programs to prevent the spread of drug-resistant strains and ARGs.202235151727
499740.9999Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria from Vegetable Foods. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a growing threat to global health, and its spread through the food chain is gaining increasing attention. While AMR in food of animal origin has been extensively studied, less is known about its prevalence in plant-based foods, particularly fresh and ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables. This study investigated the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in fresh and RTE vegetables. Isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular analyses for the characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). A significant proportion of samples were found to harbor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. Several ARGs, including those encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and resistance to critically important antimicrobials, were detected. The findings point to environmental contamination-potentially originating from wastewater reuse and agricultural practices-as a likely contributor to AMR dissemination in vegetables. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and ARGs in fresh produce raises concerns about food safety and public health. The current regulatory framework lacks specific criteria for monitoring AMR in vegetables, highlighting the urgent need for surveillance programs and risk mitigation strategies. This study contributes to a better understanding of AMR in the plant-based food sector and supports the implementation of a One Health approach to address this issue.202540732728
498450.9999Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in the local farm environment and livestock: challenges to mitigate antimicrobial resistance. The effectiveness of antibiotics has been challenged by the increasing frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AR), which has emerged as a major threat to global health. Despite the negative impact of AR on health, there are few effective strategies for reducing AR in food-producing animals. Of the antimicrobial resistant microorganisms (ARMs), extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are an emerging global threat due to their increasing prevalence in livestock, even in animals raised without antibiotics. Many reviews are available for the positive selection of AR associated with antibiotic use in livestock, but less attention has been given to how other factors including soil, water, manure, wildlife, and farm workers, are associated with the emergence of ESBL-producing bacteria. Understanding of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria transfer at the interfaces of livestock and other potential reservoirs will provide insights for the development of mitigation strategies for AR.202031976793
390360.9999Combining analytical epidemiology and genomic surveillance to identify risk factors associated with the spread of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a critical threat to public health worldwide. The use of antimicrobials in food and livestock agriculture, including the production of poultry, is thought to contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and the genes and plasmids that confer the resistant phenotype (ARG). However, the relative contribution of each of these processes to the emergence of resistant pathogens in poultry production and their potential role in the transmission of resistant pathogens in human infections, requires a deeper understanding of the dynamics of ARB and ARG in food production and the factors involved in the increased risk of transmission.202236748560
663370.9999Food Pathways of Salmonella and Its Ability to Cause Gastroenteritis in North Africa. Infections caused by human pathogenic bacteria in food sources pose significant and widespread concerns, leading to substantial economic losses and adverse impacts on public health. This review seeks to shed light on the recent literature addressing the prevalence of Salmonella in the food supply chains of North African countries. Additionally, it aims to provide an overview of the available information regarding health-related concerns, such as virulence genes, and the presence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. This review highlights a gap in our comprehensive understanding of Salmonella prevalence in the food supply chains of North African nations, with limited molecular characterization efforts to identify its sources. Studies at the molecular level across the region have shown the diversity of Salmonella strains and their virulence profiles, thus, these results show the difficulty of controlling Salmonella infections in the region. In addition, the discussion of antibiotic resistance makes it clear that there is a need for the development of comprehensive strategies to fight the potential threat of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella strains. Despite common reports on animal-derived foods in this region, this review underscores the persistent challenges that Salmonella may pose to food safety and public health in North African countries.202539856919
497980.9999Emerging threat: Antimicrobial resistance proliferation during epidemics - A case study of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in South Brazil. The escalating global concern of antimicrobial resistance poses a significant challenge to public health. This study delved into the occurrence of resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes in the waters and sediments of urban rivers and correlated this emergence and the heightened use of antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic. Isolating 45 antimicrobial-resistant bacteria across 11 different species, the study identifies prevalent resistance patterns, with ceftriaxone resistance observed in 18 isolates and ciprofloxacin resistance observed in 13 isolates. The detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, carbapenemases, and acquired quinolone resistance genes in all samples underscores the gravity of the situation. Comparison with a pre-pandemic study conducted in the same rivers in 2019 reveals the emergence of previously undetected new resistant species, and the noteworthy presence of new resistant species and alterations in resistance profiles among existing species. Notably, antimicrobial concentrations in rivers increased during the pandemic, contributing significantly to the scenario of antimicrobial resistance observed in these rivers. We underscore the substantial impact of heightened antimicrobial usage during epidemics, such as COVID-19, on resistance in urban rivers. It provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in environmental settings and calls for comprehensive approaches to combat this pressing global health issue, safeguarding both public and environmental health.202438581873
390090.9999Antimicrobial resistance pattern in domestic animal - wildlife - environmental niche via the food chain to humans with a Bangladesh perspective; a systematic review. BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern globally, but the impact is very deleterious in the context of Bangladesh. Recent review article on the AMR issue demonstrates the scenario in human medicine; unfortunately, no attempt was taken to address this as One Health issue. The antimicrobial resistance bacteria or genes are circulating in the fragile ecosystems and disseminate into human food chain through direct or indirect ways. In this systematic review we are exploring the mechanism or the process of development of resistance pathogen into human food chain via the domestic animal, wildlife and environmental sources in the context of One Health and future recommendation to mitigate this issue in Bangladesh. RESULTS: Tetracycline resistance genes were presenting in almost all sample sources in higher concentrations against enteric pathogen Escherichia coli. The second most significant antibiotics are amino-penicillin that showed resistant pattern across different source of samples. It is a matter of concerns that cephalosporin tends to acquire resistance in wildlife species that might be an indication of this antibiotic resistance gene or the pathogen been circulating in our surrounding environment though the mechanism is still unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Steps to control antibiotic release and environmental disposal from all uses should be immediate and obligatory. There is a need for detailed system biology analysis of resistance development in-situ.202032838793
4990100.9999From soil to surface water: exploring Klebsiella 's clonal lineages and antibiotic resistance odyssey in environmental health. In the last decade, the presence of resistant bacteria and resistance genes in the environment has been a cause for increasing concern. However, understanding of its contribution to the spread of bacteria remains limited, as the scarcity of studies on how and under what circumstances the environment facilitates the development of resistance poses challenges in mitigating the emergence and spread of mobile resistance factors. Antimicrobial resistance in the environment is considered one of the biggest challenges and threats currently emerging. Thus, monitoring the presence of antibiotic-resistant species, in this particular case, Klebsiella spp., in the environment can be an added value for understanding the epidemiology of infections caused by Klebsiella spp.. Investigating soils and waters as potential reservoirs and transmission vehicles for these bacteria is imperative. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to describe the main genetic lineages present in environmental samples, as well as to describe the multidrug resistance strains associated with each environmental source. The studies analyzed in this review reported a high diversity of species and strains of Klebsiella spp. in the environment. K. pneumoniae was the most prevalent species, both in soil and water samples, and, as expected, often presented a multi-resistant profile. The presence of K. pneumoniae ST11, ST15, and ST147 suggests human and animal origin. Concerning surface waters, there was a great diversity of species and STs of Klebsiella spp. These studies are crucial for assessing the environmental contribution to the spread of pathogenic bacteria.202540012032
4986110.9999Towards the standardization of Enterococcus culture methods for waterborne antibiotic resistance monitoring: A critical review of trends across studies. Antibiotic resistance is a major 21(st) century One Health (humans, animals, environment) challenge whose spread limits options to treat bacterial infections. There is growing interest in monitoring water environments, including surface water and wastewater, which have been identified as key recipients, pathways, and sources of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). Aquatic environments also facilitate the transmission and amplification of ARB. Enterococcus spp. often carry clinically-important antibiotic resistance genes and are of interest as environmental monitoring targets. Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive bacteria that are typically of fecal origin; however, they are also found in relevant environmental niches, with various species and strains that are opportunistic human pathogens. Although the value of environmental monitoring of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus has been recognized by both national and international organizations, lack of procedural standardization has hindered generation of comparable data needed to implement integrated surveillance programs. Here we provide a comprehensive methodological review to assess the techniques used for the culturing and characterization of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus across water matrices for the purpose of environmental monitoring. We analyzed 117 peer-reviewed articles from 33 countries across six continents. The goal of this review is to provide a critical analysis of (i) the various methods applied globally for isolation, confirmation, and speciation of Enterococcus isolates, (ii) the different methods for profiling antibiotic resistance among enterococci, and (iii) the current prevalence of resistance to clinically-relevant antibiotics among Enterococcus spp. isolated from various environments. Finally, we provide advice regarding a path forward for standardizing culturing of Enterococcus spp. for the purpose of antibiotic resistance monitoring in wastewater and wastewater-influenced waters within a global surveillance framework.202236466738
4998120.9999Microbial Contamination and Antibiotic Resistance in Fresh Produce and Agro-Ecosystems in South Asia-A Systematic Review. Fresh produce prone to microbial contamination is a potential reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), posing challenges to food safety and public health. This systematic review aims to comprehensively assess the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and the incidence of ARB/ARGs in fresh produce and agro-ecosystems across South Asia. Twenty-two relevant studies published between 2012 and 2022 from three major scientific databases and the grey literature were identified. The results revealed a wide occurrence of microbial contamination in various types of fresh produce across South Asia, with a predominance of E. coli (16/22), Salmonella spp. (13/22), Staphylococcus spp. (5/22), and Klebsiella spp. (4/22). The agro-ecosystem serves as a complex interface for microbial interactions; studies have reported the prevalence of E. coli (1/4), Salmonella spp. (1/4) and Listeria monocytogenes (1/4) in farm environment samples. A concerning prevalence of ARB has been reported, with resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. The presence of ARGs in fresh produce underscores the potential for gene transfer and the emergence of resistant pathogens. To conclude, our review provides insights into the requirements of enhanced surveillance, collaborative efforts, implementation of good agricultural practices, and public awareness for food safety and safeguarding public health in the region.202439597656
6602130.9999Environmental Risk Factors Contributing to the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in West Africa. Antibiotic resistance is a well-documented global health challenge that disproportionately impacts low- and middle-income countries. In 2019, the number of deaths attributed to and associated with antibiotic resistance in Western Sub-Saharan Africa was approximately 27 and 115 per 100,000, respectively, higher than in other regions worldwide. Extensive research has consistently confirmed the persistent presence and spread of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, among livestock, within food supply chains, and across various environmental contexts. This review documents the environmental risk factors contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance in West Africa. We collected studies from multiple West African countries using the Web of Science and PubMed databases. We screened them for factors associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes between 2018 and 2024. Our findings indicate that antibiotic resistance remains a significant concern in West Africa, with environmental pollution and waste management identified as major factors in the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes between 2018 and 2024. Additional contributing factors include poor hygiene, the use of antibiotics in agriculture, aquaculture, and animal farming, and the transmission of antibiotic resistance within hospital settings. Unfortunately, the lack of comprehensive genetic characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes hinders a thorough understanding of this critical issue in the region. Since antibiotic resistance transcends national borders and can spread within and between countries, it is essential to understand the environmental risk factors driving its dissemination in West African countries. Such understanding will be instrumental in developing and recommending effective strategies nationally and internationally to combat antibiotic resistance.202540284787
6701140.9999Current Insights Regarding the Role of Farm Animals in the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a global threat to both human and animal health and has received increasing attention over the years from different stakeholders. Certain AMR bacteria circulate between humans, animals, and the environment, while AMR genes can be found in all ecosystems. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of antimicrobial use in food-producing animals and to document the current status of the role of farm animals in the spread of AMR to humans. The available body of scientific evidence supported the notion that restricted use of antimicrobials in farm animals was effective in reducing AMR in livestock and, in some cases, in humans. However, most recent studies have reported that livestock have little contribution to the acquisition of AMR bacteria and/or AMR genes by humans. Overall, strategies applied on farms that target the reduction of all antimicrobials are recommended, as these are apparently associated with notable reduction in AMR (avoiding co-resistance between antimicrobials). The interconnection between human and animal health as well as the environment requires the acceleration of the implementation of the 'One Health' approach to effectively fight AMR while preserving the effectiveness of antimicrobials.202236136696
6604150.9999The spread of antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment from faecal pollution: a scoping review of a multifaceted issue. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern accelerated by the misuse and mismanagement of antibiotics in clinical and veterinary settings, leading to longer treatment times, increased costs and greater mortality rates. The environment can play a major role as a source and disseminator of AMR, with faecal pollution, from both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic sources making a significant contribution. The review aimed to identify how faecal pollution contributes to AMR in surface water, focusing on current methods of source tracking faecal pollution. The databases used were Medline Ovid® and Scopus. From the search, 744 papers from January 2020 to November 2023 were identified, and after the screening, 33 papers were selected that reported on AMR, aquatic environments and faecal pollution and were published in English. The studies were from six different continents, most were from Europe and Asia indicating faecal pollution is influenced by spatiotemporal differences such as population and sanitation infrastructure. Multiple different methodologies were used with a lack of standardised methods making comparability challenging. All studies identified AMR strains of faecal indicator bacteria showing resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics, particularly beta-lactams and tetracyclines. Few studies investigated mobile gene elements with class 1 integrons being the most frequently studied. Wastewater treatment plants were significant contributors, releasing large amounts of AMR bacteria into the environment. Environmental factors such as seasonal differences, temperature, rainfall and UV exposure, along with local antibiotic usage influenced the local resistome. Animals, both wild and domestic, introduced antimicrobial resistance genes and potential pathogens into the aquatic environment. Overall, faecal pollution is a complicated issue with multiple factors contributing to and facilitating the spread of AMR. Standardisation of methods and surveillance, robust wastewater management and further research into AMR dissemination are needed to address the human health, animal health and environmental concerns.202540131552
6707160.9999Investigating the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in the environment in Canada: a scoping review. Antimicrobial resistance is an environmental, agricultural, and public health problem that is impacting the health of humans and animals. The role of the environment as a source of and transmission pathway for antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes is a topic of increasing interest that, to date, has received limited attention. This study aimed to describe the sources and possible pathways contributing to antimicrobial resistance dissemination through bioaerosols, water, and soil in Canada using a scoping review methodology and systems thinking approach. A systems map was created to describe the occurrence and relationships between sources and pathways for antimicrobial resistance dissemination through water, soil, and bioaerosols. The map guided the development of the scoping review protocol, specifically the keywords searched and what data were extracted from the included studies. In total, 103 studies of antimicrobial resistance in water, 67 in soil, and 12 in air were identified. Studies to detect the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes have mainly been conducted at wastewater treatment plants and commercial animal livestock facilities. We also identified elements in the systems map with little or no data available (e.g., retail) that need to be investigated further to have a better understanding of antimicrobial resistance dissemination through different Canadian environments.202540279669
6627170.9998Antibiotic resistance profiles on pathogenic bacteria in the Brazilian environments. The present study aimed to elaborate a review of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in soil, food, aquatic environments, cattle, poultry, and swine farms in Brazil. Initially, the literature database for published papers from 2012 to 2023 was Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), U.S. National Library of Medicine (PubMed), and Google Scholar, through the descriptors: antimicrobial resistance, resistance profile, multidrug resistance, environmental bacteria, and pathogenic bacteria. The studies demonstrated the prevalence of pathogenic and resistant bacteria in environments that favor their rapid dissemination. Bacteria of medical importance, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., were present in samples from animal farms and foods, including cheese and milk, urban aquatic environments, hospital effluents, and shrimp farms. Studies suggested that important bacteria have been disseminated through different niches with easy contact with humans, animals, and food, demonstrating the danger of the emergence of increasingly difficult conditions for treating and controlling these infections. Thus, better understanding and characterizing the resistance profiles of bacteria in these regions, mainly referring to MDR bacteria, can help develop solutions to prevent the progression of this public health problem.202337043091
3899180.9998Overview of Evidence of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem. Bacteria carrying resistance genes can be transmitted between humans, animals and the environment. There are concerns that the widespread use of antimicrobials in the food chain constitutes an important source of AMR in humans, but the extent of this transmission is not well understood. The aim of this review is to examine published evidence on the links between antimicrobial use (AMU) in the food chain and AMR in people and animals. The evidence showed a link between AMU in animals and the occurrence of resistance in these animals. However, evidence of the benefits of a reduction in AMU in animals on the prevalence of resistant bacteria in humans is scarce. The presence of resistant bacteria is documented in the human food supply chain, which presents a potential exposure route and risk to public health. Microbial genome sequencing has enabled the establishment of some links between the presence of resistant bacteria in humans and animals but, for some antimicrobials, no link could be established. Research and monitoring of AMU and AMR in an integrated manner is essential for a better understanding of the biology and the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance.202032013023
4208190.9998Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain: Trends, Mechanisms, Pathways, and Possible Regulation Strategies. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains of major interest for different types of food stakeholders since it can negatively impact human health on a global scale. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and/or antimicrobial resistance genes (transfer in pathogenic bacteria) may contaminate food at any stage, from the field to retail. Research demonstrates that antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infection(s) occur more frequently in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in developed countries. Worldwide, foodborne pathogens are a primary cause of morbidity and mortality. The spread of pathogenic bacteria from food to consumers may occur by direct or indirect routes. Therefore, an array of approaches both at the national and international level to control the spread of foodborne pathogens and promote food safety and security are essential. Zoonotic microbes can spread through the environment, animals, humans, and the food chain. Antimicrobial drugs are used globally to treat infections in humans and animals and prophylactically in production agriculture. Research highlights that foods may become contaminated with AMR bacteria (AMRB) during the continuum from the farm to processing to retail to the consumer. To mitigate the risk of AMRB in humans, it is crucial to control antibiotic use throughout food production, both for animal and crop agriculture. The main inferences of this review are (1) routes by which AMRB enters the food chain during crop and animal production and other modes, (2) prevention and control steps for AMRB, and (3) impact on human health if AMR is not addressed globally. A thorough perspective is presented on the gaps in current systems for surveillance of antimicrobial use in food production and/ or AMR in the food chain.202236230040