# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 3983 | 0 | 1.0000 | Antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria: Occurrence, spread, and control. The production and use of antibiotics are becoming increasingly common worldwide, and the problem of antibiotic resistance is increasing alarmingly. Drug-resistant infections threaten human life and health and impose a heavy burden on the global economy. The origin and molecular basis of bacterial resistance is the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Investigations on ARGs mostly focus on the environments in which antibiotics are frequently used, such as hospitals and farms. This literature review summarizes the current knowledge of the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in nonclinical environments, such as air, aircraft wastewater, migratory bird feces, and sea areas in-depth, which have rarely been involved in previous studies. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of plasmid and phage during horizontal gene transfer was analyzed, and the transmission mechanism of ARGs was summarized. This review highlights the new mechanisms that enhance antibiotic resistance and the evolutionary background of multidrug resistance; in addition, some promising points for controlling or reducing the occurrence and spread of antimicrobial resistance are also proposed. | 2021 | 34651331 |
| 3984 | 1 | 0.9999 | Antimicrobial and the Resistances in the Environment: Ecological and Health Risks, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation Strategies. Antimicrobial contamination and antimicrobial resistance have become global environmental and health problems. A large number of antimicrobials are used in medical and animal husbandry, leading to the continuous release of residual antimicrobials into the environment. It not only causes ecological harm, but also promotes the occurrence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The role of environmental factors in antimicrobial contamination and the spread of antimicrobial resistance is often overlooked. There are a large number of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes in human beings, which increases the likelihood that pathogenic bacteria acquire resistance, and also adds opportunities for human contact with antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. In this paper, we review the fate of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance in the environment, including the occurrence, spread, and impact on ecological and human health. More importantly, this review emphasizes a number of environmental factors that can exacerbate antimicrobial contamination and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In the future, the timely removal of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in the environment will be more effective in alleviating antimicrobial contamination and antimicrobial resistance. | 2023 | 36851059 |
| 3985 | 2 | 0.9999 | The scourge of antibiotic resistance: the important role of the environment. Antibiotic resistance and associated genes are ubiquitous and ancient, with most genes that encode resistance in human pathogens having originated in bacteria from the natural environment (eg, β-lactamases and fluoroquinolones resistance genes, such as qnr). The rapid evolution and spread of "new" antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome. This highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management. We need to take more steps to decrease the spread of resistance genes in environmental bacteria into human pathogens, to decrease the spread of resistant bacteria to people and animals via foodstuffs, wastes and water, and to minimize the levels of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria introduced into the environment. Reducing this risk must include improved management of waste containing antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. | 2013 | 23723195 |
| 3986 | 3 | 0.9999 | Water environments: metal-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The potential threat of both metals and antibiotics to the environment and human health has raised significant concerns in the last decade. Metal-resistant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria are found in most environments, including water, and the risk posed to humans and animals due to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes in the environment is increasing. Bacteria have developed the ability to tolerate metals even at notable concentrations. This ability tends to favor the selection of antibiotic-resistant strains, even in pristine water environments, with the potential risk of spreading this resistance to human pathogens. In this mini-review, we focus on investigations performed in marine and freshwater environments worldwide, highlighting the presence of co-resistance to metals and antibiotics. | 2020 | 32173770 |
| 4096 | 4 | 0.9999 | Environmental hotspots for antibiotic resistance genes. Bacterial resistance toward broad-spectrum antibiotics has become a major concern in recent years. The threat posed by the infectious bacteria and the pace with which resistance determinants are transmitted needs to be deciphered. Soil and water contain unique and diverse microbial communities as well as pools of naturally occurring antibiotics resistant genes. Overuse of antibiotics along with poor sanitary practices expose these indigenous microbial communities to antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria and accelerate the process of acquisition and dissemination. Clinical settings, where most antibiotics are prescribed, are hypothesized to serve as a major hotspot. The predisposition of the surrounding environments to a pool of antibiotic-resistant bacteria facilitates rapid antibiotic resistance among the indigenous microbiota in the soil, water, and clinical environments via horizontal gene transfer. This provides favorable conditions for the development of more multidrug-resistant pathogens. Limitations in detecting gene transfer mechanisms have likely left us underestimating the role played by the surrounding environmental hotspots in the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This review aims to identify the major drivers responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance and hotspots responsible for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes. | 2021 | 34180594 |
| 6514 | 5 | 0.9999 | Review of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes within the one health framework. Background: The interdisciplinary One Health (OH) approach recognizes that human, animal, and environmental health are all interconnected. Its ultimate goal is to promote optimal health for all through the exploration of these relationships. Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a public health challenge that has been primarily addressed within the context of human health and clinical settings. However, it has become increasingly evident that antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that confer resistance are transmitted and circulated within humans, animals, and the environment. Therefore, to effectively address this issue, antibiotic resistance must also be considered an environmental and livestock/wildlife problem. Objective: This review was carried out to provide a broad overview of the existence of ARB and ARGs in One Health settings. Methods: Relevant studies that placed emphasis on ARB and ARGs were reviewed and key findings were accessed that illustrate the importance of One Health as a measure to tackle growing public and environmental threats. Results: In this review, we delve into the complex interplay of the three components of OH in relation to ARB and ARGs. Antibiotics used in animal husbandry and plants to promote growth, treat, and prevent infectious diseases lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals. These bacteria are transmitted from animals to humans through food and environmental exposure. The environment plays a critical role in the circulation and persistence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, posing a significant threat to human and animal health. This article also highlights how ARGs are spread in the environment through the transfer of genetic material between bacteria. This transfer can occur naturally or through human activities such as the use of antibiotics in agriculture and waste management practices. Conclusion: It is important to integrate the One Health approach into the public health system to effectively tackle the emergence and spread of ARB and genes that code for resistance to different antibiotics. | 2024 | 38371518 |
| 6640 | 6 | 0.9999 | The incidence of antibiotic resistance within and beyond the agricultural ecosystem: A concern for public health. The agricultural ecosystem creates a platform for the development and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, which is promoted by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the veterinary, agricultural, and medical sectors. This results in the selective pressure for the intrinsic and extrinsic development of the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon, especially within the aquaculture-animal-manure-soil-water-plant nexus. The existence of antimicrobial resistance in the environment has been well documented in the literature. However, the possible transmission routes of antimicrobial agents, their resistance genes, and naturally selected antibiotic-resistant bacteria within and between the various niches of the agricultural environment and humans remain poorly understood. This study, therefore, outlines an overview of the discovery and development of commonly used antibiotics; the timeline of resistance development; transmission routes of antimicrobial resistance in the agro-ecosystem; detection methods of environmental antimicrobial resistance determinants; factors involved in the evolution and transmission of antibiotic resistance in the environment and the agro-ecosystem; and possible ways to curtail the menace of antimicrobial resistance. | 2020 | 32710495 |
| 3976 | 7 | 0.9999 | A novel therapeutic concern: Antibiotic resistance genes in common chronic diseases. Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes pose a severe threat to global public health and human health. In clinical practice, it has been found that human gut microbiota act as a "reservoir" of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) since gut microbiota contain a wide variety of ARGs, and that the structure of the gut microbiome is influenced by the profile of the drug resistance genes present. In addition, ARGs can spread within and between species of the gut microbiome in multiple ways. To better understand gut microbiota ARGs and their effects on patients with chronic diseases, this article reviews the generation of ARGs, common vectors that transmit ARGs, the characteristics of gut microbiota ARGs in common chronic diseases, their impact on prognosis, the current state of treatment for ARGs, and what should be addressed in future research. | 2022 | 36386682 |
| 4004 | 8 | 0.9999 | Diverse Distribution of Resistomes in the Human and Environmental Microbiomes. The routine therapeutic use of antibiotics has caused resistance genes to be disseminated across microbial populations. In particular, bacterial strains having antibiotic resistance genes are frequently observed in the human microbiome. Moreover, multidrug-resistant pathogens are now widely spread, threatening public health. Such genes are transferred and spread among bacteria even in different environments. Advances in high throughput sequencing technology and computational algorithms have accelerated investigation into antibiotic resistance genes of bacteria. Such studies have revealed that the antibiotic resistance genes are located close to the mobility-associated genes, which promotes their dissemination. An increasing level of information on genomic sequences of resistome should expedite research on drug-resistance in our body and environment, thereby contributing to the development of public health policy. In this review, the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and their exchange in the human and environmental microbiome is discussed with respect to the genomic contents. The relationships among diverse resistomes, related bacterial species, and the antibiotics are reviewed. In addition, recent advances in bioinformatics approaches to investigate such relationships are discussed. | 2018 | 30532649 |
| 4093 | 9 | 0.9999 | Revisiting Antibiotic Resistance Spreading in Wastewater Treatment Plants - Bacteriophages as a Much Neglected Potential Transmission Vehicle. The spread of antibiotic resistance is currently a major threat to health that humanity is facing today. Novel multidrug and pandrug resistant bacteria are reported on a yearly basis, while the development of novel antibiotics is lacking. Focus to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance by reducing the usage of antibiotics in health care, veterinary applications, and meat production, have been implemented, limiting the exposure of pathogens to antibiotics, thus lowering the selection of resistant strains. Despite these attempts, the global resistance has increased significantly. A recent area of focus has been to limit the spread of resistance through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), serving as huge reservoirs of microbes and resistance genes. While being able to quite efficiently reduce the presence of resistant bacteria entering any of the final products of WWTPs (e.g., effluent water and sludge), the presence of resistance genes in other formats (mobile genetic elements, bacteriophages) has mainly been ignored. Recent data stress the importance of transduction in WWTPs as a mediator of resistance spread. Here we examine the current literature in the role of WWTPs as reservoirs and hotspots of antibiotic resistance with a specific focus on bacteriophages as mediators of genetic exchange. | 2017 | 29209304 |
| 4192 | 10 | 0.9999 | Food and human gut as reservoirs of transferable antibiotic resistance encoding genes. The increase and spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) over the past decade in human pathogens has become a worldwide health concern. Recent genomic and metagenomic studies in humans, animals, in food and in the environment have led to the discovery of a huge reservoir of AR genes called the resistome that could be mobilized and transferred from these sources to human pathogens. AR is a natural phenomenon developed by bacteria to protect antibiotic-producing bacteria from their own products and also to increase their survival in highly competitive microbial environments. Although antibiotics are used extensively in humans and animals, there is also considerable usage of antibiotics in agriculture, especially in animal feeds and aquaculture. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the sources of AR and the use of antibiotics in these reservoirs as selectors for emergence of AR bacteria in humans via the food chain. | 2013 | 23805136 |
| 6641 | 11 | 0.9999 | Environmental antibiotics and resistance genes as emerging contaminants: Methods of detection and bioremediation. In developing countries, the use of antibiotics has helped to reduce the mortality rate by minimizing the deaths caused by pathogenic infections, but the costs of antibiotic contamination remain a major concern. Antibiotics are released into the environment, creating a complicated environmental problem. Antibiotics are used in human, livestock and agriculture, contributing to its escalation in the environment. Environmental antibiotics pose a range of risks and have significant effects on human and animal health. Nevertheless, this is the result of the development of antibiotic-resistant and multi-drug-resistant bacteria. In the area of health care, animal husbandry and crop processing, the imprudent use of antibiotic drugs produces antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This threat is the deepest in the developing world, with an estimated 700,000 people suffering from antibiotic-resistant infections each year. The study explores how bacteria use a wide variety of antibiotic resistance mechanism and how these approaches have an impact on the environment and on our health. The paper focuses on the processes by which antibiotics degrade, the health effects of these emerging contaminants, and the tolerance of bacteria to antibiotics. | 2021 | 34841318 |
| 4097 | 12 | 0.9999 | Gain and loss of antibiotic resistant genes in multidrug resistant bacteria: One Health perspective. The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) has become a global health threat due to the increasing unnecessary use of antibiotics. Multidrug resistant bacteria occur mainly by accumulating resistance genes on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), made possible by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Humans and animal guts along with natural and engineered environments such as wastewater treatment plants and manured soils have proven to be the major reservoirs and hotspots of spreading antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). As those environments support the dissemination of MGEs through the complex interactions that take place at the human-animal-environment interfaces, a growing One Health challenge is for multiple sectors to communicate and work together to prevent the emergence and spread of MDR bacteria. However, maintenance of ARGs in a bacterial chromosome and/or plasmids in the environments might place energy burdens on bacterial fitness in the absence of antibiotics, and those unnecessary ARGs could eventually be lost. This review highlights and summarizes the current investigations into the gain and loss of ARG genes in MDR bacteria among human-animal-environment interfaces. We also suggest alternative treatments such as combinatory therapies or sequential use of different classes of antibiotics/adjuvants, treatment with enzyme-inhibitors, and phage therapy with antibiotics to solve the MDR problem from the perspective of One Health issues. | 2021 | 33877574 |
| 4095 | 13 | 0.9999 | Antimicrobial resistance: more than 70 years of war between humans and bacteria. Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is one of the major issues in the present world and one of the greatest threats faced by mankind. Resistance is spread through both vertical gene transfer (parent to offspring) as well as by horizontal gene transfer like transformation, transduction and conjugation. The main mechanisms of resistance are limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. The highest quantities of antibiotic concentrations are usually found in areas with strong anthropogenic pressures, for example medical source (e.g., hospitals) effluents, pharmaceutical industries, wastewater influents, soils treated with manure, animal husbandry and aquaculture (where antibiotics are generally used as in-feed preparations). Hence, the strong selective pressure applied by antimicrobial use has forced microorganisms to evolve for survival. The guts of animals and humans, wastewater treatment plants, hospital and community effluents, animal husbandry and aquaculture runoffs have been designated as "hotspots for AMR genes" because the high density of bacteria, phages, and plasmids in these settings allows significant genetic exchange and recombination. Evidence from the literature suggests that the knowledge of antibiotic resistance in the population is still scarce. Tackling antimicrobial resistance requires a wide range of strategies, for example, more research in antibiotic production, the need of educating patients and the general public, as well as developing alternatives to antibiotics (briefly discussed in the conclusions of this article). | 2020 | 32954887 |
| 4070 | 14 | 0.9999 | Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria: Relationships Between Resistance Determinants of Antibiotic Producers, Environmental Bacteria, and Clinical Pathogens. Emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria poses a serious public health challenge worldwide. However, antibiotic resistance genes are not confined to the clinic; instead they are widely prevalent in different bacterial populations in the environment. Therefore, to understand development of antibiotic resistance in pathogens, we need to consider important reservoirs of resistance genes, which may include determinants that confer self-resistance in antibiotic producing soil bacteria and genes encoding intrinsic resistance mechanisms present in all or most non-producer environmental bacteria. While the presence of resistance determinants in soil and environmental bacteria does not pose a threat to human health, their mobilization to new hosts and their expression under different contexts, for example their transfer to plasmids and integrons in pathogenic bacteria, can translate into a problem of huge proportions, as discussed in this review. Selective pressure brought about by human activities further results in enrichment of such determinants in bacterial populations. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand distribution of resistance determinants in bacterial populations, elucidate resistance mechanisms, and determine environmental factors that promote their dissemination. This comprehensive review describes the major known self-resistance mechanisms found in producer soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces and explores the relationships between resistance determinants found in producer soil bacteria, non-producer environmental bacteria, and clinical isolates. Specific examples highlighting potential pathways by which pathogenic clinical isolates might acquire these resistance determinants from soil and environmental bacteria are also discussed. Overall, this article provides a conceptual framework for understanding the complexity of the problem of emergence of antibiotic resistance in the clinic. Availability of such knowledge will allow researchers to build models for dissemination of resistance genes and for developing interventions to prevent recruitment of additional or novel genes into pathogens. | 2018 | 30555448 |
| 3982 | 15 | 0.9999 | Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via integrons in Escherichia coli: A risk to human health. With the induction of various emerging environmental contaminants such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), environment is considered as a key indicator for the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As such, the ARGs mediated environmental pollution raises a significant public health concern worldwide. Among various genetic mechanisms that are involved in the dissemination of ARGs, integrons play a vital role in the dissemination of ARGs. Integrons are mobile genetic elements that can capture and spread ARGs among environmental settings via transmissible plasmids and transposons. Most of the ARGs are found in Gram-negative bacteria and are primarily studied for their potential role in antibiotic resistance in clinical settings. As one of the most common microorganisms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is widely studied as an indicator carrying drug-resistant genes, so this article aims to provide an in-depth study on the spread of ARGs via integrons associated with E. coli outside clinical settings and highlight their potential role as environmental contaminants. It also focuses on multiple but related aspects that do facilitate environmental pollution, i.e. ARGs from animal sources, water treatment plants situated at or near animal farms, agriculture fields, wild birds and animals. We believe that this updated study with summarized text, will facilitate the readers to understand the primary mechanisms as well as a variety of factors involved in the transmission and spread of ARGs among animals, humans, and the environment. | 2020 | 32717638 |
| 6704 | 16 | 0.9999 | Gut microbiota research nexus: One Health relationship between human, animal, and environmental resistomes. The emergence and rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance is of global public health concern. The gut microbiota harboring diverse commensal and opportunistic bacteria that can acquire resistance via horizontal and vertical gene transfers is considered an important reservoir and sink of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this review, we describe the reservoirs of gut ARGs and their dynamics in both animals and humans, use the One Health perspective to track the transmission of ARG-containing bacteria between humans, animals, and the environment, and assess the impact of antimicrobial resistance on human health and socioeconomic development. The gut resistome can evolve in an environment subject to various selective pressures, including antibiotic administration and environmental and lifestyle factors (e.g., diet, age, gender, and living conditions), and interventions through probiotics. Strategies to reduce the abundance of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance determinants in various environmental niches are needed to ensure the mitigation of acquired antibiotic resistance. With the help of effective measures taken at the national, local, personal, and intestinal management, it will also result in preventing or minimizing the spread of infectious diseases. This review aims to improve our understanding of the correlations between intestinal microbiota and antimicrobial resistance and provide a basis for the development of management strategies to mitigate the antimicrobial resistance crisis. | 2023 | 38818274 |
| 6639 | 17 | 0.9999 | Environmental Spread of Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotic resistance represents a global health concern. Soil, water, livestock and plant foods are directly or indirectly exposed to antibiotics due to their agricultural use or contamination. This selective pressure has acted synergistically to bacterial competition in nature to breed antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria. Research over the past few decades has focused on the emergence of AR pathogens in food products that can cause disease outbreaks and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), but One Health approaches have lately expanded the focus to include commensal bacteria as ARG donors. Despite the attempts of national and international authorities of developed and developing countries to reduce the over-prescription of antibiotics to humans and the use of antibiotics as livestock growth promoters, the selective flow of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to the clinic (and vice-versa) is increasing. This review focuses on the mechanisms of ARG transmission and the hotspots of antibiotic contamination resulting in the subsequent emergence of ARGs. It follows the transmission of ARGs from farm to plant and animal food products and provides examples of the impact of ARG flow to clinical settings. Understudied and emerging antibiotic resistance selection determinants, such as heavy metal and biocide contamination, are also discussed here. | 2021 | 34071771 |
| 3902 | 18 | 0.9999 | Integrons and antibiotic resistance genes in water-borne pathogens: threat detection and risk assessment. Antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) are regarded as emerging environmental pollutants and pose a serious health risk to the human population. Integrons are genetic elements that are involved in the spread of ARGs amongst bacterial species. They also act as reservoirs of these resistance traits, further contributing to the development of multi-drug resistance in several water-borne pathogens. Due to inter- and intra-species transfer, integrons are now commonly reported in important water-borne pathogens such as Vibrio, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli and other opportunistic pathogens. These pathogens exhibit immense diversity in their resistance gene cassettes. The evolution of multiple novel and complex gene cassettes in integrons further suggests the selection and horizontal transfer of ARGs in multi-drug resistant bacteria. Thus, the detection and characterization of these integrons in water-borne pathogens, especially in epidemic and pandemic strains, is of the utmost importance. It will provide a framework in which health authorities can conduct improved surveillance of antibiotic resistance in our natural water bodies. Such a study will also be helpful in developing better strategies for the containment and cure of infections caused by these bacteria. | 2019 | 30990401 |
| 4073 | 19 | 0.9999 | The Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes In Vivo Model. Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a major public health threat. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment or clinical setting pose a serious threat to human and animal health worldwide. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs is one of the main reasons for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in vitro and in vivo environments. There is a consensus on the role of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the spread of bacterial resistance. Most drug resistance genes are located on plasmids, and the spread of drug resistance genes among microorganisms through plasmid-mediated conjugation transfer is the most common and effective way for the spread of multidrug resistance. Experimental studies of the processes driving the spread of antibiotic resistance have focused on simple in vitro model systems, but the current in vitro protocols might not correctly reflect the HGT of antibiotic resistance genes in realistic conditions. This calls for better models of how resistance genes transfer and disseminate in vivo. The in vivo model can better mimic the situation that occurs in patients, helping study the situation in more detail. This is crucial to develop innovative strategies to curtail the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the future. This review aims to give an overview of the mechanisms of the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and then demonstrate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the in vivo model. Finally, we discuss the challenges in controlling the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and their potential solutions. | 2022 | 35898691 |