# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 4135 | 0 | 1.0000 | Bacterial monopolists: the bundling and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes in gram-positive bacteria. Antibiotic resistance is the unavoidable result of our placing selective pressure on the microbial community. Advances in molecular biology techniques in the past 2 decades have allowed us to greatly improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which resistance emerges and disseminates among human pathogenic bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria employ a diverse array of elements, including plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences, and bacteriophages, to disseminate resistance. An understanding of these mechanisms and their prevalence can improve our ability to treat clinical infections in hospitalized patients, as well as to predict and control the spread of resistant bacteria in the nosocomial environment. | 2000 | 11017827 |
| 4244 | 1 | 0.9998 | Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat are becoming increasingly common and are causing a global health crisis. Antibiotic resistance is encoded by several genes, many of which can transfer between bacteria. New resistance mechanisms are constantly being described, and new genes and vectors of transmission are identified on a regular basis. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which bacteria are either intrinsically resistant or acquire resistance to antibiotics, including the prevention of access to drug targets, changes in the structure and protection of antibiotic targets and the direct modification or inactivation of antibiotics. | 2015 | 25435309 |
| 4131 | 2 | 0.9998 | R plasmid transfer. This paper is a brief survey of the systems of genetic exchange in bacteria relevant to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. Emphasis is given to those systems most likely to be important in nature, particularly conjugation. Several recently described examples of conjugation in Gram-positive bacteria are discussed and contrasted with the better studied examples in Gram-negative bacteria. | 1986 | 3542931 |
| 9464 | 3 | 0.9998 | Why is antibiotic resistance a deadly emerging disease? Evolution of bacteria towards resistance to antimicrobial agents, including multidrug resistance, is unavoidable because it represents a particular aspect of the general evolution of bacteria that is unstoppable. Therefore, the only means of dealing with this situation is to delay the emergence and subsequent dissemination of resistant bacteria or resistance genes. In this review, we will consider the biochemical mechanisms and the genetics that bacteria use to offset antibiotic selective pressure. The data provided are mainly, if not exclusively, taken from the work carried out in the laboratory, although there are numerous other examples in the literature. | 2016 | 26806259 |
| 4039 | 4 | 0.9998 | Acquired antibiotic resistance genes: an overview. In this review an overview is given on antibiotic resistance (AR) mechanisms with special attentions to the AR genes described so far preceded by a short introduction on the discovery and mode of action of the different classes of antibiotics. As this review is only dealing with acquired resistance, attention is also paid to mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons, which are associated with AR genes, and involved in the dispersal of antimicrobial determinants between different bacteria. | 2011 | 22046172 |
| 4137 | 5 | 0.9998 | The Prehistory of Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a global problem that is reaching crisis levels. The global collection of resistance genes in clinical and environmental samples is the antibiotic "resistome," and is subject to the selective pressure of human activity. The origin of many modern resistance genes in pathogens is likely environmental bacteria, including antibiotic producing organisms that have existed for millennia. Recent work has uncovered resistance in ancient permafrost, isolated caves, and in human specimens preserved for hundreds of years. Together with bioinformatic analyses on modern-day sequences, these studies predict an ancient origin of resistance that long precedes the use of antibiotics in the clinic. Understanding the history of antibiotic resistance is important in predicting its future evolution. | 2016 | 27252395 |
| 4090 | 6 | 0.9998 | Ancient Resistome. Antibiotic resistance is an ancient biological mechanism in bacteria, although its proliferation in our contemporary world has been amplified through antimicrobial therapy. Recent studies conducted on ancient environmental and human samples have uncovered numerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. The resistance genes that have been reported from the analysis of ancient bacterial DNA include genes coding for several classes of antibiotics, such as glycopeptides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, and macrolides. The investigation of the resistome of ancient bacteria is a recent and emerging field of research, and technological advancements such as next-generation sequencing will further contribute to its growth. It is hoped that the knowledge gained from this research will help us to better understand the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes and will also be used in drug design as a proactive measure against antibiotic resistance. | 2016 | 27726801 |
| 9465 | 7 | 0.9998 | Antimicrobial drug resistance: "Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future". Evolution of bacteria towards resistance to antimicrobial drugs, including multidrug resistance, is unavoidable because it represents a particular aspect of the general evolution of bacteria that is unstoppable. Therefore, the only means of dealing with this situation is to delay the emergence and subsequent dissemination of resistant bacteria or resistance genes. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs in bacteria can result from mutations in housekeeping structural or regulatory genes. Alternatively, resistance can result from the horizontal acquisition of foreign genetic information. The 2 phenomena are not mutually exclusive and can be associated in the emergence and more efficient spread of resistance. This review discusses the predictable future of the relationship between antimicrobial drugs and bacteria. | 2005 | 16318687 |
| 4058 | 8 | 0.9998 | Antimicrobial resistance: a complex issue. The discovery of antibiotics represented a turning point in human history. However, by the late 1950s infections that were difficult to treat, involving resistant bacteria, were being reported. Nowadays, multiresistant strains have become a major concern for public and animal health. Antimicrobial resistance is a complex issue, linked to the ability of bacteria to adapt quickly to their environment. Antibiotics, and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and determinants, existed before the discovery and use of antibiotics by humans. Resistance to antimicrobial agents is a tool that allows bacteria to survive in the environment, and to develop. Resistance genes can be transferred between bacteria by horizontal transfer involving three mechanisms: conjugation, transduction and transformation. Resistant bacteria can emerge in any location when the appropriate conditions develop. Antibiotics represent a powerful selector for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Reducing the use of antimicrobial drugs is one way to control antimicrobial resistance; however, a full set of measures needs to be implemented to achieve this aim. | 2012 | 22849265 |
| 4089 | 9 | 0.9998 | Genetic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii: background, challenges and future prospects. With the advent of the multidrug-resistant era, many opportunistic pathogens including the species Acinetobacter baumannii have gained prominence and pose a major global threat to clinical health care. Pathogenicity in bacteria is genetically regulated by a complex network of transcription and virulence factors and a brief overview of the major investigations on comprehending these processes over the past few decades in A. baumanni are compiled here. Many investigators have employed genome sequencing techniques to identify the regions that contribute to antibiotic resistance and comparative genomics to study sequence similarities to understand evolutionary trends of resistance gene transfers between isolates. A summary of these studies given here provides an insight into the invasion and successful colonization of the species. The individual roles played by different genes, regulators & promoters, enzymes, metal ions as well as mobile elements in influencing antibiotic resistance are briefly discussed. Precautionary measures and prospects for developing future strategies by exploring promising new research targets in effective control of multidrug resistant A. baumannii are also analyzed. | 2020 | 32303957 |
| 4240 | 10 | 0.9998 | Genetics of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistant strains of bacteria are an increasing threat to animal and human health. Resistance mechanisms to circumvent the toxic action of antimicrobials have been identified and described for all known antimicrobials currently available for clinical use in human and veterinary medicine. Acquired bacterial antibiotic resistance can result from the mutation of normal cellular genes, the acquisition of foreign resistance genes, or a combination of these two mechanisms. The most common resistance mechanisms employed by bacteria include enzymatic degradation or alteration of the antimicrobial, mutation in the antimicrobial target site, decreased cell wall permeability to antimicrobials, and active efflux of the antimicrobial across the cell membrane. The spread of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons has greatly contributed to the rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among several bacterial genera of human and veterinary importance. Antimicrobial resistance genes have been shown to accumulate on mobile elements, leading to a situation where multidrug resistance phenotypes can be transferred to a susceptible recipient via a single genetic event. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial pathogens has severe implications for the future treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in both animals and humans. The versatility with which bacteria adapt to their environment and exchange DNA between different genera highlights the need to implement effective antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programs in both human and veterinary medicine. | 2006 | 17127523 |
| 4136 | 11 | 0.9998 | Flies as Vectors and Potential Sentinels for Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review. The unique biology of flies and their omnipresence in the environment of people and animals makes them ideal candidates to be important vectors of antimicrobial resistance genes. Consequently, there has been increasing research on the bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes that are carried by flies and their role in the spread of resistance. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the transmission of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes by flies, and the roles flies might play in the maintenance, transmission, and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. | 2022 | 35737352 |
| 9480 | 12 | 0.9998 | Antibiotic resistance: it's bad, but why isn't it worse? Antibiotic natural products are ancient and so is resistance. Consequently, environmental bacteria harbor numerous and varied antibiotic resistance elements. Nevertheless, despite long histories of antibiotic production and exposure, environmental bacteria are not resistant to all known antibiotics. This means that there are barriers to the acquisition of a complete resistance armamentarium. The sources, distribution, and movement of resistance mechanisms in different microbes and bacterial populations are mosaic features that act as barriers to slow this movement, thus moderating the emergence of bacterial pan-resistance. This is highly relevant to understanding the emergence of resistance in pathogenic bacteria that can inform better antibiotic management practices and influence new drug discovery. | 2017 | 28915805 |
| 9487 | 13 | 0.9998 | Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance revisited. Antibiotic resistance is a global health emergency, with resistance detected to all antibiotics currently in clinical use and only a few novel drugs in the pipeline. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that bacteria use to resist the action of antimicrobials is critical to recognize global patterns of resistance and to improve the use of current drugs, as well as for the design of new drugs less susceptible to resistance development and novel strategies to combat resistance. In this Review, we explore recent advances in understanding how resistance genes contribute to the biology of the host, new structural details of relevant molecular events underpinning resistance, the identification of new resistance gene families and the interactions between different resistance mechanisms. Finally, we discuss how we can use this information to develop the next generation of antimicrobial therapies. | 2023 | 36411397 |
| 4242 | 14 | 0.9998 | The basis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The ability of bacteria to resist the inhibitory and lethal actions of antibiotics is a major clinical problem, and has been observed with every antimicrobial agent. In this article, the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are reviewed, and the clinical relevance of such resistance in selected bacteria is discussed. | 1990 | 2192071 |
| 4047 | 15 | 0.9998 | Integron involvement in environmental spread of antibiotic resistance. The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a growing problem and a public health issue. In recent decades, various genetic mechanisms involved in the spread of resistance genes among bacteria have been identified. Integrons - genetic elements that acquire, exchange, and express genes embedded within gene cassettes (GC) - are one of these mechanisms. Integrons are widely distributed, especially in Gram-negative bacteria; they are carried by mobile genetic elements, plasmids, and transposons, which promote their spread within bacterial communities. Initially studied mainly in the clinical setting for their involvement in antibiotic resistance, their role in the environment is now an increasing focus of attention. The aim of this review is to provide an in-depth analysis of recent studies of antibiotic-resistance integrons in the environment, highlighting their potential involvement in antibiotic-resistance outside the clinical context. We will focus particularly on the impact of human activities (agriculture, industries, wastewater treatment, etc.). | 2012 | 22509175 |
| 9805 | 16 | 0.9998 | Molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance in clinically relevant enteropathogenic bacteria (Review). Multidrug resistant (MDR) enteropathogenic bacteria are a growing problem within the clinical environment due to their acquired tolerance to a wide range of antibiotics, thus causing severe illnesses and a tremendous economic impact in the healthcare sector. Due to its difficult treatment, knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms that confer this resistance are needed. The aim of the present review is to describe the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance from a genomic perspective observed in bacteria, including naturally acquired resistance. The present review also discusses common pharmacological and alternative treatments used in cases of infection caused by MDR bacteria, thus covering necessary information for the development of novel antimicrobials and adjuvant molecules inhibiting bacterial proliferation. | 2022 | 36561977 |
| 4239 | 17 | 0.9998 | Bacterial resistance. Pathogenic bacteria remain adaptable to an increasingly hostile environment and a wider variety of more potent antibiotics. Organisms not intrinsically prepared for defense have been able to acquire resistance to newer antimicrobial agents. Chromosomal mutations alone cannot account for the rapid emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. It has been established that plasmids and transposons are particularly important in the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Plasmid- or transposon-mediated resistance provides the bacteria with pre-evolved genes refined to express high-level resistance. In particular, transposons can transfer these resistance determinants in diverse bacterial species, and nature provides in humans and animals large intestinal reservoirs in which such communications are facilitated. Antibiotic therapy exerts selection pressures on bacteria. Eradication or marked reduction in the populations of susceptible organisms promotes the overgrowth of intrinsically resistant strains and favors those resistant as a result of favorable chromosomal mutations or via plasmids or transposons. In our hospitals, where antibiotic consumption continues to increase, the nosocomial flora consists of many resistant bacteria, and infections acquired in the nosocomial setting are now far more severe than their community-acquired counterparts. There is convincing evidence that infection control measures must take into further consideration the contribution of the hospital worker as carrier and mediator of antibiotic resistance. | 1991 | 1649425 |
| 4072 | 18 | 0.9998 | A horizontal transmission of genetic information and its importance for development of antibiotics resistance. Genetic information is transmitted among organisms through two pathways - vertically from generation to generation (from parents to progeny) and horizontally (laterally) by direct exchange of genetic material across species barriers. These are primarily prokaryotes, in which the exchange of genes or whole gene segments by horizontal transmission is quite common. They can dynamically and in a relatively short time generate highly diverse genomes, which does not allow the vertical transmission. As a result, prokaryotes can rapidly acquire new properties such as virulence and pathogenicity as well as resistance to toxins, including antibiotics, by which they increase their adaptability. Therefore, reinfection-resistant microorganisms are always more difficult to treat than infections caused by non-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance today is a global problem of health care service. Not only does the number of diseases caused by resistant pathogenic strains of bacteria increase, but also the cost of treatment increases disproportionately, the length of hospitalization is prolonged, and mortality is often rising. Therefore, when indicating antibiotic therapy, it is important to keep in mind that both overuse and abuse of antibiotics contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. This is equally true for antibiotic applications in veterinary medicine, agriculture, including aquacultures, or in the food industry. Keywords: horizontal transmission of genetic information, endosymbiosis, antibiotic resistance, risks of the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance, prevention of antibiotic resistance. | 2018 | 30441943 |
| 4070 | 19 | 0.9998 | Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria: Relationships Between Resistance Determinants of Antibiotic Producers, Environmental Bacteria, and Clinical Pathogens. Emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria poses a serious public health challenge worldwide. However, antibiotic resistance genes are not confined to the clinic; instead they are widely prevalent in different bacterial populations in the environment. Therefore, to understand development of antibiotic resistance in pathogens, we need to consider important reservoirs of resistance genes, which may include determinants that confer self-resistance in antibiotic producing soil bacteria and genes encoding intrinsic resistance mechanisms present in all or most non-producer environmental bacteria. While the presence of resistance determinants in soil and environmental bacteria does not pose a threat to human health, their mobilization to new hosts and their expression under different contexts, for example their transfer to plasmids and integrons in pathogenic bacteria, can translate into a problem of huge proportions, as discussed in this review. Selective pressure brought about by human activities further results in enrichment of such determinants in bacterial populations. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand distribution of resistance determinants in bacterial populations, elucidate resistance mechanisms, and determine environmental factors that promote their dissemination. This comprehensive review describes the major known self-resistance mechanisms found in producer soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces and explores the relationships between resistance determinants found in producer soil bacteria, non-producer environmental bacteria, and clinical isolates. Specific examples highlighting potential pathways by which pathogenic clinical isolates might acquire these resistance determinants from soil and environmental bacteria are also discussed. Overall, this article provides a conceptual framework for understanding the complexity of the problem of emergence of antibiotic resistance in the clinic. Availability of such knowledge will allow researchers to build models for dissemination of resistance genes and for developing interventions to prevent recruitment of additional or novel genes into pathogens. | 2018 | 30555448 |