Tetracycline resistance associated with commensal bacteria from representative ready-to-consume deli and restaurant foods. - Related Documents




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281801.0000Tetracycline resistance associated with commensal bacteria from representative ready-to-consume deli and restaurant foods. Proper knowledge of antibiotic resistance (AR) dissemination is essential for effective mitigation. This study examined the profiles of tetracycline-resistant (Tetr) commensal bacteria from representative ready-to-consume food samples from salad bars at local grocery stores and restaurants. Out of 900 Tetr isolates examined, 158 (17.6%) carried one or more of tetM, tetL, tetS, and tetK genes by conventional PCR, 28 harbored more than one Tetr determinants. The most prevalent genotype was tetM, which was detected in 70.9% of the AR gene carriers, followed by tetL (31.6%), tetS (13.9%), and tetK (2.5%). Identified AR gene carriers included Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Brochothrix, Carnobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, and Sphingobacterium, by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. AR determinants were successfully transmitted, and led to resistance in Streptococcus mutans via natural gene transformation and Enterococcus faecalis via electroporation, suggesting the functionality and mobility of the AR genes from the food commensal bacteria. In addition, the AR traits in many isolates are quite stable, even in the absence of the selective pressure. The identification of new commensal carriers for representative AR genes revealed the involvement of a broad spectrum of bacteria in the horizontal transmission of AR genes. Meanwhile, the spectrum of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria differed from the spectrum of the total bacteria (by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) associated with the food items. Our data revealed a common avenue in AR exposure and will assist in proper risk assessment and the development of comprehensive mitigation strategies to effectively combat AR.201021067672
282010.9999Direct detection of antibiotic resistance genes in specimens of chicken and pork meat. Antibiotic resistance (AR) in bacteria, a major threat to human health, has emerged in the last few decades as a consequence of the selective pressure exerted by the widespread use of antibiotics in medicine, agriculture and veterinary practice and as growth promoters in animal husbandry. The frequency of 11 genes [tet(M), tet(O), tet(K), erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), vanA, vanB, aac (6')-Ie aph (2'')-Ia, mecA, blaZ] encoding resistance to some antibiotics widely used in clinical practice was analysed in raw pork and chicken meat and in fermented sausages as well as in faecal samples from the relevant farm animals using a molecular approach based on PCR amplification of bacterial DNA directly extracted from specimens. Some of the 11 AR genes were highly prevalent, the largest number being detected in chicken meat and pig faeces. The genes found most frequently in meat were tet(K) and erm(B); vanB and mecA were the least represented. All 11 determinants were detected in faecal samples except mecA, which was found only in chicken faeces. erm(B) and erm(C) were detected in all faecal samples. The frequency of AR genes was not appreciably different in meat compared to faecal specimens of the relevant animal except for vanB, which was more prevalent in faeces. Our findings suggest that AR genes are highly prevalent in food-associated bacteria and that AR contamination is likely related to breeding rather than processing techniques. Finally, the cultivation-independent molecular method used in this work to determine the prevalence of AR genes in foods proved to be a rapid and reliable alternative to traditional tools.200717005283
559820.9999Antibiotic Resistance in Lactic Acid Bacteria from Dairy Products in Northern Italy. Background: The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from the food chain is a significant public health concern. Dairy products from raw milk containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) resistant to antimicrobials may serve as vectors for the transfer of resistance to commensal or potentially pathogenic bacteria in the human gut. Detecting ARGs in dairy products and milk is, therefore, crucial and could aid in the development of strategies to mitigate resistance dissemination through the food chain. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the presence of ARGs and assess the antibiotic susceptibility of LAB strains isolated from dairy products made from raw milk. Methods: Fifty-four LAB strains were isolated from 41 dairy samples and were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using broth microdilution to determine Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Moreover, the presence of resistance genes related to tetracyclines, beta-lactams, quinolones, and erythromycin was examined using six multiplex PCR assays. Results: Lactobacillus spp. and Leuconostoc spp. strains exhibited a high level of resistance to vancomycin (93-100%). Low-level resistance (4.2-20%) was observed in Lactococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. strains against tetracycline. Additionally, Lactococcus spp. strains showed resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Twenty-two out of 54 LAB strains (40.7%) carried at least one antibiotic resistance gene, and five of these were multidrug-resistant. Genes associated with acquired resistance to tetracycline were commonly detected, with tetK being the most frequent determinant. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that LABs in dairy products can act as reservoirs for ARGs, potentially contributing to the horizontal transfer of resistance within microbial communities in food and consumers. These findings highlight the need for the ongoing surveillance of antibiotic resistance in LAB and the implementation of control measures to minimize the dissemination of resistance through dairy products.202540298519
564630.9999Dispersion and persistence of antimicrobial resistance genes among Staphylococcus spp. and Mammaliicoccus spp. isolated along a swine manure treatment plant. Staphylococcus spp. and Mammaliicoccus spp. colonize the skin and mucosa of humans and other animals and are responsible for several opportunistic infections. Staphylococci antibiotic resistance may be present in the environment due to the spread of treated and untreated manure from the livestock industry due to antibiotic use to disease control or growth promoter. In this work, we analyzed the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species along different sites of a swine manure treatment plant from Southeastern Brazil. Bacterial colonies were obtained on mannitol salt agar, selected after catalase test and Gram staining, and finally identified by mass spectrometry and sequencing of the tuf gene. According to the results, S.cohnii and S. simulans were the most prevalent species. Antibiotic resistance test revealed that several strains were resistant to multiple drugs, with high levels of chloramphenicol resistance (98%), followed by erythromycin (79%), tetracycline (73%), gentamicin (46%), ciprofloxacin (42%), cefoxitin (18%), sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (12%), and linezolid (4%). In addition, gene detection by PCR showed that all strains carried at least 2 resistance genes and one of them carried all 11 genes investigated. Using the GTG(5)-PCR approach, a high genetic similarity was observed between some strains that were isolated from different points of the treatment plant. Although some were seemingly identical, differences in their resistance phenotype and genotype suggest horizontal gene transfer. The presence of resistant bacteria and resistance genes along the treatment system highlights the potential risk of contamination by people in direct contact with these animals and the soil since the effluent is used as a biofertilizer in the surrounding environment.202336515883
286540.9999Antibiotic resistance in soil and water environments. Seven locations were screened for antibiotic-resistant bacteria using a modified agar dilution technique. Isolates resistant to high levels of antibiotics were screened for r plasmids. Low-level resistance (25 micro g x ml(-1)) was widespread for ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, vancomycin and streptomycin but not for kanamycin. Resistant populations dropped sharply at high antibiotic levels, suggesting that intrinsic non-emergent mechanisms were responsible for the multiple drug resistance exhibited at low doses. Dairy farm manure contained significantly (P < 0.01) more (%) resistant bacteria than the other sites. Bacteria isolated from a dairy water canal, a lake by a hospital and a residential garden (fertilized by farm manure) displayed resistance frequencies of 77, 75 and 70%, respectively. Incidence of tetracycline resistance was most prevalent at 47-89% of total bacteria. Out of 200 representative isolates analyzed, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus-like bacteria, Enterobacter and Burkholderia species constituted the dominant reservoirs of resistance at high drug levels (50-170 micro g x ml(-1)). Plasmids were detected in only 29% (58) of these bacteria with tetracycline resistance accounting for 65% of the plasmid pool. Overall, resistance trends correlated to the abundance and type of bacterial species present in the habitat. Environmental reservoirs of resistance include opportunistic pathogens and constitute some public health concern.200212396530
282150.9999Antibiotic resistant enterococci and staphylococci isolated from flies collected near confined poultry feeding operations. Use of antibiotics as feed additives in poultry production has been linked to the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in farm workers, consumer poultry products and the environs of confined poultry operations. There are concerns that these resistant bacteria may be transferred to communities near these operations; however, environmental pathways of exposure are not well documented. We assessed the prevalence of antibiotic resistant enterococci and staphylococci in stored poultry litter and flies collected near broiler chicken houses. Drug resistant enterococci and staphylococci were isolated from flies caught near confined poultry feeding operations in the summer of 2006. Susceptibility testing was conducted on isolates using antibiotics selected on the basis of their importance to human medicine and use in poultry production. Resistant isolates were then screened for genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance. A total of 142 enterococcal isolates and 144 staphylococcal isolates from both fly and poultry litter samples were identified. Resistance genes erm(B), erm(A), msr(C), msr(A/B) and mobile genetic elements associated with the conjugative transposon Tn916, were found in isolates recovered from both poultry litter and flies. Erm(B) was the most common resistance gene in enterococci, while erm(A) was the most common in staphylococci. We report that flies collected near broiler poultry operations may be involved in the spread of drug resistant bacteria from these operations and may increase the potential for human exposure to drug resistant bacteria.200919157515
559760.9998Prevalence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistant lactic acid bacteria isolated from food samples. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) being a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, tend to disseminate antibiotic resistance that possibly pose a threat to human and animal health. Therefore, the study focuses on the prevalence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin- (MLS) resistance among LAB isolated from various food samples. Diverse phenotypic and genotypic MLS resistance were determined among the LAB species (n = 146) isolated from fermented food products (n = 6) and intestine of food-producing animals (n = 4). Double disc, triple disc diffusion and standard minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were evaluated for phenotypic MLS resistance. Specific primers for MLS resistance genes were used for the evaluation of genotypic MLS resistance and gene expressions using total RNA of each isolate at different antibiotic concentrations. The isolates identified are Levilactobacillus brevis (n = 1), Enterococcus hirae (n = 1), Limosilactobacillus fermentum (n = 2), Pediococcus acidilactici (n = 3), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 1). The MIC tests along with induction studies displayed cMLS(b), L phenotype, M phenotype, KH phenotype, I phenotype resistance among MLS antibiotics. Genotypic evaluation tests revealed the presence of ermB, mefA/E, msrA/B and msrC genes. Also, gene expression studies displayed increased level of gene expression to the twofold increased antibiotic concentrations. In the view of global health concern, this study identified that food samples and food-producing animals represent source of antibiotic resistant LAB that can disseminate resistance through food chain. This suggests the implementation of awareness in the use of antibiotics as growth promoters and judicious use of antibiotics in veterinary sectors in order to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance.202336712199
554570.9998Healthy broilers disseminate antibiotic resistance in response to tetracycline input in feed concentrates. Wide varieties of antibiotics are used in poultry farms to improve the growth and also to control the infection in broiler chicken. To identify the seriousness of the same in the poultry sector, current study has been designed to analyze the presence of tetracycline in poultry feed and also the tetracycline resistance among the bacteria released through the excreta of poultry. In the study, 27 bacteria belonging to the Escherichiacoli and Klebsiellapneumoniae. were isolated from the faecal samples collected from five different farms. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis showed 77% of E. coli and 100% of the K. pneumoniae. to be resistant to tetracycline. Further, molecular screening for tetA and tetB genes showed 85.18% of isolates to have tetA and 22.22% with tetB. The presence of tetracycline in collected feed samples was also analysed quantitatively by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Here, three out of five feed samples were found to be positive for tetracycline. The study showed a direct correlation between the antibiotic supplemented feed and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among the intestinal microflora. The results of the study indicate the need for strict control over antibiotic use in animal feed to limit the rapid evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance.202033039593
312780.9998Characterization of Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance in Commercially Produced Cheeses Sold in China. ABSTRACT: The consumption of cheese in the People's Republic of China is increasing rapidly. Little is known about the microbiota, the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, or the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in commercially produced cheeses sold in China. This information is important for evaluating quality and safety. This study was conducted using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess the metagenomics of 15 types of cheese. Fourteen bacterial genera were detected, and Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus were dominant based on number of sequence reads. Multidrug-resistant lactic acid bacteria (i.e., resistant to two or more types of antibiotic) were isolated from most of the types of cheese. Of these isolates, 100 and 91.7% were resistant to streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole, respectively, and genes involved in acquired resistance to streptomycin (strB) and sulfonamides (sul2) were detected with high frequency. To analyze the distribution of ARGs in the cheeses overall, 309 ARGs from eight categories and nine transposase genes were profiled. A total of 169 ARGs were detected in the 15 cheeses; their occurrence and abundance varied significantly between cheeses. Our study revealed diverse bacteria and ARGs in cheeses sold in China. The risks associated with multidrug resistance among dominant lactic acid bacteria are of great concern.202234855936
193590.9998Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and Tetracycline Resistance Genes Detection in Salmonella spp. Strains Isolated from Animals and Food. Salmonella spp. is among the leading causes of foodborne infections in humans and a large number of animals. Salmonella spp. is a pathogen involved in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance because it can accumulate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, the antibiotic resistance profile to 15 antibiotics, belonging to six different classes, of 60 strains of Salmonella spp. collected from pets, farm animals, wildlife, and food in Sicily (Italy) was investigated by the Kirby-Bauer method. Given that almost 33.3% of the Salmonella spp. strains were resistant to tetracycline, Real-Time PCR analysis was applied on all the 60 strains to detect the presence of eight selected tet resistance genes. Besides, the presence of the int1 gene, related to the horizontal gene transfer among bacteria, was also investigated in all the strains by Real-Time PCR analysis. Our data showed that 56% of the isolated strains harbored one or more tet resistance genes and that these strains were most frequently isolated from animals living in close contact with humans. Concerning int1, 17 strains (28.3%) harbored this genetic element and eight of these simultaneously contained tet genes. The results of this study highlight the importance of using a molecular approach to detect resistance genetic determinants, whose spread can increase the diffusion of multidrug-resistant strains. Besides, the study of zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. which significantly contribute to ARGs dissemination should always follow a One Health approach that considers the health of humans, animals, and the environment to be closely related.202134356729
2819100.9998Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Lactobacilli in Sepsis Patients with Long-Term Antibiotic Therapy. Lactobacilli are the most common probiotic bacteria found in the human gut microbiota, and the presence of acquired antibiotic resistance determinants carried on mobile genetic elements must be screened due to safety concerns. Unnecessary and inappropriate antibiotic therapy, as well as ingested antibiotic resistance bacteria (originating from food or food products), influence the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in human guts, with serious clinical consequences. The current study looked into the antibiotic resistance of lactobacilli isolated from the guts of sepsis patients on long-term antibiotic therapy. The broth microdilution method was used to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics such as imipenem, meropenem, erythromycin, tetracycline, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin, and the molecular genetic basis of resistance was studied based on the MIC values. The isolates were phenotypically resistant to tetracycline (20%), fluoroquinolone (20%), and macrolide (5%). Following that, resistance genes for tetracycline [tet(L), tet(O), tet(K), and tet(M)], macrolide [erm(B) and erm(C)], and beta-lactams [bla(CMY)] were investigated. Tetracycline or macrolide resistance genes were not found in the isolates, and only one isolate possessed the bla(CMY) resistance gene. The findings suggested that tetracycline and macrolide resistance may be linked to other resistance genes that were not investigated in this study. Because tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides are commonly used in clinics and animals, there has been concern about the spread of resistance in humans. If acquired antibiotic resistance is passed down through mobile genetic elements, it may serve as a reservoir of resistance for gut pathogens and other microbiome environments.202236088413
5644110.9998Identification and Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant, Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Korean Fresh Produce and Agricultural Environment. The consumption of fresh produce and fruits has increased over the last few years as a result of increasing consumer awareness of healthy lifestyles. Several studies have shown that fresh produces and fruits could be potential sources of human pathogens and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, 248 strains were isolated from lettuce and surrounding soil samples, and 202 single isolates selected by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting method were further characterized. From 202 strains, 184 (91.2%) could be identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while 18 isolates (8.9%) could not be unequivocally identified. A total of 133 (69.3%) and 105 (54.7%) strains showed a resistance phenotype to ampicillin and cefoxitin, respectively, while resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline occurred only at low incidences. A closer investigation of selected strains by whole genome sequencing showed that seven of the fifteen sequenced strains did not possess any genes related to acquired antibiotic resistance. In addition, only one strain possessed potentially transferable antibiotic resistance genes together with plasmid-related sequences. Therefore, this study indicates that there is a low possibility of transferring antibiotic resistance by potential pathogenic enterobacteria via fresh produce in Korea. However, with regards to public health and consumer safety, fresh produce should nevertheless be continuously monitored to detect the occurrence of foodborne pathogens and to hinder the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes potentially present in these bacteria.202337317216
3397120.9998Characterization of antibiotic resistance in commensal bacteria from an aquaculture ecosystem. The objective of the study was to improve the understanding of antibiotic resistance (AR) ecology through characterization of antibiotic-resistant commensal isolates associated with an aquaculture production system. A total of 4767 isolates non-susceptible to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Sul/Tri), tetracycline (Tet), erythromycin (Erm), or cefotaxime (Ctx), originated from fish, feed, and environmental samples of an aquaculture farm with no known history of antibiotic applications were examined. Close to 80% of the isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance in media containing the corresponding antibiotics, and representative AR genes were detected in various isolates by PCR, with feed isolates had the highest positive rate detected. Identified AR gene carriers involved 18 bacterial genera. Selected AR genes led to acquired resistance in other bacteria by transformation. The AR traits in many isolates were stable in the absence of selective pressure. AR-rich feed and possibly environmental factors may contribute to AR in the aquaculture ecosystem. For minimum inhibitory concentration test, brain heart infusion medium was found more suitable for majority of the bacteria examined than cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton broth, with latter being the recommended medium for clinical isolates by standard protocol. The data indicated a need to update the methodology due to genetic diversity of microbiota for better understanding of the AR ecology.201526441859
5543130.9998Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from aquaculture sources in Australia. AIMS: To carry out a preliminary assessment of the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobials in bacteria that has been isolated from a variety of aquaculture species and environments in Australia. METHOD AND RESULTS: A total of 100 Gram-negative (Vibrio spp. and Aeromonas spp. predominantly) and four Gram-positive bacteria isolated from farmed fish, crustaceans and water from crab larval rearing tanks were obtained from diagnostic laboratories from different parts of Australia. All the isolates were tested for sensitivity to 19 antibiotics and Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations were determined by the agar dilution method. Plasmid DNA was isolated by the alkali lysis method. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxycillin, cephalexin and erythromycin was widespread; resistance to oxytetracycline, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and sulfonamides was common but resistance to chloramphenicol, florfenicol, ceftiofur, cephalothin, cefoperazone, oxolinic acid, gentamicin, kanamycin and trimethoprim was less common. All strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Multiple resistance was also observed and 74.4% of resistant isolates had between one and ten plasmids with sizes ranging 2-51 kbp. CONCLUSIONS: No antibiotics are registered for use in aquaculture in Australia but these results suggest that there has been significant off-label use. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: Transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria to humans via the food chain is a significant health concern. In comparison with studies on terrestrial food producing animals, there are fewer studies on antibiotic resistance in bacteria from aquaculture enterprises and this study provides further support to the view that there is the risk of transfer of resistant bacteria to humans from consumption of aquaculture products. From the Australian perspective, although there are no products registered for use in aquaculture, antimicrobial resistance is present in isolates from aquaculture and aquaculture environments.200616630011
2797140.9998Widespread distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in a confined animal feeding facility. We sought to determine the distribution of resistance and the tetracycline resistance genes among bacteria isolated from a swine confined animal feeding facility where tetracycline-containing feed had been in use for over 20 years. Samples collected from feed, hogs, hog houses, waste lagoon, soil, surface water and well water were screened for the presence of (a) resistant Escherichia coli and enterococci and (b) tetracycline-resistant strains of all species. Genomic DNA was extracted from the latter strain collection and fragments from 16S rDNA and ten tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetE, tetH, tetL, tetM, tetS, tetT and rumB) were polymerase chain reaction-amplified and a partial nucleotide sequence was obtained. In this environment, 77% of E. coli and 68% of enterococci isolated were tetracycline resistant. Tetracycline resistance was found in 26 different bacterial genera and in 60 species. Single resistance gene alleles (as defined by nucleotide sequence) were present in multiple species. There was evidence of gene recombination and multiple different tetracycline resistance genes were present in single bacterial isolates. These data provide further evidence for the widespread distribution of resistance genes in microbial populations in settings in which there is ongoing subtherapeutic antimicrobial use.200717287111
5647150.9998Resistance of bacterial isolates from poultry products to therapeutic veterinary antibiotics. Bacterial isolates from poultry products were tested for their susceptibility to 10 antibiotics commonly used in the therapeutic treatment of poultry. Bacteria were isolated from fresh whole broiler carcasses or from cut-up meat samples (breast with or without skin, wings, and thighs) that were either fresh or stored at 4 or 13 degrees C (temperatures relevant to poultry-processing facilities). The Biolog system was used to identify isolates, and a broth dilution method was used to determine the antibiotic resistance properties of both these isolates and complementary cultures from the American Type Culture Collection. The antibiotics to which the most resistance was noted were penicillin G, sulfadimethoxine, and erythromycin; the antibiotic to which the least resistance was noted was enrofloxacin. Individual isolates exhibited resistances to as many as six antibiotics, with the most common resistance pattern involving the resistance of gram-negative bacteria to penicillin G, sulfadimethoxine, and erythromycin. Differences in resistance patterns were noted among 18 gram-positive and 7 gram-negative bacteria, and comparisons were made between species within the same genus. The data obtained in this study provide a useful reference for the species and resistance properties of bacteria found on various raw poultry products, either fresh or stored at temperatures and for times relevant to commercial processing, storage, and distribution. The results of this study show that resistance to antibiotics used for the therapeutic treatment of poultry occurs in bacteria in the processing environment.200312540187
2864160.9998Case study on the soil antibiotic resistome in an urban community garden. Urban agricultural soils can be an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance, and have great food safety and public health indications. This study investigated antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in urban agricultural soils using phenotypic and metagenomic tools. In total, 207 soil bacteria were recovered from 41 soil samples collected from an urban agricultural garden in Detroit, MI, USA. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance phenotype demonstrated by Gram-negative bacteria was resistance to ampicillin (94.2%), followed by chloramphenicol (80.0%), cefoxitin (79.5%), gentamicin (78.4%) and ceftriaxone (71.1%). All Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin and penicillin. Genes encoding resistance to quinolones, β-lactams and tetracyclines were the most prevalent and abundant in the soil. qepA and tetA, both encoding efflux pumps, predominated in the quinolone and tetracycline resistance genes tested, respectively. Positive correlation (P<0.05) was identified among groups of antibiotic resistance genes, and between antibiotic resistance genes and metal resistance genes. The data demonstrated a diverse population of antibiotic resistance in urban agricultural soils. Phenotypic determination together with soil metagenomics proved to be a valuable tool to study the nature and extent of antibiotic resistance in the environment.201829857032
3128170.9998Diversity and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of cultivable anaerobic bacteria from soil and sewage samples of India. Soil and sewage act as a reservoir of animal pathogens and their dissemination to animals profoundly affects the safety of our food supply. Moreover, acquisition and further spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among pathogenic bacterial populations is the most relevant problem for the treatment of infectious diseases. Bacterial strains from soil and sewage are a potential reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes. Accurate species determination for anaerobes from environmental samples has become increasingly important with the re-emergence of anaerobic bacteremia and prevalence of multiple-drug-resistant microorganisms. Soil samples were collected from various locations of planar India and the diversity of anaerobic bacteria was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Viable counts of anaerobic bacteria on anaerobic agar and SPS agar ranged from 1.0 × 10(2)cfu/g to 8.8 × 10(7)cfu/g and nil to 3.9 × 10(6)cfu/g, respectively. Among clostrdia, Clostridium bifermentans (35.9%) was the most dominant species followed by Clostridium perfringens (25.8%). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of C. perfringens beta2 toxin gene (cpb2) fragment indicated specific phylogenetic affiliation with cluster Ia for 5 out of 6 strains. Antibiotic susceptibility for 30 antibiotics was tested for 74 isolates, revealing resistance for as high as 16-25 antibiotics for 35% of the strains tested. Understanding the diversity of the anaerobic bacteria from soil and sewage with respect to animal health and spread of zoonotic pathogen infections is crucial for improvements in animal and human health.201120965279
1933180.9998Antibiotic Resistance Genes Occurrence in Conventional and Antibiotic-Free Poultry Farming, Italy. Antimicrobial resistance is a complex and widespread problem threatening human and animal health. In poultry farms, a wide distribution of resistant bacteria and their relative genes is described worldwide, including in Italy. In this paper, a comparison of resistance gene distribution in litter samples, recovered from four conventional and four antibiotic-free broiler flocks, was performed to highlight any influence of farming systems on the spreading and maintenance of resistance determinants. Conventional PCR tests, targeting the resistance genes related to the most used antibiotics in poultry farming, along with some critically important antibiotics for human medicine, were applied. In conventional farms, n. 10 out of n. 30 investigated genes were present in at least one sample, the most abundant fragments being the tet genes specific for tetracyclines, followed by those for aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol. All conventional samples resulted negative for colistin, carbapenems, and vancomycin resistance genes. A similar trend was observed for antibiotic-free herds, with n. 13 out of n. 30 amplified genes, while a positivity for the mcr-1 gene, specific for colistin, was observed in one antibiotic-free flock. The statistical analysis revealed a significant difference for the tetM gene, which was found more frequently in the antibiotic-free category. The analysis carried out in this study allowed us to obtain new data about the distribution of resistance patterns in the poultry industry in relation to farming types. The PCR test is a quick and non-expensive laboratory tool for the environmental monitoring of resistance determinants identifying potential indicators of AMR dissemination.202236139170
5645190.9998Antibiotic Resistance of Bacillus cereus in Plant Foods and Edible Wild Mushrooms in a Province. Bacillus cereus is a common pathogen causing foodborne diseases, secreting and producing a large number of toxins that can cause a variety of diseases and pose many threats to human health. In this study, 73 strains of Bacillus cereus were isolated and identified from six types of foods from seven different cities in a province, and the antibiotic-resistant phenotype was detected by using the Bauer-Kirby method. Results showed that the 73 isolates were completely sensitive to gentamicin and 100% resistant to chloramphenicol, in addition to which all strains showed varying degrees of resistance to 13 other common antibiotics, and a large number of strains resistant to multiple antibiotics were found. A bioinformatic analysis of the expression of resistance genes in Bacillus cereus showed three classes of antibiotic-resistant genes, which were three of the six classes of antibiotics identified according to the resistance phenotype. The presence of other classes of antibiotic-resistant genes was identified from genome-wide information. Antibiotic-resistant phenotypes were analyzed for correlations with genotype, and remarkable differences were found among the phenotypes. The spread of antibiotic-resistant strains is a serious public health problem that requires the long-term monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in Bacillus cereus, and the present study provides important information for monitoring antibiotic resistance in bacteria from different types of food.202338138092