Structure of Bacterial Community with Resistance to Antibiotics in Aquatic Environments. A Systematic Review. - Related Documents




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388701.0000Structure of Bacterial Community with Resistance to Antibiotics in Aquatic Environments. A Systematic Review. Aquatic environments have been affected by the increase in bacterial resistant to antibiotics. The aim of this review is to describe the studies carried out in relation to the bacterial population structure and antibiotic resistance genes in natural and artificial water systems. We performed a systematic review based on the PRISMA guideline (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyzes). Articles were collected from scientific databases between January 2010 and December 2020. Sixty-eight papers meeting the inclusion criteria, i.e., "reporting the water bacterial community composition", "resistance to antibiotics", and "antibiotic resistance genes (ARG)", were evaluated according to pre-defined validity criteria. The results indicate that the predominant phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in natural and artificial water systems. Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteraceae with resistance to antibiotics are commonly reported in drinking water and in natural water systems. The ARGs mainly reported were those that confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides and tetracycline. The high influence of anthropogenic activity in the environment is evidenced. The antibiotic resistance genes that are mainly reported in the urban areas of the world are those that confer resistance to the antibiotics that are most used in clinical practice, which constitutes a problem for human and animal health.202133673692
388610.9999β-Lactam antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in Asian lakes and rivers: An overview of contamination, sources and detection methods. Lakes and rivers are sources of livelihood, food and water in many parts of the world. Lakes provide natural resources and valuable ecosystem services. These aquatic ecosystems are also vulnerable to known and new environmental pollutants. Emerging water contaminants are now being studied including antibiotics because of the global phenomenon on antibiotic resistance. β-Lactam antibiotics are widely used in human and animal disease prevention or treatment. The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a public health threat when bacteria become more resistant and infections consequently increase requiring treatment using last resort drugs that are more expensive. This review summarizes the key findings on the occurrence, contamination sources, and determination of β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactam antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the Asian lake and river waters. The current methods in the analytical measurements of β-lactam antibiotics in water involving solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are discussed. Also described is the determination of antibiotic resistance genes which is primarily based on a polymerase chain reaction method. To date, β-lactam antibiotics in the Asian aquatic environments are reported in the ng/L concentrations. Studies on β-lactam resistant bacteria and resistance genes were mostly conducted in China. The occurrence of these emerging contaminants is largely uncharted because many aquatic systems in the Asian region remain to be studied. Comprehensive investigations encompassing the environmental behavior of β-lactam antibiotics, emergence of resistant bacteria, transfer of resistance genes to non-resistant bacteria, multiple antibiotic resistance, and effects on aquatic biota are needed particularly in rivers and lakes that are eventual sinks of these water contaminants.202133571856
388820.9999A Systematic Review of Culture-Based Methods for Monitoring Antibiotic-Resistant Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas as Environmentally Relevant Pathogens in Wastewater and Surface Water. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Mounting evidence indicates that habitats such as wastewater and environmental waters are pathways for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and mobile antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). We identified antibiotic-resistant members of the genera Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas as key opportunistic pathogens that grow or persist in built (e.g., wastewater) or natural aquatic environments. Effective methods for monitoring these ARB in the environment are needed to understand their influence on dissemination of ARB and ARGs, but standard methods have not been developed. This systematic review considers peer-reviewed papers where the ARB above were cultured from wastewater or surface water, focusing on the accuracy of current methodologies. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies suggest that many clinically important ARGs were originally acquired from environmental microorganisms. Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas species are of interest because their ability to persist and grow in the environment provides opportunities to engage in horizontal gene transfer with other environmental bacteria. Pathogenic strains of these organisms resistant to multiple, clinically relevant drug classes have been identified as an urgent threat. However, culture methods for these bacteria were generally developed for clinical samples and are not well-vetted for environmental samples. The search criteria yielded 60 peer-reviewed articles over the past 20 years, which reported a wide variety of methods for isolation, confirmation, and antibiotic resistance assays. Based on a systematic comparison of the reported methods, we suggest a path forward for standardizing methodologies for monitoring antibiotic resistant strains of these bacteria in water environments.202336821031
328730.9999Antimicrobial resistance screening and profiles: a glimpse from the South African perspective. According to the Centre for Disease Dynamics Economics and Policy, South Africa represents a paradox of antibiotic management similar to other developing countries, with both overuse and underuse (resulting from lack of access) of antibiotics. In addition, wastewater reuse may contribute towards antibiotic resistance through selective pressure that increases resistance in native bacteria and on clinically relevant bacteria, increasing resistance profiles of the common pathogens. Sediments of surface water bodies and wastewater sludge provide a place where antibiotic resistance genes are transferred to other bacteria. Crop irrigation is thought to be a potential source of exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria through the transfer from the water or sludge into crops. The objectives of this study were to examine the antibiotic-resistance profiles of Escherishia coli from three agricultural locations in the Western Cape, South Africa. Using a classical microbiology culture approach, the resistance profiles of E. coli species isolated from river water and sediments, farm dams and their sediments and a passive algal wastewater treatment ponds and sediment used for crop irrigation were assessed for resistance to 13 commonly used antibiotics. Randomly selected E. coli isolates from the sediment and water were tested for resistance. 100% of E. coli isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, highlighting its relevance in the South African context. In river water and farm dam samples, only the E. coli isolated from sediment were found to be resistant to fluoroquinolone or fluorifenicol. In the wastewater treatment ponds, the resistance profiles of E. coli isolated from sediments differed from those isolated from effluent, with 90% of the effluent isolates being resistant to ampicillin. Isolates from the sediment were less resistant (40%) to ampicillin, whereas all the isolates from the pond water and sediment samples were resistant to sulphamethoxazole. These results illustrate the importance of developing a better understanding of antibiotic resistance in agriculture and wastewater scenarios to ensure remedial measures take place where the greatest benefit can be realised especially in countries with limited financial and infrastructural resources. Moreover, the potential for passive algal treatment as an effective, feasible alternative for wastewater treatment is highlighted, with comparable resistance profiles and a reducing overall resistance in the sediment samples.202033328364
346840.9999Facultative pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in swine livestock manure and clinical wastewater: A molecular biology comparison. Manure contains vast amounts of biological contaminants of veterinary origin. Only few studies analyse clinically critical resistance genes against reserve antibiotics in manure. In general, resistances against these high priority antibiotics involve a high potential health risk. Therefore, their spread in the soil as well as the aquatic environment has to be prevented. Manures of 29 different swine livestock were analysed. Abundances of facultative pathogenic bacteria including representatives of the clinically critical ESKAPE-pathogens (P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, E. faecium) and E. coli were investigated via qPCR. Antibiotic resistance genes against commonly used veterinary antibiotics (ermB, tetM, sul1) as well as various resistance genes against important (mecA, vanA) and reserve antibiotics (bla(NDM), bla(KPC3), mcr-1), which are identified by the WHO, were also obtained by qPCR analysis. The manures of all swine livestock contained facultative pathogenic bacteria and commonly known resistance genes against antibiotics used in veterinary therapies, but more important also a significant amount of clinically critical resistance genes against reserve antibiotics for human medicine. To illustrate the impact the occurrence of these clinically critical resistance genes, comparative measurements were taken of the total wastewater of a large tertiary care hospital (n = 8). Both manure as well as raw hospital wastewaters were contaminated with significant abundances of gene markers for facultative pathogens and with critical resistance genes of reserve antibiotics associated with genetic mobile elements for horizontal gene transfer. Hence, both compartments bear an exceptional potential risk for the dissemination of facultative pathogens and critical antibiotic resistance genes.202236089145
498750.9999The Human Health Implications of Antibiotic Resistance in Environmental Isolates from Two Nebraska Watersheds. One Health field-based approaches are needed to connect the occurrence of antibiotics present in the environment with the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Gram-negative bacteria that confer resistance to antibiotics important in for both veterinary and human health. Water samples from two Nebraska watersheds influenced by wastewater effluent and agricultural runoff were tested for the presence of antibiotics used in veterinary and human medicine. The water samples were also cultured to identify the bacteria present. Of those bacteria isolated, the Gram-negative rods capable of causing human infections had antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) performed to identify ARGs present. Of the 211 bacterial isolates identified, 37 belonged to pathogenic genera known to cause human infections. Genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fosfomycins, and quinolones were the most frequently detected ARGs associated with horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the watersheds. WGS also suggest recent HGT events involving ARGs transferred between watershed isolates and bacteria of human and animal origins. The results of this study demonstrate the linkage of antibiotics and bacterial ARGs present in the environment with potential human and/or veterinary health impacts. IMPORTANCE One health is a transdisciplinary approach to achieve optimal health for humans, animals, plants and their shared environment, recognizing the interconnected nature of health in these domains. Field based research is needed to connect the occurrence of antibiotics used in veterinary medicine and human health with the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, the presence of antibiotics, bacteria and ARGs was determined in two watersheds in Nebraska, one with agricultural inputs and the other with both agricultural and wastewater inputs. The results presented in this study provide evidence of transfer of highly mobile ARG between environment, clinical, and animal-associated bacteria.202235311538
388560.9999Antibiotic resistance is widespread in urban aquatic environments of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a public health issue. Over the years, pathogenic organisms with resistance traits have been studied due to the threat they pose to human well-being. However, several studies raised awareness to the often disregarded importance of environmental bacteria as sources of resistance mechanisms. In this work, we analyze the diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria occurring in aquatic environments of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that are subjected to distinct degrees of anthropogenic impacts. We access the diversity of aquatic bacteria capable of growing in increasing ampicillin concentrations through 16S rRNA gene libraries. This analysis is complemented by the characterization of antibiotic resistance profiles of isolates obtained from urban aquatic environments. We detect communities capable of tolerating antibiotic concentrations up to 600 times higher than the clinical levels. Among the resistant organisms are included potentially pathogenic species, some of them classified as multiresistant. Our results extend the knowledge of the diversity of antibiotic resistance among environmental microorganisms and provide evidence that the diversity of drug-resistant bacteria in aquatic habitats can be influenced by pollution.201424821495
670770.9999Investigating the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in the environment in Canada: a scoping review. Antimicrobial resistance is an environmental, agricultural, and public health problem that is impacting the health of humans and animals. The role of the environment as a source of and transmission pathway for antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes is a topic of increasing interest that, to date, has received limited attention. This study aimed to describe the sources and possible pathways contributing to antimicrobial resistance dissemination through bioaerosols, water, and soil in Canada using a scoping review methodology and systems thinking approach. A systems map was created to describe the occurrence and relationships between sources and pathways for antimicrobial resistance dissemination through water, soil, and bioaerosols. The map guided the development of the scoping review protocol, specifically the keywords searched and what data were extracted from the included studies. In total, 103 studies of antimicrobial resistance in water, 67 in soil, and 12 in air were identified. Studies to detect the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes have mainly been conducted at wastewater treatment plants and commercial animal livestock facilities. We also identified elements in the systems map with little or no data available (e.g., retail) that need to be investigated further to have a better understanding of antimicrobial resistance dissemination through different Canadian environments.202540279669
372380.9999Hospital Antibiotics Usage: Environmental Hazard and Promotion of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria. INTRODUCTION: Hospitals constitute a particular source of drug residues emission, especially antibiotics considered as the most critical therapeutic classes used in hospitals. Thus, the hospital wastewater can widely spread both types of emerging pollutants, antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance bacteria. For this reason, antibiotics usage must be monitored. This study was conducted to investigate potential antibiotic compounds which can present potential environmental hazard and promote antibiotic resistance. METHODS: The consumption-based approach was adopted to calculate predicted antibiotic concentrations in hospital wastewaters. In the process, we assessed the antibiotics potential environmental hazard, with the hazard quotient between predicted concentrations and predicted no effect concentrations intended to be protective of ecological species. In order to evaluate the hospital contribution to antibiotic resistance bacteria promotion, we also compared predicted concentrations with predicted no effect concentrations as theoretical selective resistance bacteria. RESULTS: The highest expected concentrations in hospital wastewater were found for Penicillins and Cephalosporins being the most prescribed antibiotics in our context. We noted that among this class, Ampicillin is the most hazardous compound followed by Imipenem and Gentamicin as exclusive hospital use antibiotics, in spite of their low consumption. The results showed also that Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, and Ceftriaxone had a high ratio of potential antibiotic resistance bacteria promotion, confirming the correlation found previously between abundance of resistant bacteria and the corresponding effluent antibiotic concentrations. Nevertheless, the promotion of resistance selection can also be attributed to Imipenem and Ciprofloxacin as little-used antibiotics and occur at low to moderate levels in hospital wastewater. CONCLUSION: This study identified the profile antibiotics consumption and their potential environmental hazard contribution and antibiotic resistant bacteria promotion. It can help decision-makers make appropriate management decisions, especially preventive measures related to antibiotic use pattern, as neither dilution nor treatment can eliminate antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes.202234113952
499290.9999Systematic review in South Africa reveals antibiotic resistance genes shared between clinical and environmental settings. A systematic review was conducted to determine the distribution and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antimicrobial-resistant genes (ARGs), and antimicrobial-resistant gene determinants (ARGDs) in clinical, environmental, and farm settings and to identify key knowledge gaps in a bid to contain their spread. Fifty-three articles were included. The prevalence of a wide range of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their genes was reviewed. Based on the studies reviewed in this systematic review, mutation was found to be the main genetic element investigated. All settings shared 39 ARGs and ARGDs. Despite the fact that ARGs found in clinical settings are present in the environment, in reviewed articles only 12 were found to be shared between environmental and clinical settings; the inclusion of farm settings with these two settings increased this figure to 32. Data extracted from this review revealed farm settings to be one of the main contributors of antibiotic resistance in healthcare settings. ARB, ARGs, and ARGDs were found to be ubiquitous in all settings examined.201830425540
6569100.9999Unveiling Rare Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance in Tanzanian Cholera Outbreak Waters. The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a global health concern. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of its spread is crucial for implementing evidence-based strategies to tackle resistance in the context of the One Health approach. In developing countries where sanitation systems and access to clean and safe water are still major challenges, contamination may introduce bacteria and bacteriophages harboring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the environment. This contamination can increase the risk of exposure and community transmission of ARGs and infectious pathogens. However, there is a paucity of information on the mechanisms of bacteriophage-mediated spread of ARGs and patterns through the environment. Here, we deploy Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) and metagenomics approaches to analyze the abundance of ARGs and bacterial pathogens disseminated through clean and wastewater systems. We detected a relatively less-studied and rare human zoonotic pathogen, Vibrio metschnikovii, known to spread through fecal--oral contamination, similarly to V. cholerae. Several antibiotic resistance genes were identified in both bacterial and bacteriophage fractions from water sources. Using metagenomics, we detected several resistance genes related to tetracyclines and beta-lactams in all the samples. Environmental samples from outlet wastewater had a high diversity of ARGs and contained high levels of blaOXA-48. Other identified resistance profiles included tetA, tetM, and blaCTX-M9. Specifically, we demonstrated that blaCTX-M1 is enriched in the bacteriophage fraction from wastewater. In general, however, the bacterial community has a significantly higher abundance of resistance genes compared to the bacteriophage population. In conclusion, the study highlights the need to implement environmental monitoring of clean and wastewater to inform the risk of infectious disease outbreaks and the spread of antibiotic resistance in the context of One Health.202337894148
3889110.9999Emerging Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance in Polar Aquatic Ecosystems. The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens to plummet society back to the pre-antibiotic era through a resurgence of common everyday infections' morbidity. Thus, studies investigating antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in urban, agricultural, and clinical settings, as well as in extreme environments, have become increasingly relevant in the One Health perspective. Since the Antarctic and Arctic regions are considered amongst the few remaining pristine environments on Earth, the characterization of their native resistome appears to be of the utmost importance to understand whether and how it is evolving as a result of anthropogenic activities and climate change. In the present review, we report on the phenotypic (e.g., disk diffusion test) and genotypic (e.g., PCR, metagenomics) approaches used to study AMR in the aquatic environment of polar regions, as water represents one of AMR main dissemination routes in nature. Their advantages and limits are described, and the emerging trends resulting from the analysis of ARB and ARGs diffusion in polar waters discussed. The resistome detected in these extreme environments appears to be mostly comparable to those from more anthropized areas, with the predominance of tetracycline, β-lactam, and sulfonamide resistance (and related ARGs). Indeed, AMR is, in all cases, more consistently highlighted in sites impacted by human and wildlife activities with respect to more pristine ones. Surprisingly, aminoglycoside and fluroquinolone determinants seem to have an even higher incidence in the Antarctic and Arctic aquatic environment compared to that from other areas of the world, corroborating the need for a more thorough AMR surveillance in these regions.202540298543
3724120.9999A phenotypic study of the resistome in a peri-urban ecosystem. Since the discovery of antibiotics, the dispersion of resistance genes has increased exponentially, leading to the current state in which it has become increasingly difficult to achieve an effective treatment for infectious diseases. The enormous capacity for genetic exchange between microorganisms is causing resistance genes to be able to reach all environments, even those where there is no anthropogenic impact or exposure to these drugs. In this work, a phenotypic study of the resistome has been conducted in a peri-urban ecosystem (Granada, Spain), wherein the resistance to 32 antibiotics of 710 bacterial strains isolated from 70 samples from different ecological niches with varying levels of exposure to antibiotics and anthropic action has been determined. The study of resistances using phenotypic procedures constitutes a very useful and complementary alternative to genomic methods. The obtained results show a high percentage of resistance in all the subsystems analysed, stating high multi-resistance profiles. Vancomycin and erythromycin were the antibiotics to which the highest levels of resistance were observed, whereas the lowest levels were obtained in chloramphenicol. Regarding the environments studied, the highest percentages of resistance were found in wastewater, farms and food. It should be noted that in natural soil samples (not exposed to antibiotics or anthropogenic activities), worrying levels of resistance to practically all the groups of antibiotics analysed were detected. These results support the generally accepted conclusion that an appropriate control and management of wastewater and solid waste that may contain antibiotics or resistant bacteria is really important to prevent the wide propagation of the resistome in the environment.202539557147
4989130.9999A closer look on the variety and abundance of the faecal resistome of wild boar. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious problem for public and animal health, and also for the environment. Monitoring and reporting the occurrence of AMR determinants and bacteria with the potential to disseminate is a priority for health surveillance programs around the world and critical to the One Health concept. Wildlife is a reservoir of AMR, and human activities can strongly influence their resistome. The main goal of this work was to study the resistome of wild boar faecal microbiome, one of the most important game species in Europe using metagenomic and culturing approaches. The most abundant genes identified by the high-throughput qPCR array encode mobile genetic elements, including integrons, which can promote the dissemination of AMR determinants. A diverse set of genes (n = 62) conferring resistance to several classes of antibiotics (ARGs), some of them included in the WHO list of critically important antimicrobials were also detected. The most abundant ARGs confer resistance to tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. The phenotypic resistance of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were also investigated, and together supported the metagenomic results. As the wild boar is an omnivorous animal, it can be a disseminator of AMR bacteria and ARGs to livestock, humans, and the environment. This study supports that wild boar can be a key sentinel species in ecosystems surveillance and should be included in National Action Plans to fight AMR, adopting a One Health approach.202234710519
6568140.9999Antibiotic resistance genes in water environment. The use of antibiotics may accelerate the development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacteria which shade health risks to humans and animals. The emerging of ARGs in the water environment is becoming an increasing worldwide concern. Hundreds of various ARGs encoding resistance to a broad range of antibiotics have been found in microorganisms distributed not only in hospital wastewaters and animal production wastewaters, but also in sewage, wastewater treatment plants, surface water, groundwater, and even in drinking water. This review summarizes recently published information on the types, distributions, and horizontal transfer of ARGs in various aquatic environments, as well as the molecular methods used to detect environmental ARGs, including specific and multiplex PCR (polymerase chain reaction), real-time PCR, DNA sequencing, and hybridization based techniques.200919130050
4986150.9999Towards the standardization of Enterococcus culture methods for waterborne antibiotic resistance monitoring: A critical review of trends across studies. Antibiotic resistance is a major 21(st) century One Health (humans, animals, environment) challenge whose spread limits options to treat bacterial infections. There is growing interest in monitoring water environments, including surface water and wastewater, which have been identified as key recipients, pathways, and sources of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). Aquatic environments also facilitate the transmission and amplification of ARB. Enterococcus spp. often carry clinically-important antibiotic resistance genes and are of interest as environmental monitoring targets. Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive bacteria that are typically of fecal origin; however, they are also found in relevant environmental niches, with various species and strains that are opportunistic human pathogens. Although the value of environmental monitoring of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus has been recognized by both national and international organizations, lack of procedural standardization has hindered generation of comparable data needed to implement integrated surveillance programs. Here we provide a comprehensive methodological review to assess the techniques used for the culturing and characterization of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus across water matrices for the purpose of environmental monitoring. We analyzed 117 peer-reviewed articles from 33 countries across six continents. The goal of this review is to provide a critical analysis of (i) the various methods applied globally for isolation, confirmation, and speciation of Enterococcus isolates, (ii) the different methods for profiling antibiotic resistance among enterococci, and (iii) the current prevalence of resistance to clinically-relevant antibiotics among Enterococcus spp. isolated from various environments. Finally, we provide advice regarding a path forward for standardizing culturing of Enterococcus spp. for the purpose of antibiotic resistance monitoring in wastewater and wastewater-influenced waters within a global surveillance framework.202236466738
3462160.9999Environmental health of water bodies from a Brazilian Amazon Metropolis based on a conventional and metagenomic approach. AIMS: The present study aimed to use a conventional and metagenomic approach to investigate the microbiological diversity of water bodies in a network of drainage channels and rivers located in the central area of the city of Belém, northern Brazil, which is considered one of the largest cities in the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS AND RESULTS: In eight of the analyzed points, both bacterial and viral microbiological indicators of environmental contamination-physical-chemical and metals-were assessed. The bacterial resistance genes, drug resistance mechanisms, and viral viability in the environment were also assessed. A total of 473 families of bacteria and 83 families of viruses were identified. Based on the analysis of metals, the levels of three metals (Cd, Fe, and Mn) were found to be above the recommended acceptable level by local legislation. The levels of the following three physicochemical parameters were also higher than recommended: biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. Sixty-three bacterial resistance genes that conferred resistance to 13 different classes of antimicrobials were identified. Further, five mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance were identified and viral viability in the environment was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Intense human actions combined with a lack of public policies and poor environmental education of the population cause environmental degradation, especially in water bodies. Thus, urgent interventions are warranted to restore the quality of this precious and scarce asset worldwide.202438627246
3900170.9998Antimicrobial resistance pattern in domestic animal - wildlife - environmental niche via the food chain to humans with a Bangladesh perspective; a systematic review. BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern globally, but the impact is very deleterious in the context of Bangladesh. Recent review article on the AMR issue demonstrates the scenario in human medicine; unfortunately, no attempt was taken to address this as One Health issue. The antimicrobial resistance bacteria or genes are circulating in the fragile ecosystems and disseminate into human food chain through direct or indirect ways. In this systematic review we are exploring the mechanism or the process of development of resistance pathogen into human food chain via the domestic animal, wildlife and environmental sources in the context of One Health and future recommendation to mitigate this issue in Bangladesh. RESULTS: Tetracycline resistance genes were presenting in almost all sample sources in higher concentrations against enteric pathogen Escherichia coli. The second most significant antibiotics are amino-penicillin that showed resistant pattern across different source of samples. It is a matter of concerns that cephalosporin tends to acquire resistance in wildlife species that might be an indication of this antibiotic resistance gene or the pathogen been circulating in our surrounding environment though the mechanism is still unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Steps to control antibiotic release and environmental disposal from all uses should be immediate and obligatory. There is a need for detailed system biology analysis of resistance development in-situ.202032838793
4988180.9998Oh, deer! How worried should we be about the diversity and abundance of the faecal resistome of red deer? The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health. Antimicrobials are used in animal production and human medicine, which contribute to the circulation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. Wildlife can be reservoirs of pathogens and resistant bacteria. Furthermore, anthropogenic pressure can influence their resistome. This work aimed to study the AMR of the faecal microbiome of red deer, one of the most important game species in Europe. To this end, a high-throughput qPCR approach was employed to screen a high number of ARGs and the antimicrobial susceptibility of indicator bacteria was determined. Several genes that confer resistance to different classes of antibiotics were identified, with the most abundant being tetracycline ARGs. Other genes were also present that are considered current and future threats to human health, and some of these were relatively abundant. Multidrug-resistant E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were isolated, although the overall level of antibiotic resistance was low. These results highlight the pressing need to know the origin and transmission of AMR in wildlife. Thus, and considering the One Health concept, studies such as this one shows the need for surveillance programs to prevent the spread of drug-resistant strains and ARGs.202235151727
6567190.9998Freshwater environments as reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Freshwater environments are susceptible to possible contamination by residual antibiotics that are released through different sources, such as agricultural runoffs, sewage discharges and leaching from nearby farms. Freshwater environment can thus become reservoirs where an antibiotic impact microorganisms, and is an important public health concern. Degradation and dilution processes are fundamental for predicting the actual risk of antibiotic resistance dissemination from freshwater reservoirs. This study reviews major approaches for detecting and quantifying antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARBs) and genes (ARGs) in freshwater and their prevalence in these environments. Finally, the role of dilution, degradation, transmission and the persistence and fate of ARB/ARG in these environments are also reviewed. Culture-based single strain approaches and molecular techniques that include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and metagenomics are techniques for quantifying ARB and ARGs in freshwater environments. The level of ARBs is extremely high in most of the river systems (up to 98% of the total detected bacteria), followed by lakes (up to 77% of the total detected bacteria), compared to dam, pond, and spring (<1%). Of most concern is the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), which cause highly epidemic infections. Dilution and natural degradation do not completely eradicate ARBs and ARGs in the freshwater environment. Even if the ARBs in freshwater are effectively inactivated by sunlight, their ARG-containing DNA can still be intact and capable of transferring resistance to non-resistant strains. Antibiotic resistance persists and is preserved in freshwater bodies polluted with high concentrations of antibiotics. Direct transmission of indigenous freshwater ARBs to humans as well as their transitory insertion in the microbiota can occur. These findings are disturbing especially for people that rely on freshwater resources for drinking, crop irrigation, and food in form of fish.201931465907