# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 3746 | 0 | 1.0000 | Severe Disseminated Infection with Emerging Lineage of Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. We report a case of severe disseminated infection in an immunocompetent man caused by an emerging lineage of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398. Genes encoding classic virulence factors were absent. The patient made a slow recovery after multiple surgical interventions and a protracted course of intravenous flucloxacillin. | 2019 | 30561304 |
| 4752 | 1 | 0.9995 | Antibiotic resistance in gram-positive bacteria: epidemiological aspects. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in gram-positive bacterial pathogens has become an increasing problem. There has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci. This is mainly due to the clonal dissemination of certain epidemic multiply-resistant strains, for example, those of MRSA and S. pneumoniae, as well as to the spread of resistance genes as exemplified by those causing glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. | 1999 | 10511391 |
| 4798 | 2 | 0.9994 | Acquired vancomycin resistance in clinically relevant pathogens. Acquired resistance to vancomycin is an increasing problem in pathogenic bacteria. It is best studied and most prevalent among Enterococcus and still remains rare in other pathogenic bacteria. Different genotypes of vancomycin resistance, vanA-G, have been described. The different van gene clusters consist of up to nine genes encoding proteins of different functions; their interplay leads to an alternative cell wall precursor less susceptible to glycopeptide binding. Variants of vanA and vanB types are found worldwide, with vanA predominating; their reservoir is Enterococcus faecium. Within this species a subpopulation of hospital-adapted types exists that acquired van gene clusters and which is responsible for outbreaks of vancomycin-resistant enterococci all over the world. Acquisition of vanA by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is worrisome and seven cases have been described. Nonsusceptibility to glycopeptides also occurs independently from van genes and is a growing therapeutic challenge, especially in MRSA. | 2008 | 18811239 |
| 4793 | 3 | 0.9994 | Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Oral Cavity: Implications for Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Surveillance. The oral cavity harbors a multitude of commensal flora, which may constitute a repository of antibiotic resistance determinants. In the oral cavity, bacteria form biofilms, and this facilitates the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. Recent reports indicate high methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage rates in the oral cavity. Establishment of MRSA in the mouth could be enhanced by the wide usage of antibiotic prophylaxis among at-risk dental procedure candidates. These changes in MRSA epidemiology have important implications for MRSA preventive strategies, clinical practice, as well as the methodological approaches to carriage studies of the organism. | 2020 | 33402829 |
| 4753 | 4 | 0.9993 | Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Enterococci, a part of normal gut flora, are not particularly pathogenic organisms in humans. For example, they do not cause respiratory tract infections. The most frequent enterococcal infections are urinary tract infections. Despite their lack of pathogenicity, enterococci have emerged as significant nosocomial pathogens in the United States and elsewhere. Enterococci are formidable pathogens because of their resistance to antimicrobial agents. Enterococci are intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam agents and aminoglycosides and were the first bacteria to acquire vancomycin resistance. Infection control measures have been far from effective at preventing the dissemination of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the hospital. Therapy for infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci presents real challenges. Most isolates remain susceptible to nitrofurantoin, but this agent is useful only for urinary tract infections. The greatest threat posed by vancomycin-resistant enterococci is the potential to transfer their resistance genes to more pathogenic gram-positive bacteria, which could produce truly frightening pathogens. | 1998 | 9597252 |
| 4751 | 5 | 0.9993 | Emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Their treatment in total joint arthroplasty. Successful treatment of an infected total joint arthroplasty can be achieved in approximately 90% of cases. This outcome may be jeopardized by the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria common to these infections. Staphylococci are the most frequently isolated bacteria in total joint infections, and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in these organisms among all nosocomial and community-acquired infections has been increasing. As many as 46.7% of Staphylococcus aureus strains and 85.7% of coagulase-negative staphylococci strains are methicillin-resistant. Enterococci also are commonly isolated from infected total joint arthroplasties. The prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci among all enterococci strains is estimated at 23%. As the prevalence of these resistant bacteria continues to increase among all infections, it is anticipated that they will be encountered more regularly in total joint infections. Knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance of these bacteria and currently available and newly developed antimicrobials is key to preventing the expansion of antimicrobial resistance and ensuring the future successful treatment of total joint infections. | 1999 | 10611866 |
| 4754 | 6 | 0.9993 | Enterococci and streptococci. Besides Staphylococcus aureus, other Gram-positive bacteria have become multidrug-resistant and cause therapeutic problems, particularly amongst hospitalised patients. The acquisition of vancomycin resistance by strains of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis is of particular concern and has resulted in treatment failures. Some of the infections caused by these bacteria do respond to treatment with new antibiotics that have been released in the last few years, however more options are required as not all enterococci are inherently susceptible and resistance is beginning to emerge amongst those that were susceptible. Resistance to commonly used antibiotics is also emerging in Streptococcus spp., particularly to the tetracyclines and macrolides. In both genera, multiresistant strains spread between patients and between hospitals. In the laboratory, these bacteria show considerable susceptibility to tigecycline, with little propensity to develop resistance, indicating that tigecycline could assume an important role in controlling infections caused by these Gram-positive bacteria. | 2007 | 17659211 |
| 4792 | 7 | 0.9993 | Antibiotic resistance in the staphylococci. There has been much interest in the media, international as well as national, on the potential for the development of "superbugs' by which is usually meant pathogenic bacteria resistant to all available antibiotics. Two of the genera most often thought to fall into this category are the staphylococci (MRSA or Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and the enterococci (VRE or Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci) and although this article concentrates on the staphylococci the two share much in the way of transmissible genes. | 1997 | 9161125 |
| 4748 | 8 | 0.9993 | Bacteria antibiotic resistance: New challenges and opportunities for implant-associated orthopedic infections. There has been a dramatic increase in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, which has made antibiotic choices for infection control increasingly limited and more expensive. In the U.S. alone, antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause at least 2 million infections and 23,000 deaths a year resulting in a $55-70 billion per year economic impact. Antibiotics are critical to the success of surgical procedures including orthopedic prosthetic surgeries, and antibiotic resistance is occurring in nearly all bacteria that infect people, including the most common bacteria that cause orthopedic infections, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Most clinical cases of orthopedic surgeries have shown that patients infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This paper reviews the severity of antibiotic resistance at the global scale, the consequences of antibiotic resistance, and the pathways bacteria used to develop antibiotic resistance. It highlights the opportunities and challenges in limiting antibiotic resistance through approaches like the development of novel, non-drug approaches to reduce bacteria functions related to orthopedic implant-associated infections. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:22-32, 2018. | 2018 | 28722231 |
| 4797 | 9 | 0.9993 | Antibiotic resistance among clinically important gram-positive bacteria in the UK. The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, particularly those used for first-line therapy, is an increasing cause for concern. In the UK, the prevalence of resistance to methicillin and mupirocin in Staphylococcus aureus, and to penicillin and macrolides in Streptococcus pneumoniae, appear to be increasing. There has also been an increase in the number of hospitals where glycopeptide-resistant enterococci are known to have been isolated. The increases in methicillin-resistant S. aureus and glycopeptide-resistant enterococci are due, in part, to the inter-hospital spread of epidemic strains. Although new quinolones and streptogramins with activity against Gram-positive bacteria (including strains resistant to currently available agents) are under development, there is no reason to believe that resistance to these agents will not emerge. The control of resistance in Gram-positive bacteria will require a multi-faceted approach, including continued and improved surveillance, a reduction in the unnecessary use of antibiotics, and the application of other strategies such as vaccination. | 1998 | 9777517 |
| 3748 | 10 | 0.9993 | Vancomycin resistance in Gram-positive bacteria other than Enterococcus spp. This is a review article on vancomycin resistance on gram positive bacteria other than enterococci. Epidemiology of varying resistance, its clinical relevance and therapeutic options in infections caused by vancomycin resistant Listeria spp., Corynebacteria, streptococci and staphylocci are discussed. | 2000 | 10720798 |
| 4796 | 11 | 0.9993 | The specter of glycopeptide resistance: current trends and future considerations. Two glycopeptide antibiotics, vancomycin and teicoplanin, are currently available for clinical use in various parts of the world, whereas a third, avoparcin, is available for use in agricultural applications and in veterinary medicine in some countries. Because of their outstanding activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive bacteria, vancomycin and teicoplanin have often been considered the drugs of "last resort" for serious infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Glycopeptides had been in clinical use for almost 30 years before high-level resistance, first reported in enterococcal species, emerged. More recently, there have been disturbing reports of low- and intermediate-level resistance to vancomycin in strains of Staphylococcus aureus. A review of earlier reports reveals, however, that S. aureus strains with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides were first identified >40 years ago. Such strains may occur in nature or may have developed low-level mutational resistance in response to the selection pressure of glycopeptide therapy. Of considerably greater concern is the possibility that vancomycin resistance genes found in enterococci may be transferred to more virulent organisms such as staphylococci or Streptococcus pneumoniae. | 1998 | 9684651 |
| 8839 | 12 | 0.9992 | Bacteriophage infection drives loss of β-lactam resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is a promising means to combat drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Infection by phage can select for mutations in bacterial populations that confer resistance against phage infection. However, resistance against phage can yield evolutionary trade-offs of biomedical relevance. Here, we report the discovery that infection by certain staphylococcal phages sensitizes different strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to β-lactams, a class of antibiotics against which MRSA is typically resistant. MRSA cells that survive infection by these phages display significant reductions in minimal inhibitory concentration against different β-lactams compared to uninfected bacteria. Transcriptomic profiling reveals that these evolved MRSA strains possess highly modulated transcriptional profiles, where numerous genes involved in S. aureus virulence are downregulated. Phage-treated MRSA exhibited attenuated virulence phenotypes in the form of reduced hemolysis and clumping. Despite sharing similar phenotypes, whole-sequencing analysis revealed that the different MRSA strains evolved unique genetic profiles during infection. These results suggest complex evolutionary trajectories in MRSA during phage predation and open up new possibilities to reduce drug resistance and virulence in MRSA infections. | 2025 | 40637714 |
| 4795 | 13 | 0.9992 | Epidemiology and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review updates epidemiologic trends and our understanding of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. RECENT FINDINGS: Colonization and infection rates with vancomycin resistant enterococci continue to increase throughout the world while factors contributing to this rise continue to be defined. While no interventions exist to eradicate colonization, infection control procedures are cost effective and decrease the prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococcal colonization and infection. New molecular methods show great promise in strengthening our ability to detect colonization with these bacteria. Furthermore, our understanding of the origin of vancomycin resistant enterococci continues to grow. Paenibacillus species found in soil have been found to carry homologues of vanA-associated glycopeptide resistance genes found in enterococci. Also, additional evidence supports previous data that VanB-associated resistance may have been horizontally transferred from gastrointestinal tract bacteria to enterococci. Finally, glycopeptide resistance has been transferred to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in clinical practice on several occasions. SUMMARY: The prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococci will likely continue to increase. Implementation of infection control strategies, in conjunction with deployment of advanced technologies for detection of vancomycin resistant enterococci, may curb this rise. The emergence of vancomycin resistant S. aureus is of concern. | 2005 | 16258324 |
| 4308 | 14 | 0.9992 | Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance. The skin is the largest organ in the human body, acting as a physical and immunological barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. The cutaneous lesions constitute a gateway for microbial contamination that can lead to chronic wounds and other invasive infections. Chronic wounds are considered as serious public health problems due the related social, psychological and economic consequences. The group of bacteria known as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter sp.) are among the most prevalent bacteria in cutaneous infections. These pathogens have a high level of incidence in hospital environments and several strains present phenotypes of multidrug resistance. In this review, we discuss some important aspects of skin immunology and the involvement of ESKAPE in wound infections. First, we introduce some fundamental aspects of skin physiology and immunology related to cutaneous infections. Following this, the major virulence factors involved in colonization and tissue damage are highlighted, as well as the most frequently detected antimicrobial resistance genes. ESKAPE pathogens express several virulence determinants that overcome the skin's physical and immunological barriers, enabling them to cause severe wound infections. The high ability these bacteria to acquire resistance is alarming, particularly in the hospital settings where immunocompromised individuals are exposed to these pathogens. Knowledge about the virulence and resistance markers of these species is important in order to develop new strategies to detect and treat their associated infections. | 2021 | 33540588 |
| 4750 | 15 | 0.9992 | A Review of Detection Methods for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Genes: From Conventional Approaches to Potentially Electrochemical DNA Biosensors. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) genes are bacteria strains generated from Gram-positive bacteria and resistant to one of the glycopeptides antibiotics, commonly, vancomycin. VRE genes have been identified worldwide and exhibit considerable phenotypic and genotypic variations. There are six identified phenotypes of vancomycin-resistant genes: VanA, VanB, VanC, VanD, VanE, and VanG. The VanA and VanB strains are often found in the clinical laboratory because they are very resistant to vancomycin. VanA bacteria can pose significant issues for hospitalized patients due to their ability to spread to other Gram-positive infections, which changes their genetic material to increase their resistance to the antibiotics used during treatment. This review summarizes the established methods for detecting VRE strains utilizing traditional, immunoassay, and molecular approaches and then focuses on potential electrochemical DNA biosensors to be developed. However, from the literature search, no information was reported on developing electrochemical biosensors for detecting VRE genes; only the electrochemical detection of vancomycin-susceptible bacteria was reported. Thus, strategies to create robust, selective, and miniaturized electrochemical DNA biosensor platforms to detect VRE genes are also discussed. | 2023 | 36832060 |
| 2506 | 16 | 0.9992 | High-level gentamicin resistance in Enterococcus: microbiology, genetic basis, and epidemiology. Antibiotic resistance is an ever-increasing problem in enterococci. These bacteria are remarkable in their ability to acquire and disseminate antibiotic resistance genes by a variety of routes. Since first described in 1979, high-level resistance to gentamicin (MIC, greater than 2,000 micrograms/mL) has spread worldwide and has been responsible for serious infections. Resistance is plasmid-mediated and due to aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. High-level gentamicin resistance indicates that there will be no synergistic bactericidal activity with penicillin-gentamicin combinations. The epidemiology of nosocomial enterococcal infections is remarkably similar to that of nosocomial infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. The most likely way these resistant bacteria are spread among hospital patients is via transient carriage on the hands of hospital personnel. Patient-to-patient and interhospital transmission of strains has been reported recently. However, clonal dissemination is not the cause of the increased frequency of resistant strains, since gentamicin resistance appears in a variety of different conjugative and nonconjugative plasmids in Enterococcus. | 1990 | 2117300 |
| 5832 | 17 | 0.9992 | New quadriplex PCR assay for detection of methicillin and mupirocin resistance and simultaneous discrimination of Staphylococcus aureus from coagulase-negative staphylococci. Major challenges in diagnostic molecular microbiology are to develop a simple assay to distinguish Staphylococcus aureus from the less virulent but clinically important coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and to simultaneously determine their antibiotic resistance profiles. Multiplex PCR assays have been developed for the detection of methicillin- and mupirocin-resistant S. aureus and CoNS but not for the simultaneous discrimination of S. aureus from CoNS. We designed a new set of Staphylococcus genus-specific primers and developed a novel quadriplex PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA (Staphylococcus genus specific), nuc (S. aureus species specific), mecA (a determinant of methicillin resistance), and mupA (a determinant of mupirocin resistance) genes to identify most staphylococci, to discriminate S. aureus from CoNS and other bacteria, and to simultaneously detect methicillin and mupirocin resistance. Validation of the assay with 96 ATCC control strains and 323 previously characterized clinical isolates, including methicillin- and mupirocin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus and CoNS isolates and other bacteria, demonstrated 100% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. This assay represents a simple, rapid, accurate, and reliable approach for the detection of methicillin- and mupirocin-resistant staphylococci and offers the hope of preventing their widespread dissemination through early and reliable detection. | 2004 | 15528678 |
| 4747 | 18 | 0.9992 | Linezolid versus vancomycin in vitro activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Most microorganisms as well as bacteria live in a community under natural conditions. Bacteria adopted to biofilm mode of life more than 3 billion years ago to survive extreme, harsh environments. They become harmful when they acquire resistance to antibiotics and overcome the standard therapies, which is most commonly found in hospitals. Therefore, many studies have been published regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous pathogen, ubiquitously prevalent as a commensal and opportunistic microorganism in human populations. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered one of the major medical problems worldwide since they are frequent colonizers of implanted medical devices causing a variety of hospital-acquired infections. For many years, vancomycin has been the drug of choice for MRSA whereas linezolid is considered the last resort drug. This comparative, cross-sectional study investigated the effects of linezolid on biofilm formation in vitro compared to vancomycin across 85 MRSA isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report high levels of linezolid resistance in MRSA in Iraq. In this brief report, 5 MRSA strains showed resistance to linezolid, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 256 μg/ml. The exact same isolates exhibited vancomycin resistance with MIC values of 1024 μg/ml. All linezolid-resistant MRSA (LR-MRSA) strains demonstrated biofilm formation ability. Additionally, linezolid inhibited the expression of adhesion-related genes cna and clfB. The authors concluded that linezolid exerts a comparable effect to vancomycin in biofilm treatment. | 2025 | 39947358 |
| 2510 | 19 | 0.9992 | Diagnosis of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens of Pneumonia. Hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia that are caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens represent a common and severe problem with increased mortality. Accurate diagnosis is essential to initiate appropriate antimicrobial therapy promptly while simultaneously avoiding antibiotic overuse and subsequent antibiotic resistance. Here, we discuss the main conventional phenotypic diagnostic tests and the advanced molecular tests that are currently available to diagnose the primary MDR pathogens and the resistance genes causing pneumonia. | 2021 | 34943524 |