# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 4858 | 0 | 1.0000 | Successful interventions for gram-negative resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactam antiobiotics. Antibiotic resistance among nosocomial pathogens in this country's hospitals adds significantly to patient morbidity and mortality, and the cost of health care. Optimism for identifying antimicrobial agents that would "solve the problem" of resistance has been replaced by a much more guarded and realistic view of the battle between humans and pathogenic microorganisms. Efforts now are more appropriately directed toward limiting, rather than completely eliminating, resistance, generally by either infection control or antibiotic control measures, and sometime combinations of the two. Methicillin-oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) results from the expression of an acquired penicillin-binding protein (PBP 2a) that is not transferable in vitro. In most hospitals, even those with high percentages of MRSA, relatively few resistant clones are identified, suggesting transmission of individual strains throughout the hospital population. Because person-to-person spread is so important in transmission of MRSA, strategies aimed at preventing transmission of the resistant strains are remarkably effective when strictly enforced. Ceftazidime resistance in Enterobacteriaceae results from point mutations within genes that encode widely prevalent and often transferable plasmid-mediated enzymes. In addition, mutations of these genes that allow hydrolysis of cephalosporins usually result in decreased activity against other drugs, including the penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors. Effective measures to control ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae have as their cornerstone limiting administration of antibiotics that select for the emergence and spread of these mutations, especially ceftazidime. The importance of infection-control techniques in limiting the prevalence of ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is less well established. Methods that are informed by a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance and resistance spread offer the best hope for limiting dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a cost-effective manner. | 1999 | 10456609 |
| 4857 | 1 | 0.9999 | The emergence of bacterial resistance and its influence on empiric therapy. The discovery of antimicrobial agents had a major impact on the rate of survival from infections. However, the changing patterns of antimicrobial resistance caused a demand for new antibacterial agents. Within a few years of the introduction of penicillin, the majority of staphylococci were resistant to that drug. In the 1960s the production of the semisynthetic penicillins provided an answer to the problem of staphylococcal resistance. In the early 1960s most Escherichia coli were susceptible to the new beta-lactam antibiotic ampicillin; by the end of that decade, plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase resistance was found in 30%-50% of hospital-acquired E. coli. Use of certain agents resulted in the selection of bacteria, such as Klebsiella, that are intrinsically resistant to ampicillin. The original cephalosporins were stable to beta-lactamase, but the use of these agents was in part responsible for the appearance of infections due to Enterobacter species, Citrobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria, as well as Serratia, were resistant to many of the available beta-lactam agents. Aminoglycosides initially provided excellent activity against most of the facultative gram-negative bacteria. However, the widespread dissemination of the genes that cause production of the aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes altered the use of those agents. Clearly, the evolution of bacterial resistance has altered the prescribing patterns for antimicrobial agents. Knowledge that beta-lactam resistance to ampicillin or cephalothin is prevalent is causing physicians to select as empiric therapy either a combination of two or more agents or agents to which resistance is uncommon. The new cephalosporins offer a broad spectrum of anti-bacterial activity coupled with low toxicity. However, physicians must closely follow the changing ecology of bacteria when these agents are used, because cephalosporins can also select bacteria resistant to themselves and thereby abolish their value as empiric therapy. | 1983 | 6342103 |
| 4869 | 2 | 0.9999 | Horizontal gene transfer-emerging multidrug resistance in hospital bacteria. The frequency and spectrum of antibiotic resistant infections have increased worldwide during the past few decades. This increase has been attributed to a combination of microbial characteristics, the selective pressure of antimicrobial use, and social and technical changes that enhance the transmission of resistant organisms. The resistance is acquired by mutational change or by the acquisition of resistance-encoding genetic material which is transferred from another bacteria. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes may be causally related to the overuse of antibiotics in human health care and in animal feeds, increased use of invasive devices and procedures, a greater number of susceptible hosts, and lapses in infection control practices leading to increased transmission of resistant organisms. The resistance gene sequences are integrated by recombination into several classes of naturally occurring gene expression cassettes and disseminated within the microbial population by horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: transformation, conjugation or transduction. In the hospital, widespread use of antimicrobials in the intensive care units (ICU) and for immunocompromised patients has resulted in the selection of multidrug-resistant organisms. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci, vancomycin resistant Enterococci and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram negative bacilli are identified as major problem in nosocomial infections. Recent surveillance studies have demonstrated trend towards more seriously ill patients suffering from multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections. Emergence of multiresistant bacteria and spread of resistance genes should enforce the application of strict prevention strategies, including changes in antibiotic treatment regimens, hygiene measures, infection prevention and control of horizontal nosocomial transmission of organisms. | 2003 | 12791177 |
| 4754 | 3 | 0.9999 | Enterococci and streptococci. Besides Staphylococcus aureus, other Gram-positive bacteria have become multidrug-resistant and cause therapeutic problems, particularly amongst hospitalised patients. The acquisition of vancomycin resistance by strains of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis is of particular concern and has resulted in treatment failures. Some of the infections caused by these bacteria do respond to treatment with new antibiotics that have been released in the last few years, however more options are required as not all enterococci are inherently susceptible and resistance is beginning to emerge amongst those that were susceptible. Resistance to commonly used antibiotics is also emerging in Streptococcus spp., particularly to the tetracyclines and macrolides. In both genera, multiresistant strains spread between patients and between hospitals. In the laboratory, these bacteria show considerable susceptibility to tigecycline, with little propensity to develop resistance, indicating that tigecycline could assume an important role in controlling infections caused by these Gram-positive bacteria. | 2007 | 17659211 |
| 4317 | 4 | 0.9999 | Development and spread of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents: an overview. Resistance to antimicrobial agents is emerging in a wide variety of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. The emergence and spread of multiply resistant organisms represent the convergence of a variety of factors that include mutations in common resistance genes that extend their spectrum of activity, the exchange of genetic information among microorganisms, the evolution of selective pressures in hospitals and communities that facilitate the development and spread of resistant organisms, the proliferation and spread of multiply resistant clones of bacteria, and the inability of some laboratory testing methods to detect emerging resistance phenotypes. Twenty years ago, bacteria that were resistant to antimicrobial agents were easy to detect in the laboratory because the concentration of drug required to inhibit their growth was usually quite high and distinctly different from that of susceptible strains. Newer mechanisms of resistance, however, often result in much more subtle shifts in bacterial population distributions. Perhaps the most difficult phenotypes to detect, as shown in several proficiency testing surveys, are decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams in pneumococci and decreased susceptibility to vancomycin in staphylococci. In summary, emerging resistance has required adaptations and modifications of laboratory diagnostic techniques, empiric anti-infective therapy for such diseases as bacterial meningitis, and infection control measures in health care facilities of all kinds. Judicious use is imperative if we are to preserve our arsenal of antimicrobial agents into the next decade. | 2001 | 11524705 |
| 9791 | 5 | 0.9999 | Beta-lactam resistance and the effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides against KPC-producing bacteria. Bacterial resistance is a problem that is giving serious cause for concern because bacterial strains such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are difficult to treat and highly opportunistic. These bacteria easily acquire resistance genes even from other species, which confers greater persistence and tolerance towards conventional antibiotics. These bacteria have the highest death rate in hospitalized intensive care patients, so strong measures must be taken. In this review, we focus on the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as an alternative to traditional drugs, due to their rapid action and lower risk of generating resistance by microorganisms. We also present an overview of beta-lactams and explicitly explain the activity of AMPs against carbapenemase-producing bacteria as potential alternative agents for infection control. | 2022 | 36042694 |
| 4797 | 6 | 0.9999 | Antibiotic resistance among clinically important gram-positive bacteria in the UK. The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, particularly those used for first-line therapy, is an increasing cause for concern. In the UK, the prevalence of resistance to methicillin and mupirocin in Staphylococcus aureus, and to penicillin and macrolides in Streptococcus pneumoniae, appear to be increasing. There has also been an increase in the number of hospitals where glycopeptide-resistant enterococci are known to have been isolated. The increases in methicillin-resistant S. aureus and glycopeptide-resistant enterococci are due, in part, to the inter-hospital spread of epidemic strains. Although new quinolones and streptogramins with activity against Gram-positive bacteria (including strains resistant to currently available agents) are under development, there is no reason to believe that resistance to these agents will not emerge. The control of resistance in Gram-positive bacteria will require a multi-faceted approach, including continued and improved surveillance, a reduction in the unnecessary use of antibiotics, and the application of other strategies such as vaccination. | 1998 | 9777517 |
| 4318 | 7 | 0.9999 | Emerging problems of antibiotic resistance in community medicine. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with community acquired infections has made the choice of empirical therapy more difficult and more expensive. The problems due to possible spread of MRSA to the community, emergence of penicillin resistance in S. pneumoniae, ampicillin resistance in H. influenzae, and multiresistance among common enteric pathogens are highlighted. Bacteria have a remarkable ability to develop resistance to many of the newly synthesized antimicrobial agents but the appropriate use of antibiotics will delay and in many cases prevent the emergence of resistance. | 1996 | 10879217 |
| 4314 | 8 | 0.9999 | Cephalosporin resistance among animal-associated Enterobacteria: a current perspective. Beta-lactam antimicrobials are an important class of drugs used for the treatment of infection. Resistance can arise by several mechanisms, including the acquisition of genes encoding beta-lactamases from other bacteria, alterations in cell membrane permeability and over expression of endogenous beta-lactamases. The acquisition of beta-lactamase resistance genes by both Salmonella and Escherichia coli appears to be on the rise, which may pose potential problems for the treatment of infections in both human and animal medicine. The prudent use of clinically important antimicrobials is therefore critical to maintain their effectiveness. Where possible, the use of newer generation cephalosporins should be limited in veterinary medicine. | 2005 | 15954857 |
| 4795 | 9 | 0.9999 | Epidemiology and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review updates epidemiologic trends and our understanding of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. RECENT FINDINGS: Colonization and infection rates with vancomycin resistant enterococci continue to increase throughout the world while factors contributing to this rise continue to be defined. While no interventions exist to eradicate colonization, infection control procedures are cost effective and decrease the prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococcal colonization and infection. New molecular methods show great promise in strengthening our ability to detect colonization with these bacteria. Furthermore, our understanding of the origin of vancomycin resistant enterococci continues to grow. Paenibacillus species found in soil have been found to carry homologues of vanA-associated glycopeptide resistance genes found in enterococci. Also, additional evidence supports previous data that VanB-associated resistance may have been horizontally transferred from gastrointestinal tract bacteria to enterococci. Finally, glycopeptide resistance has been transferred to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in clinical practice on several occasions. SUMMARY: The prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococci will likely continue to increase. Implementation of infection control strategies, in conjunction with deployment of advanced technologies for detection of vancomycin resistant enterococci, may curb this rise. The emergence of vancomycin resistant S. aureus is of concern. | 2005 | 16258324 |
| 4870 | 10 | 0.9998 | Emergent Polymyxin Resistance: End of an Era? Until recently, the polymyxin antibiotics were sparingly used due to dose limiting toxicities. However, the lack of therapeutic alternatives for infections caused by highly resistant Gram-negative bacteria has led to the increased use of the polymyxins. Unfortunately, in the last decade the world has witnessed increased rates of polymyxin resistance, which is likely in part due to its irrational use in human and veterinary medicine. The spread of polymyxin-resistance has been aided by the dissemination of the transferable polymyxin-resistance gene, mcr, in humans and the environment. The mortality of colistin-resistant bacteria infections varies in different reports. However, poor clinical outcome was associated with prior colistin treatment, illness severity, complications and multidrug resistance. Detection of polymyxin-resistance in the clinic is possible through multiple robust and practical tests including broth microdilution susceptibility testing, chromogenic agar testing, and molecular biology assays. There are multiple risk factors that increase a person's risk for infection with a polymyxin-resistant bacteria including age, prior colistin treatment, hospitalization and ventilator support. For patients that are determined to be infected by polymyxin-resistant bacteria, various antibiotic treatment options currently exist. The rising trend of polymyxin-resistance threatens patient care and warrants an effective control. | 2019 | 31420655 |
| 4316 | 11 | 0.9998 | Why do antimicrobial agents become ineffectual? Antibiotic resistance has evolved over the past 50 years from a merely microbiological curiosity to a serious medical problem in hospitals all over the world. Resistance has been reported in almost all species of gram-positive and -negative bacteria to various classes of antibiotics including recently developed ones. Bacteria acquire resistance by reducing permeability and intracellular accumulation, by alteration of targets of antibiotic action, and by enzymatic modification of antibiotics. Inappropriate use of an antibiotic selects resistant strains much more frequently. Once resistant bacteria has emerged, the resistance can be transferred to other bacteria by various mechanisms, resulting in multiresistant strains. MRSA is one of the typical multiresistant nosocomial pathogens. A study of the PFGE pattern of endonuclease-digested chromosomal DNA showed that MRSA of a few clones were disseminated among newborns in the NICU of a Japanese hospital. In this regard, it is important to choose appropriate antibiotics and then after some time, to change to other classes to reduce the selection of resistant strains. Since the development of epoch-making new antibiotics is not expected in the near future, it has become very important to use existing antibiotics prudently based on mechanisms of antibiotic action and bacterial resistance. Control of nosocomial infection is also very important to reduce further spread of resistant bacteria. | 1998 | 10097676 |
| 4794 | 12 | 0.9998 | Resistance to antibiotics used in dermatological practice. The increased prevalence of bacterial resistance is one of the major problems of medicine today. Antibiotic resistance can be defined as the situation where the minimal inhibitory concentration is greater than the concentration obtainable in vivo. Resistance genes are easily transferred among bacteria, especially bacteria on skin and mucous membranes. In dermatological patients the most important resistance problems are found among staphylococci, Propionibacterium acnes and, to some extent, streptococci. Staphylococcus aureus strains have developed worldwide resistance to penicillin due to betalactamase production in > 90% of cases, and methicillin resistance is now a major problem with resistance levels of > 50% in certain areas of the world. These resistant strains are often multiresistant, and include resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline, with resistance to quinolone developing rapidly. Group A streptococci are still susceptible to penicillin, but increasing problems with erythromycin and tetracycline have been reported. After treatment with both systemic and oral antibiotics, P. acnes develops resistance in more than 50% of cases, and it is estimated that one in four acne patients harbours strains resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin. To limit the development of antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to establish an antibiotic policy (prescription rules, reimbursement strategy, development of both national and local guidelines, and limitations on non-medical use). Clinicians also need access to rapid diagnostic methods, including resistance testing. This may provide further data for surveillance systems, reporting both antibiotic consumption and resistance levels. The involvement of clinical doctors in teaching and research in this area is probably the most important aspect, along with their involvement in the formulation of national and local guidelines. In the future we may consider it more important to ensure that future patients can be offered antibiotic treatment, rather than focusing on the patient presenting today. | 1998 | 9990406 |
| 4753 | 13 | 0.9998 | Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Enterococci, a part of normal gut flora, are not particularly pathogenic organisms in humans. For example, they do not cause respiratory tract infections. The most frequent enterococcal infections are urinary tract infections. Despite their lack of pathogenicity, enterococci have emerged as significant nosocomial pathogens in the United States and elsewhere. Enterococci are formidable pathogens because of their resistance to antimicrobial agents. Enterococci are intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam agents and aminoglycosides and were the first bacteria to acquire vancomycin resistance. Infection control measures have been far from effective at preventing the dissemination of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the hospital. Therapy for infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci presents real challenges. Most isolates remain susceptible to nitrofurantoin, but this agent is useful only for urinary tract infections. The greatest threat posed by vancomycin-resistant enterococci is the potential to transfer their resistance genes to more pathogenic gram-positive bacteria, which could produce truly frightening pathogens. | 1998 | 9597252 |
| 4796 | 14 | 0.9998 | The specter of glycopeptide resistance: current trends and future considerations. Two glycopeptide antibiotics, vancomycin and teicoplanin, are currently available for clinical use in various parts of the world, whereas a third, avoparcin, is available for use in agricultural applications and in veterinary medicine in some countries. Because of their outstanding activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive bacteria, vancomycin and teicoplanin have often been considered the drugs of "last resort" for serious infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Glycopeptides had been in clinical use for almost 30 years before high-level resistance, first reported in enterococcal species, emerged. More recently, there have been disturbing reports of low- and intermediate-level resistance to vancomycin in strains of Staphylococcus aureus. A review of earlier reports reveals, however, that S. aureus strains with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides were first identified >40 years ago. Such strains may occur in nature or may have developed low-level mutational resistance in response to the selection pressure of glycopeptide therapy. Of considerably greater concern is the possibility that vancomycin resistance genes found in enterococci may be transferred to more virulent organisms such as staphylococci or Streptococcus pneumoniae. | 1998 | 9684651 |
| 4865 | 15 | 0.9998 | Molecular mechanisms related to colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Colistin is an effective antibiotic for treatment of most multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. It is used currently as a last-line drug for infections due to severe Gram-negative bacteria followed by an increase in resistance among Gram-negative bacteria. Colistin resistance is considered a serious problem, due to a lack of alternative antibiotics. Some bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacteriaceae members, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Klebsiella spp. have an acquired resistance against colistin. However, other bacteria, including Serratia spp., Proteus spp. and Burkholderia spp. are naturally resistant to this antibiotic. In addition, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of colistin resistance among multidrug-resistant bacteria and development through mutation or adaptation mechanisms. Rapidly emerging bacterial resistance has made it harder for us to rely completely on the discovery of new antibiotics; therefore, we need to have logical approaches to use old antibiotics, such as colistin. This review presents current knowledge about the different mechanisms of colistin resistance. | 2019 | 31190901 |
| 4862 | 16 | 0.9998 | Genetic Factors That Contribute to Antibiotic Resistance through Intrinsic and Acquired Bacterial Genes in Urinary Tract Infections. The overprescribing and misuse of antibiotics have led to the rapid development of multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as those that cause UTIs. UTIs are the most common outpatient infections and are mainly caused by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., although some Gram-positive bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been isolated in many cases. The rise of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern, as it is predicted to lead to increased healthcare costs and poor patient outcomes and is expected to be the leading cause of global mortality by 2050. Antibiotic resistance among bacterial species can arise from a myriad of factors, including intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms, as well as mobile genetic elements, such as transposons, integrons, and plasmids. Plasmid-mediated resistance is of major concern as drug-resistance genes can quickly and efficiently spread across bacterial species via horizontal gene transfer. The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) such as NDM-1, OXA, KPC, and CTX-M family members has conferred resistance to many commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of UTIs, including penicillins, carbapenems, cephalosporins, and sulfamethoxazole. This review will focus on plasmid-mediated bacterial genes, especially those that encode ESBLs, and how they contribute to antibiotic resistance. Early clinical detection of these genes in patient samples will provide better treatment options and reduce the threat of antibiotic resistance. | 2023 | 37374909 |
| 6620 | 17 | 0.9998 | The growing burden of antimicrobial resistance. Since the first usage of antimicrobials, the burden of resistance among bacteria has progressively increased and has accelerated within the last 10 years. Antibiotic resistance genes were present at very low levels prior to the introduction of antibiotics and it is largely the selective pressure of antibiotic use and the resulting exposure of bacteria, not only in humans but also in companion and food animals and the environment, which has caused the rise. The increasing mobility across the globe of people, food and animals is another factor. Examples of this are the international pandemic of different genotypes of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (particularly CTX-M-14 and -15) and the emergence of the carbapenemase KPC-1 in both the USA and Israel. This review details examples of both the emergence and dissemination through different genetic routes, both direct and indirect selective pressure, of significance resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus species, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas/Acinetobacter. The response made by society to reduce resistance involves surveillance, reduced usage, improved infection control and the introduction of new antimicrobial agents. Although efforts are being made in all these areas, there is an urgent need to increase the effectiveness of these interventions or some bacterial infections will become difficult if not impossible to treat reliably. | 2008 | 18684701 |
| 9790 | 18 | 0.9998 | Emerging antibiotic resistance: carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria. Bad new bugs, still no new drugs. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health security threat requiring actions across government sectors and society. Many factors are involved in this phenomenon, being overuse of antibiotics, incorrect antibiotic prophylaxis, and use of antibiotics for zootechnic reasons the main causes of the increasing rate of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The impact of resistance to antimicrobials is an important threat due also to the emergence of MDR Gram-negative bacteria resistant to carbapenems, and the lack of the research for new active molecules. The production of extended spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes has been the first threatening mechanism for Gram-negative resistance to antibiotics, which prompted the development of new classes of antibiotics such as carbapenems. Unfortunately, resistance to carbapenems developed because of multiple mechanisms including efflux pumps, porin mutations and enzyme production, being the latter particularly relevant in terms of diffusion due to the genes located within plasmids that drive their horizontal diffusion. In this scenario, antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) are a mandatory resource in fighting the resistance spread. The reduction of total amount of antibiotics administration in the hospital setting and guiding prescribers in the correct administration of antibiotics for the smallest period possible, at the correct dosage, can be defined as the first goals of an ASP. Anyway, in an efficacious ASP, apart from antibiotic administration, efforts must been made in ensuring the lowest probability of spreading of MDR by efficacious measures of isolation of carriers, and by offering tools for a rapid diagnosis of viral infections avoiding the administration of unnecessary antibiotics. A continuous audit of the ASP programs and a correct assessment of the allergy to drugs such as penicillin have to complete the program. Currently, only a few options are available for patients with an infection sustained by Gram-negative MDR bacteria. All the options actually available are based on the administration of colystin, an old drug whose real efficacy is reduced due to its relevant toxicity, or on the administration of recently proposed drugs such as ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftazidime-avibactam and meropenem-vaborbactam. All these new drugs do not have a novel mechanism of action and have limited spectrum in term of activity against MDR bacteria. In conclusion, antimicrobial resistance is a global emergence and AMP is the most powerful tool actually available. Few limited options are available to treat infections due to Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteria. Antimicrobial molecules with true novel mechanism of action are needed to win the fight against antimicrobial resistance. | 2019 | 31846984 |
| 4891 | 19 | 0.9998 | From food to hospital: we need to talk about Acinetobacter spp. Some species of the genus Acinetobacter are admittedly important hospital pathogens. Additionally, various animal and plant foods have been linked to the presence of Acinetobacter, including resistant strains. However, due to isolation difficulties and the lack of official standard methods, there is a dearth of work and epidemiological data on foodborne diseases caused by this microorganism. Considering that Acinetobacter spp. may represent a serious public health problem, especially because of their resistance to carbapenems and colistin, and because of the fact that these pathogens may transfer resistance genes to other bacteria, studies are needed to evaluate the pathogenicity of both food and clinical isolates and to search for them using control strategies, such as the adoption of more efficient disinfection measures and use of antimicrobial substances (AMS). In contrast, AMS production by strains of the genus Acinetobacter has already been described, and its potential for application against other Gram-negative food or clinical pathogens, reveals a new field to be explored. | 2020 | 33134199 |