# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 4886 | 0 | 1.0000 | Molecular diagnostics for genotypic detection of antibiotic resistance: current landscape and future directions. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria is an escalating public health emergency that has worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. When making antibiotic treatment decisions, clinicians rely heavily on determination of antibiotic susceptibility or resistance by the microbiology laboratory, but conventional methods often take several days to identify AMR. There are now several commercially available molecular methods that detect antibiotic resistance genes within hours rather than days. While these methods have limitations, they offer promise for optimizing treatment and patient outcomes, and reducing further emergence of AMR. This review provides an overview of commercially available genotypic assays that detect individual resistance genes and/or resistance-associated mutations in a variety of specimen types and discusses how clinical outcomes studies may be used to demonstrate clinical utility of such diagnostics. | 2023 | 36816746 |
| 4885 | 1 | 0.9999 | A Review of the Diagnostic Approaches for the Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Including the Role of Biosensors in Detecting Carbapenem Resistance Genes. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rapidly growing global concern resulting from the overuse of antibiotics in both agricultural and clinical settings, the lack of surveillance for resistant bacteria, and the low quality of some available antimicrobial agents. Resistant pathogens are no longer susceptible to common clinical antimicrobials, which decreases the effectiveness of medicines used to treat infections caused by these organisms. Carbapenems are an important class of antibiotics due to their broad-spectrum effectiveness in treating infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria have been found not only in healthcare but also in the environment and food supply chain, where they have the potential to spread to pathogens and infect humans and animals. Current methods of detecting AMR genes are expensive and time-consuming. While these methods, like polymerase chain reactions or whole-genome sequencing, are considered the "gold standard" for diagnostics, the development of inexpensive, rapid diagnostic assays is necessary for effective AMR detection and management. Biosensors have shown potential for success in diagnostic testing due to their ease of use, inexpensive materials, rapid results, and portable nature. Biosensors can be combined with nanomaterials to produce sensitive and easily interpretable results. This review presents an overview of carbapenem resistance, current and emerging detection methods of antimicrobial resistance, and the application of biosensors for rapid diagnostic testing for bacterial resistance. | 2025 | 40725449 |
| 4888 | 2 | 0.9999 | A Review of Carbapenem Resistance in Enterobacterales and Its Detection Techniques. Infectious disease outbreaks have caused thousands of deaths and hospitalizations, along with severe negative global economic impacts. Among these, infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms are a major growing concern. The misuse and overuse of antimicrobials have resulted in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are among the bacteria that need urgent attention globally. The emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant bacteria are mainly due to the rapid dissemination of genes that encode carbapenemases through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The rapid dissemination enables the development of host colonization and infection cases in humans who do not use the antibiotic (carbapenem) or those who are hospitalized but interacting with environments and hosts colonized with carbapenemase-producing (CP) bacteria. There are continuing efforts to characterize and differentiate carbapenem-resistant bacteria from susceptible bacteria to allow for the appropriate diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of infections. This review presents an overview of the factors that cause the emergence of AMR, particularly CRE, where they have been reported, and then, it outlines carbapenemases and how they are disseminated through humans, the environment, and food systems. Then, current and emerging techniques for the detection and surveillance of AMR, primarily CRE, and gaps in detection technologies are presented. This review can assist in developing prevention and control measures to minimize the spread of carbapenem resistance in the human ecosystem, including hospitals, food supply chains, and water treatment facilities. Furthermore, the development of rapid and affordable detection techniques is helpful in controlling the negative impact of infections caused by AMR/CRE. Since delays in diagnostics and appropriate antibiotic treatment for such infections lead to increased mortality rates and hospital costs, it is, therefore, imperative that rapid tests be a priority. | 2023 | 37374993 |
| 4889 | 3 | 0.9999 | The Challenge of Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance in Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: "Attack on Titan". The global burden of bacterial resistance remains one of the most serious public health concerns. Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in critically ill patients require immediate empirical treatment, which may not only be ineffective due to the resistance of MDR bacteria to multiple classes of antibiotics, but may also contribute to the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Both the WHO and the ECDC consider carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) to be the highest priority. The ability to form biofilm and the acquisition of multiple drug resistance genes, in particular to carbapenems, have made these pathogens particularly difficult to treat. They are a growing cause of healthcare-associated infections and a significant threat to public health, associated with a high mortality rate. Moreover, co-colonization with these pathogens in critically ill patients was found to be a significant predictor for in-hospital mortality. Importantly, they have the potential to spread resistance using mobile genetic elements. Given the current situation, it is clear that finding new ways to combat antimicrobial resistance can no longer be delayed. The aim of this review was to evaluate the literature on how these pathogens contribute to the global burden of AMR. The review also highlights the importance of the rational use of antibiotics and the need to implement antimicrobial stewardship principles to prevent the transmission of drug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings. Finally, the review discusses the advantages and limitations of alternative therapies for the treatment of infections caused by these "titans" of antibiotic resistance. | 2023 | 37630472 |
| 4887 | 4 | 0.9999 | Mechanisms of Bacterial Drug Resistance with Special Emphasis on Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase. Antibiotics are designed to effectively treat bacterial infections while minimizing harm to the human body. They work by targeting specific components of bacteria or by disrupting essential processes such as cell wall synthesis, membrane function, protein production, and metabolic pathways. However, the misuse and overuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of drug resistance in humans, animals, and agriculture, contributing to the global spread of this problem. Drug resistance can be either innate or acquired, with acquired resistance involving changes in the bacterial chromosomes or transferable elements. Bacterial species employ various mechanisms of drug resistance, including modifying the antibiotic targets, inactivating the drug, reducing uptake or increasing efflux, overexpressing the target, utilizing alternative pathways, and forming biofilms. One significant concern in the realm of drug resistance revolves around the emergence and proliferation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), a gene that is found in most gram-negative bacteria, primarily carried by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in healthcare settings. ESBL-mediated resistance poses challenges for diagnosis, treatment, infection control, and antibiotic stewardship. Accurate detection of ESBL genes is crucial, and phenotypic methods are commonly used for initial screening. However, these methods have limitations, and confirmatory molecular techniques such as PCR and DNA sequencing are employed to accurately identify ESBL genes. Despite the significant global concerns surrounding ESBLs, they have spread worldwide, mainly facilitated by healthcare settings, inappropriate antimicrobial use, and host susceptibility. Addressing this issue requires implementing comprehensive measures, including enhanced surveillance, strict infection control practices, antibiotic stewardship programs, rapid diagnostic methods, alternative therapies, public education initiatives, and research focused on developing new drugs. Furthermore, collaboration among the healthcare, public health, and research sectors is pivotal in effectively combating the escalating threat posed by ESBL-mediated resistance. Antibiotics have revolutionized medical care by effectively treating bacterial infections. However, the emergence of ESBL gene resistance poses a global challenge that requires an integrated approach to prevent a threatening future. | 2024 | 38700878 |
| 4329 | 5 | 0.9999 | Bacterial resistance: new threats, new challenges. Bacterial resistance remains a major concern. Recently, genetic transfers from saprophytic, non-pathogenic, species to pathogenic S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis have introduced multiple changes in the penicillin target molecules, leading to rapidly growing penicillin resistance. In enterobacteriaceae, a succession of minute mutations has generated new beta-lactamases with increasingly expanded spectrum, now covering practically all available beta-lactam antibiotics. Resistance emerges in the hospital environment but also, and increasingly, in the community bacteria. Widespread resistance is probably associated with antibiotic use, abuse and misuse but direct causality links are difficult to establish. In some countries as in some hospitals, unusual resistance profiles seem to correspond to unusual antibiotic practices. For meeting the resistance challenge, no simple solutions are available, but combined efforts may help. For improving the situation, the following methods can be proposed. At the world level, a better definition of appropriate antibiotic policies should be sought, together with strong education programmes on the use of antibiotics and the control of cross-infections, plus controls on the strategies used by pharmaceutical companies for promoting antibiotics. At various local levels, accurate guidelines should be adapted to each institution and there should be regularly updated formularies using scientific, and not only economic, criteria; molecular technologies for detecting subtle epidemic variations and emergence of new genes should be developed and regular information on the resistance profiles should be available to all physicians involved in the prevention and therapy of infections. | 1993 | 8149138 |
| 4328 | 6 | 0.9998 | Bugs for the next century: the issue of antibiotic resistance. OBJECTIVE: To address the issue of emerging antibiotic resistance and examine which organisms will continue to pose problems in the new century. METHODS: Review of articles pertaining to bacteria recognised for increasing resistance. RESULTS: Changing resistance patterns are correlated with patterns of antibiotic use. This results in fewer effective drugs against "old" established bacteria e.g. gram-positives such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Resistance in gram-negative bacteria is also steadily increasing. Nosocomial gram-negative bacteria are capable of many different resistance mechanisms, often rendering them multiply-resistant. Antibiotic resistance results in morbidity and mortality from treatment failures and increased health care costs. CONCLUSION: Despite extensive research and enormous resources spent, the pace of drug development has not kept up with the development of resistance. As resistance spreads, involving more and more organisms, there is concern that we may be nearing the end of the antimicrobial era. Measures that can and should be taken to counter this threat of antimicrobial resistance include co-ordinated surveillance, rational antibiotic usage, better compliance with infection control and greater use of vaccines. | 2001 | 11379419 |
| 4300 | 7 | 0.9998 | A review: antimicrobial resistance data mining models and prediction methods study for pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobials have paved the way for medical and social development over the last century and are indispensable for treating infections in humans and animals. The dramatic spread and diversity of antibiotic-resistant pathogens have significantly reduced the efficacy of essentially all antibiotic classes and is a global problem affecting human and animal health. Antimicrobial resistance is influenced by complex factors such as resistance genes and dosing, which are highly nonlinear, time-lagged and multivariate coupled, and the amount of resistance data is large and redundant, making it difficult to predict and analyze. Based on machine learning methods and data mining techniques, this paper reviews (1) antimicrobial resistance data storage and analysis techniques, (2) antimicrobial resistance assessment methods and the associated risk assessment methods for antimicrobial resistance, and (3) antimicrobial resistance prediction methods. Finally, the current research results on antimicrobial resistance and the development trend are summarized to provide a systematic and comprehensive reference for the research on antimicrobial resistance. | 2021 | 34522024 |
| 4890 | 8 | 0.9998 | Understanding of Colistin Usage in Food Animals and Available Detection Techniques: A Review. Progress in the medical profession is determined by the achievements and effectiveness of new antibiotics in the treatment of microbial infections. However, the development of multiple-drug resistance in numerous bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria, has limited the treatment options. Due to this resistance, the resurgence of cyclic polypeptide drugs like colistin remains the only option. The drug, colistin, is a well-known growth inhibitor of Gram-negative bacteria like Acinetobacter baumanni, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Technological advancements have uncovered the role of the mcr-1(mobilized colistin resistance) gene, which is responsible for the development of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, which make them distinct from other bacteria without this gene. Additionally, food animals have been determined to be the reservoir for colistin resistance microbes, from which they spread to other hosts. Due to the adverse effects of colistin, many developed countries have prohibited its usage in animal foods, but developing countries are still using colistin in animal food production, thereby imposing a major risk to the public health. Therefore, there is a need for implementation of sustainable measures in livestock farms to prevent microbial infection. This review highlights the negative effects (increased resistance) of colistin consumption and emphasizes the different approaches used for detecting colistin in animal-based foods as well as the challenges associated with its detection. | 2020 | 33081121 |
| 4292 | 9 | 0.9998 | The impact of different antibiotic regimens on the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. BACKGROUND: The emergence and ongoing spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a major public health threat. Infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are associated with substantially higher rates of morbidity and mortality compared to infections caused by antimicrobial-susceptible bacteria. The emergence and spread of these bacteria is complex and requires incorporating numerous interrelated factors which clinical studies cannot adequately address. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A model is created which incorporates several key factors contributing to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria including the effects of the immune system, acquisition of resistance genes and antimicrobial exposure. The model identifies key strategies which would limit the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains. Specifically, the simulations show that early initiation of antimicrobial therapy and combination therapy with two antibiotics prevents the emergence of resistant bacteria, whereas shorter courses of therapy and sequential administration of antibiotics promote the emergence of resistant strains. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The principal findings suggest that (i) shorter lengths of antibiotic therapy and early interruption of antibiotic therapy provide an advantage for the resistant strains, (ii) combination therapy with two antibiotics prevents the emergence of resistance strains in contrast to sequential antibiotic therapy, and (iii) early initiation of antibiotics is among the most important factors preventing the emergence of resistant strains. These findings provide new insights into strategies aimed at optimizing the administration of antimicrobials for the treatment of infections and the prevention of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. | 2008 | 19112501 |
| 4299 | 10 | 0.9998 | Antibiotic resistance mechanism and diagnosis of common foodborne pathogens based on genotypic and phenotypic biomarkers. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to the overuse or inappropriate use of antibiotics has become a significant public health concern. The agri-food chain, which serves as a vital link between the environment, food, and human, contributes to the large-scale dissemination of antibiotic resistance, posing a concern to both food safety and human health. Identification and evaluation of antibiotic resistance of foodborne bacteria is a crucial priority to avoid antibiotic abuse and ensure food safety. However, the conventional approach for detecting antibiotic resistance heavily relies on culture-based methods, which are laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop accurate and rapid tools for diagnosing antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance at both phenotypic and genetic levels, with a focus on identifying potential biomarkers for diagnosing antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens. Furthermore, an overview of advances in the strategies based on the potential biomarkers (antibiotic resistance genes, antibiotic resistance-associated mutations, antibiotic resistance phenotypes) for antibiotic resistance analysis of foodborne pathogens is systematically exhibited. This work aims to provide guidance for the advancement of efficient and accurate diagnostic techniques for antibiotic resistance analysis in the food industry. | 2023 | 37222539 |
| 9797 | 11 | 0.9998 | Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Gram-Positive Bacteria. The prevalence of resistance in Gram-positive bacterial infections is rapidly rising, presenting a pressing global challenge for both healthcare systems and economies. The WHO categorizes these bacteria into critical, high, and medium priority groups based on the urgency for developing new antibiotics. While the first priority pathogen list was issued in 2017, the 2024 list remains largely unchanged. Despite six years having passed, the progress that has been made in developing novel treatment approaches remains insufficient, allowing antimicrobial resistance to persist and worsen on a global scale. Various strategies have been implemented to address this growing threat by targeting specific resistance mechanisms. This review evaluates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram-positive bacteria, highlighting its critical impact on global health due to the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens. It focuses on the unique cell wall structure of Gram-positive bacteria, which influences their identification and susceptibility to antibiotics. The review explores the mechanisms of AMR, including enzymatic inactivation, modification of drug targets, limiting drug uptake, and increased drug efflux. It also examines the resistance strategies employed by high-priority Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecium, as identified in the WHO's 2024 priority list. | 2024 | 39766587 |
| 4891 | 12 | 0.9998 | From food to hospital: we need to talk about Acinetobacter spp. Some species of the genus Acinetobacter are admittedly important hospital pathogens. Additionally, various animal and plant foods have been linked to the presence of Acinetobacter, including resistant strains. However, due to isolation difficulties and the lack of official standard methods, there is a dearth of work and epidemiological data on foodborne diseases caused by this microorganism. Considering that Acinetobacter spp. may represent a serious public health problem, especially because of their resistance to carbapenems and colistin, and because of the fact that these pathogens may transfer resistance genes to other bacteria, studies are needed to evaluate the pathogenicity of both food and clinical isolates and to search for them using control strategies, such as the adoption of more efficient disinfection measures and use of antimicrobial substances (AMS). In contrast, AMS production by strains of the genus Acinetobacter has already been described, and its potential for application against other Gram-negative food or clinical pathogens, reveals a new field to be explored. | 2020 | 33134199 |
| 4330 | 13 | 0.9998 | Decolonization of asymptomatic carriage of multi-drug resistant bacteria by bacteriophages? Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human and animal health and accounted for up to 4.5 million deaths worldwide in 2019. Asymptomatic colonization of the digestive tract by multidrug resistant (multi-resistant) bacteria such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-, or carbapenemase- producing Enterobacterales is (i) a risk factor for infection by these multi-resistant bacteria, (ii) a risk factor of dissemination of these multi-resistant bacteria among patients and in the community, and (iii) allows the exchange of resistance genes between bacteria. Hence, decolonization or reduction of the gastrointestinal tract colonization of these multi-resistant bacteria needs to be urgently explored. Developing new non-antibiotic strategies to limit or eradicate multi-resistant bacteria carriage without globally disrupting the microbiota is considered a priority to fight against antibiotic resistance. Probiotics or Fecal Microbiota Transplantation are alternative strategies to antibiotics that have been considered to decolonize intestinal tract from MDR bacteria but there is currently no evidence demonstrating their efficacy. Lytic bacteriophages are viruses that kill bacteria and therefore could be considered as a promising strategy to combat antibiotic resistance. Successful decolonization by bacteriophages has already been observed clinically. Here, we discuss the current alternative strategies considered to decolonize the digestive tract of multidrug resistant bacteria, briefly describing probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation approaches, and then detail the in vivo and in vitro studies using bacteriophages, while discussing their limits regarding the animal models used, the characteristics of phages used and their activity in regards of the gut anatomy. | 2023 | 38075897 |
| 6613 | 14 | 0.9998 | Approaches for characterizing and tracking hospital-associated multidrug-resistant bacteria. Hospital-associated infections are a major concern for global public health. Infections with antibiotic-resistant pathogens can cause empiric treatment failure, and for infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria which can overcome antibiotics of "last resort" there exists no alternative treatments. Despite extensive sanitization protocols, the hospital environment is a potent reservoir and vector of antibiotic-resistant organisms. Pathogens can persist on hospital surfaces and plumbing for months to years, acquire new antibiotic resistance genes by horizontal gene transfer, and initiate outbreaks of hospital-associated infections by spreading to patients via healthcare workers and visitors. Advancements in next-generation sequencing of bacterial genomes and metagenomes have expanded our ability to (1) identify species and track distinct strains, (2) comprehensively profile antibiotic resistance genes, and (3) resolve the mobile elements that facilitate intra- and intercellular gene transfer. This information can, in turn, be used to characterize the population dynamics of hospital-associated microbiota, track outbreaks to their environmental reservoirs, and inform future interventions. This review provides a detailed overview of the approaches and bioinformatic tools available to study isolates and metagenomes of hospital-associated bacteria, and their multi-layered networks of transmission. | 2021 | 33582841 |
| 9806 | 15 | 0.9998 | Resistance of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Overcoming Approaches. The discovery of antibiotics has created a turning point in medical interventions to pathogenic infections, but unfortunately, each discovery was consistently followed by the emergence of resistance. The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria has generated a great challenge to treat infections caused by bacteria with the available antibiotics. Today, research is active in finding new treatments for multidrug-resistant pathogens. In a step to guide the efforts, the WHO has published a list of the most dangerous bacteria that are resistant to current treatments and requires the development of new antibiotics for combating the resistance. Among the list are various Gram-positive bacteria that are responsible for serious healthcare and community-associated infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae are of particular concern. The resistance of bacteria is an evolving phenomenon that arises from genetic mutations and/or acquired genomes. Thus, antimicrobial resistance demands continuous efforts to create strategies to combat this problem and optimize the use of antibiotics. This article aims to provide a review of the most critical resistant Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, their mechanisms of resistance, and the new treatments and approaches reported to circumvent this problem. | 2020 | 32586045 |
| 9790 | 16 | 0.9998 | Emerging antibiotic resistance: carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria. Bad new bugs, still no new drugs. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health security threat requiring actions across government sectors and society. Many factors are involved in this phenomenon, being overuse of antibiotics, incorrect antibiotic prophylaxis, and use of antibiotics for zootechnic reasons the main causes of the increasing rate of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The impact of resistance to antimicrobials is an important threat due also to the emergence of MDR Gram-negative bacteria resistant to carbapenems, and the lack of the research for new active molecules. The production of extended spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes has been the first threatening mechanism for Gram-negative resistance to antibiotics, which prompted the development of new classes of antibiotics such as carbapenems. Unfortunately, resistance to carbapenems developed because of multiple mechanisms including efflux pumps, porin mutations and enzyme production, being the latter particularly relevant in terms of diffusion due to the genes located within plasmids that drive their horizontal diffusion. In this scenario, antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) are a mandatory resource in fighting the resistance spread. The reduction of total amount of antibiotics administration in the hospital setting and guiding prescribers in the correct administration of antibiotics for the smallest period possible, at the correct dosage, can be defined as the first goals of an ASP. Anyway, in an efficacious ASP, apart from antibiotic administration, efforts must been made in ensuring the lowest probability of spreading of MDR by efficacious measures of isolation of carriers, and by offering tools for a rapid diagnosis of viral infections avoiding the administration of unnecessary antibiotics. A continuous audit of the ASP programs and a correct assessment of the allergy to drugs such as penicillin have to complete the program. Currently, only a few options are available for patients with an infection sustained by Gram-negative MDR bacteria. All the options actually available are based on the administration of colystin, an old drug whose real efficacy is reduced due to its relevant toxicity, or on the administration of recently proposed drugs such as ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftazidime-avibactam and meropenem-vaborbactam. All these new drugs do not have a novel mechanism of action and have limited spectrum in term of activity against MDR bacteria. In conclusion, antimicrobial resistance is a global emergence and AMP is the most powerful tool actually available. Few limited options are available to treat infections due to Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteria. Antimicrobial molecules with true novel mechanism of action are needed to win the fight against antimicrobial resistance. | 2019 | 31846984 |
| 6624 | 17 | 0.9998 | Water as a Source of Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are one of the most common patient complications, affecting 7% of patients in developed countries each year. The rise of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria has been identified as one of the biggest global health challenges, resulting in an estimated 23,000 deaths in the US annually. Environmental reservoirs for AMR bacteria such as bed rails, light switches and doorknobs have been identified in the past and addressed with infection prevention guidelines. However, water and water-related devices are often overlooked as potential sources of HAI outbreaks. This systematic review examines the role of water and water-related devices in the transmission of AMR bacteria responsible for HAIs, discussing common waterborne devices, pathogens, and surveillance strategies. AMR strains of previously described waterborne pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium spp., and Legionella spp. were commonly isolated. However, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae that are not typically associated with water were also isolated. Biofilms were identified as a hot spot for the dissemination of genes responsible for survival functions. A limitation identified was a lack of consistency between environmental screening scope, isolation methodology, and antimicrobial resistance characterization. Broad universal environmental surveillance guidelines must be developed and adopted to monitor AMR pathogens, allowing prediction of future threats before waterborne infection outbreaks occur. | 2020 | 32824770 |
| 4893 | 18 | 0.9998 | Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella flexneri. Due to their propensity for causing diarrheal illnesses and their rising susceptibility to antimicrobials, Shigella infections constitute a serious threat to global public health. This extensive study explores the frequency, antibiotic resistance, genetic evolution, and effects of Shigella infections on vulnerable groups. The research covers a wide range of geographical areas and sheds information on how the prevalence of Shigella species is evolving. Shigella strain antimicrobial resistance patterns are thoroughly examined. Multidrug resistance (MDR) has been found to often occur in investigations, especially when older antimicrobials are used. The improper use of antibiotics in China is blamed for the quick emergence of resistance, and variations in resistance rates have been seen across different geographical areas. Shigella strains' genetic makeup can be used to identify emerging trends and horizontal gene transfer's acquisition of resistance genes. Notably, S. sonnei exhibits the capacity to obtain resistance genes from nearby bacteria, increasing its capacity for infection. The study also emphasizes the difficulties in accurately serotyping Shigella strains due to inconsistencies between molecular and conventional serology. These results highlight the necessity of reliable diagnostic methods for monitoring Shigella infections. In conclusion, this study emphasizes how dynamic Shigella infections are, with varying patterns of occurrence, changing resistance landscapes, and genetic adaptability. In addition to tackling the rising problem of antibiotic resistance in Shigella infections, these findings are essential for guiding efforts for disease surveillance, prevention, and treatment. | 2024 | 38435906 |
| 4302 | 19 | 0.9998 | Control of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Control of the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is essential for the appropriate use of antibiotics for prophylaxis and treatment of infections. Hospitals are regarded as the place where antibiotic-resistant bacteria might often develop. Control of antibiotic use in hospitals is therefore one of the most important measures for effective control of antibiotic resistance. Another effective means to control antibiotic resistance is to develop a surveillance programme on a national, and international scale. This would be of great assistance, especially for forecasting future changes in the resistance of bacteria. The prevention of disease by measures other than the use of antibiotics could also reduce antibiotic resistance.This Memorandum of the WHO Scientific Working Group on Antibiotic Resistance describes the measures for controlling the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by (a) the surveillance of antibiotic resistance, including surveillance of resistance in human pathogens and resistance determinants in the general population, and (b) control of antibiotic use in hospitals, the essential elements of which are the establishment of appropriate hospital antibiotic policy, elaboration of general strategy, and the monitoring of antibiotic use. Further research needs are also described and a number of areas are indicated where research might lead to improvements in antibiotic use and in methods for the containment of resistance. Guidelines for the appropriate use of antibiotics are presented in an Annex. | 1983 | 6603916 |