Identification of novel OXA-134-like β-lactamases in Acinetobacter lwoffii and Acinetobacter schindleri isolated from chicken litter. - Related Documents




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275801.0000Identification of novel OXA-134-like β-lactamases in Acinetobacter lwoffii and Acinetobacter schindleri isolated from chicken litter. BACKGROUND: Various food-producing animals have been recognized in recent years as a potential reservoir for the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria that may pose a risk to human health and therefore their dissemination in the food production chain needs to be assessed. METHODS: In this study, 450 boot swabs from chicken farms were analyzed for the presence of antimicrobial resistance with a focus on β-lactams resistance in Acinetobacter species. RESULTS: Two β-lactamase-encoding genes were first time identified in Acinetobacter lwoffii and Acinetobacter schindleri isolates. The deduced amino acid sequence of OXA-496 shared 93.8% identity with OXA-363. The second OXA-134-like enzyme, OXA-537, had the highest sequence identity (97.8%) with OXA-235 and OXA-237. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study illustrate the occurrence of new OXA-134-like β-lactamases, called OXA-496 and OXA-537, carrying strains of Acinetobacter lwoffii and Acinetobacter schindleri in chicken farm litter, and highlight the possible role of Acinetobacter as a reservoir of resistance genes.201930150791
89610.9998Retrospective Screening and Analysis of mcr-1 and bla (NDM) in Gram-Negative Bacteria in China, 2010-2019. Currently, Gram-negative bacteria have developed multidrug and broad-spectrum drug resistance, and the numbers of species and strains carrying mcr or bla (NDM) genes are increasing. In this study, mcr-1 and bla (NDM) distribution of 12,858 Gram-negative bacteria isolated from wildlife, patients, livestock, poultry and environment in 14 provinces of China from 2010 to 2019 and the antibiotics resistance in regard to polymyxins (polymyxin B and colistin) and carbapenems of positive strains were investigated. A total of 70 strains of 10 species carried the mcr-1 gene, positive rates of patients, livestock and poultry, and environmental strains were 0.62% (36/5,828), 4.07% (29/712), 5.43% (5/92), respectively. Six strains of 3 species carrying the bla (NDM) gene all came from patients 0.10% (6/5,828). Two new mcr-1 gene variants (GenBank: MK965883, MK965884) were identified, one of which contains premature stop codon. The drug susceptibility results showed that all mcr-1 carriers were sensitive to carbapenems, among which, 66 strains were resistant and 4 were sensitive to polymyxins. The strains with the bla (NDM) gene had different degrees of resistance to carbapenems and were sensitive to polymyxins. The findings that species carrying mcr-1 or bla (NDM) genes were limited and mostly normal flora of opportunistic or low pathogenic organisms indicated that transfer of mcr-1 and bla (NDM) genes between bacteria was relatively limited in China. The none detection among wildlife compared with other sources supports the speculation that the emergence of and increase in polymyxins and carbapenem-resistant strains was mainly related to the selective pressure of antibiotics.202032117144
170920.9998High prevalence of bla(VIM-1) gene in bacteria from Brazilian soil. This study investigated bacteria from soil samples to (i) determine the main bacterial genera and species having resistance to carbapenem and other β-lactams and (ii) establish if the mechanism of resistance was due to the production of metallo-β-lactamases. The isolates were characterized by PCR for metallo-β-lactamases and integrons, by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and by sequencing. The antimicrobial profile of 40 imipenem-resistant Gram-positive soil isolates from all Brazilian regions demonstrated that 31 (77.5%) of them were multidrug resistant. Among the 40 isolates, 19 presented the bla(VIM) gene and class 1 integrons by PCR. Six of the 19 isolates were identified as Paenibacillus sp., 12 as Bacillus sp., and just 1 was classified as Staphylococcus sp., by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. These results suggest that bacteria from soil can act as a source of bla(VIM-1) genes, representing a threat to public health.201627392282
87930.9998Detection of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme gene bla (NDM-1) associated with the Int-1 gene in Gram-negative bacteria collected from the effluent treatment plant of a tuberculosis care hospital in Delhi, India. BACKGROUND: Organisms possessing the bla (NDM-1) gene (responsible for carbapenem resistance) with a class-1 integron can acquire many other antibiotic resistance genes from the community sewage pool and become multidrug-resistant superbugs. In this regard, hospital sewage, which contains a large quantity of residual antibiotics, metals and disinfectants, is being recognized as a significant cause of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) origination and spread across the major centres of the world and is thus routinely investigated as a marker for tracing the origin of drug resistance. Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to identify and characterize the carbapenem-resistant microbes associated with integron genes amongst the organisms isolated from the effluent treatment plant (ETP) installed in a tertiary respiratory care hospital in Delhi, India. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-eight organisms belonging to Escherichia , Klebsiella , Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp. were collected from the incoming and outgoing sewage lines of the ETP. Carbapenem sensitivity and characterization was performed by the imipenem and imipenem-EDTA disc diffusion method. Later DNA extraction and PCR steps were performed for the Int-1 and bla (NDM-1) genes. RESULTS: Of the 138 organisms, 86 (62.3 %) were imipenem-resistant (P<0.05). One hundred and twenty-four (89.9 %) organisms had one or both of the genes. Overall, the bla (NDM-1) gene (genotypic resistance) was present in 71 % (98/138) of organisms. 53.6 % (74/138) organisms were double gene-positive (bla (NDM-1) + Int-1), of which 40 were producing the metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme, making up almost 28.9 % (40/138) of the collected organisms. CONCLUSION: The current study strengthens the hypothesis that Carbapenem resistant organisms are in a high-circulation burden through the human gut and hospital ETPs are providing an environment for resistance origination and amplification.202032974589
87840.9997Environmental Spread of New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-1-Producing Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Resistance to carbapenem antibiotics through the production of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) constitutes an emerging challenge in the treatment of bacterial infections. To monitor the possible source of the spread of these organisms in Dhaka, Bangladesh, we conducted a comparative analysis of wastewater samples from hospital-adjacent areas (HAR) and from community areas (COM), as well as public tap water samples, for the occurrence and characteristics of NDM-1-producing bacteria. Of 72 HAR samples tested, 51 (71%) samples were positive for NDM-1-producing bacteria, as evidenced by phenotypic tests and the presence of the bla(NDM-1) gene, compared to 5 of 41 (12.1%) samples from COM samples (P < 0.001). All tap water samples were negative for NDM-1-producing bacteria. Klebsiella pneumoniae (44%) was the predominant bacterial species among bla(NDM-1)-positive isolates, followed by Escherichia coli (29%), Acinetobacter spp. (15%), and Enterobacter spp. (9%). These bacteria were also positive for one or more other antibiotic resistance genes, including bla(CTX-M-1) (80%), bla(CTX-M-15) (63%), bla(TEM) (76%), bla(SHV) (33%), bla(CMY-2) (16%), bla(OXA-48-like) (2%), bla(OXA-1) (53%), and bla(OXA-47-like) (60%) genes. Around 40% of the isolates contained a qnr gene, while 50% had 16S rRNA methylase genes. The majority of isolates hosted multiple plasmids, and plasmids of 30 to 50 MDa carrying bla(NDM-1) were self-transmissible. Our results highlight a number of issues related to the characteristics and source of spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria as a potential public health threat. In view of the existing practice of discharging untreated liquid waste into the environment, hospitals in Dhaka city contribute to the potential dissemination of NDM-1-producing bacteria into the community.IMPORTANCE Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are extremely difficult to manage due to their marked resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. NDM-1 is the most recently described carbapenemase, and the bla(NDM-1) gene, which encodes NDM-1, is located on self-transmissible plasmids that also carry a considerable number of other antibiotic resistance genes. The present study shows a high prevalence of NDM-1-producing organisms in the wastewater samples from hospital-adjacent areas as a potential source for the spread of these organisms to community areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study also examines the characteristics of the isolates and their potential to horizontally transmit the resistance determinants. The significance of our research is in identifying the mode of spread of multiple-antibiotic-resistant organisms, which will allow the development of containment measures, leading to broader impacts in reducing their spread to the community.201728526792
183150.9997Antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiota of mothers and linked neonates with or without sepsis from low- and middle-income countries. Early development of the microbiome has been shown to affect general health and physical development of the infant and, although some studies have been undertaken in high-income countries, there are few studies from low- and middle-income countries. As part of the BARNARDS study, we examined the rectal microbiota of 2,931 neonates (term used up to 60 d) with clinical signs of sepsis and of 15,217 mothers screening for bla(CTX-M-15), bla(NDM), bla(KPC) and bla(OXA-48)-like genes, which were detected in 56.1%, 18.5%, 0% and 4.1% of neonates' rectal swabs and 47.1%, 4.6%, 0% and 1.6% of mothers' rectal swabs, respectively. Carbapenemase-positive bacteria were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and showed a high diversity of bacterial species (57 distinct species/genera) which exhibited resistance to most of the antibiotics tested. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae/E. cloacae complex, the most commonly found isolates, were subjected to whole-genome sequencing analysis and revealed close relationships between isolates from different samples, suggesting transmission of bacteria between neonates, and between neonates and mothers. Associations between the carriage of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and healthcare/environmental factors were identified, and the presence of ARGs was a predictor of neonatal sepsis and adverse birth outcomes.202235927336
161160.9997Molecular Typing of Enterobacteriaceae from Pig Holdings in North-Western Germany Reveals Extended- Spectrum and AmpC β-Lactamases Producing but no Carbapenem Resistant Ones. The increase of extended- spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) in humans and in food-producing animals is of public health concern. The latter could contribute to spreading of these bacteria or their resistance genes to humans. Several studies have reported the isolation of third generation cephalosporin resistant bacteria in livestock animals. However, the number of samples and the methodology used differ considerably between studies limiting comparability and prevalence assessment. In the present study, a total of 564 manure and dust samples were collected from 47 pig farms in Northern Germany and analysed to determine the prevalence of ESBL-E. Molecular typing and characterization of resistance genes was performed for all ESBL-E isolates. ESBL-E isolates were found in 55.3% of the farms. ESBL-Escherichia coli was found in 18.8% of the samples, ESBL-Klebsiella pneumoniae in 0.35%. The most prevalent ESBL genes among E. coli were CTX-M-1 like (68.9%), CTX-M-15 like (16%) and CTX-M-9 group (14.2%). In 20% of the latter two, also the OXA-1 like gene was found resulting in a combination of genes typical for isolates from humans. Genetic relation was found between isolates not only from the same, but also from different farms, with multilocus sequence type (ST) 10 being predominant among the E. coli isolates. In conclusion, we showed possible spread of ESBL-E between farms and the presence of resistance genes and STs previously shown to be associated with human isolates. Follow-up studies are required to monitor the extent and pathways of ESBL-E transmission between farms, animals and humans.201526225428
162970.9997Molecular detection of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 to mcr-5) in human vaginal swabs. OBJECTIVE: Colistin resistance has emerged worldwide and has been threatening the efficacy of one of the last-resort antimicrobials used for treatment of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. While five colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4 and mcr-5) have been described, few data are available on the prevalence of mcr-genes other than mcr-1 in human samples. RESULTS: In this study, the presence of five currently described colistin resistance genes (mcr 1-5) in vaginal swabs of women undergoing infertility evaluation was reported. Most samples were found to be positive for the mcr-4 (12.7%), followed by two for the mcr-2 (1.5%), two for the mcr-3 (1.5%), one for the mcr-1 (0.7%), and one for the mcr-5 (0.7%). Phylogenetic comparison demonstrated identical (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-5) or similar (mcr-4) nucleotide sequences of human samples and those of animal origins from the same city, suggesting the potential transmission of mcr genes from animals to humans. This is the first detection of mcr-2, mcr-4 and mcr-5 genes in human samples, and warrants further research to determine the spread of the mcr genes and elucidate the full epidemiology of colistin resistance genes in humans.201829463301
103380.9997Antimicrobial Resistance and β-Lactamase Production in Clinically Significant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Hospital and Municipal Wastewater. Hospital and municipal wastewater contribute to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in the environment. This study aimed to examine the antibiotic resistance and β-lactamase production in clinically significant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospital and municipal wastewater. The susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics was tested using the disk diffusion method, and the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases was determined using an enzyme inhibitor and standard multiplex PCR. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance of total bacterial strains (n = 23) revealed that most of them were resistant to cefotaxime (69.56%), imipenem (43.47%), meropenem (47.82%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (43.47%), gentamicin (39.13%), cefepime and ciprofloxacin (34.78%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (30.43%). A total of 8 of 11 phenotypically confirmed isolates were found to have ESBL genes. The bla(TEM) gene was present in 2 of the isolates, while the bla(SHV) gene was found in 2 of the isolates. Furthermore, the bla(CTX-M) gene was found in 3 of the isolates. In one isolate, both the bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) genes were identified. Furthermore, of the 9 isolates that have been phenotypically confirmed to have carbapenemase, 3 were confirmed by PCR. Specifically, 2 isolates have the bla(OXA-48) type gene and 1 have the bla(NDM-1) gene. In conclusion, our investigation shows that there is a significant rate of bacteria that produce ESBL and carbapenemase, which can promote the spread of bacterial resistance. Identifying ESBL and carbapenemase production genes in wastewater samples and their resistance patterns can provide valuable data and guide the development of pathogen management strategies that could potentially help reduce the occurrence of multidrug resistance.202337107015
98090.9997Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase, Plasmid-Mediated- AmpC, and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Companion and Production Animals in Brazil. The crisis of bacterial resistance is an emerging One Health challenge, driven by the overuse of antimicrobials in medical and agricultural settings. This study aimed to investigate extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), Ampicillinase (AmpC), and carbapenemase production, and the presence of genes encoding these enzymes in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp., major contributors to infections and resistance isolates from animals. From 2016 to 2021, 130 multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates were recovered from the secretions, excretions, and organs of companion and production animals with active infections. Antibacterial sensitivity tests, along with phenotypic and genotypic detection of resistance enzymes, were performed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Brazil to estimate the prevalence of XDR Enterobacteriales isolated from companion and production animals, which accounted for 13.8% of the strains. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in resistant bacteria between different classes and within the same class of antibacterial bacteria were found. The statistical probability between genotypic detection of ESBL (OR = 3.1) and phenotypic tests for AmpC (OR = 2.3) was also established. Approximately 32.3%, 17.6%, and 16.8% of the strains had positive phenotypic tests for ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemases, respectively. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of bla(CTX-M) (60.0%), bla(AmpC) (9.18%), bla(KPC-2) (0.76%), and bla(NDM) (1.52%). AmpC genes were identified in 8.46% of the samples, with bla(CMY) being the most frequent (6.92%), followed by bla(DHA) (0.77%), and bla(FOX) (0.77%). The sequenced amplicons were deposited in NCBI. This study reveals critical data on Enterobacteriaceae with antibacterial resistance genes isolated from animals and may pose a significant threat to One health.202539903315
1613100.9997Research note: Occurrence of mcr-encoded colistin resistance in Escherichia coli from pigs and pig farm workers in Vietnam. WHO considers colistin as a highest priority critically important drug for human health, and occurrence of colistin-resistant bacteria in livestock is of health concern. The current study determined occurrence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in pigs and workers at pig farms in Vietnam, and investigated the genetic background for resistance. Colistin-resistant E. coli were detected from pigs in 53/116 (45.7%) farms, and from workers taking care of the pigs in 21/94 (22.3%) farms. Colistin-resistant isolates showed MIC to colistin between 4-16 mg/L, they were multidrug resistant (99%) and resistance was caused by the presence of mcr-1 genes in 97/102 (95.1%) E. coli from pigs and in 31/34 (91.1%) isolates from humans. mcr-1 is considered a plasmid-encoded gene, but this was not confirmed in the current investigation. In total, one pig isolate carried both mcr-1 and mcr-3 genes, whereas mcr-2, mcr-4 and mcr-5 genes were not detected. Shared resistance profiles between pig and human isolates on the same farm was only observed in four farms. The study showed that commensal E. coli from pigs in Vietnam constitute a reservoir for colistin-resitant E. coli, however, further studies are needed to confirm that mcr genes are associated with plasmids and their importance for human health.202037333956
1037110.9997Genetic Background of β-Lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Environmental Samples. The prevalence of β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae has increased worldwide. Although antibiotic-resistant bacteria are usually associated with hospitals, there are a growing number of reports of resistant bacteria in other environments. Concern about resistant microorganisms outside the hospital setting highlights the need to investigate mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in isolates collected from the environment. The present study evaluated the resistance mechanism to β-lactam antibiotics in 40 isolates from hospital sewage and surface water from the Dilúvio Stream, Porto Alegre City, Southern Brazil. The multiplex PCR technique was used to detect several resistance genes of β-lactamases: extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), carbapenemases, and β-lactamase AmpC. After genes, detection amplicons were sequenced to confirm their identification. The clonal relationship was established by DNA macrorestriction using the XbaI enzyme, followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results indicated that resistance genes were present in 85% of the isolates. The most prevalent genes encoded narrow-spectrum β-lactamase, such as TEM-1 and SHV-1 with 70% of the strains, followed by carbapenemase KPC and GES (45%), ESBL types SHV-5 and CTX-M-8 (27.5%), and AmpC (ACT-1/MIR-1) (2.5%). Twelve isolates contained only one resistance gene, 14 contained two, and eight isolates had three resistance genes. PFGE indicated a clonal relationship among K. pneumoniae isolates. It was not possible to establish a clonal relationship between Enterobacter sp. isolates. The results highlight the potential of these resistance genes to spread in the polluted environment and to present a health risk to communities. This report is the first description of these resistance genes present in environmental samples other than a hospital in the city of Porto Alegre/RS.201728378066
877120.9997Drug resistance analysis of three types of avian-origin carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Shandong Province, China. Animal-derived Enterobacteriaceae bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) are important food-borne zoonotic bacilli that exist widely in the broiler-breeding industry. Although carbapenem antibiotics are considered to be the last line of defense against multidrug-resistant bacteria, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) break through them. In our study, we therefore, examined the prevalence of CRE and characteristics of antimicrobial resistance in 6 conventional broiler-fattening farms in Shandong Province, China. Our study revealed isolation rates of 3.57% (6/168) for carbapenem-resistant E. coli, 10% (5/50) for carbapenem-resistant P. mirabilis, and 3.03% (1/33) for carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. All 12 CRE bacterial strains showed varying degrees of resistance to 27 antibiotics in 8 classes and were multidrug-resistant. The rate of the strains containing bla(NDM) genes, at 91.67% (11/12), was especially high. Among other results, the carrying rate of integrons in CRE bacteria was 91.67% (11/12), and 2 strains carried both class I and class II integrons, which accelerated the lateral transmission of resistant bacteria. Our first-ever finding of the 3 CRE bacteria E. coli, P. mirabilis, and K. pneumoniae on the same broiler farm suggests that poultry-derived CRE strains may pose a risk to humans. Moreover, our findings from surveillance can inform current understandings of the prevalence and characteristics of multidrug-resistant CRE in Shandong Province and, in turn, help to curb threats to food safety and public health and better prevent and control infectious zoonotic diseases.202336682131
2623130.9997High Carriage of Extended-Spectrum, Beta Lactamase-Producing, and Colistin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Tibetan Outpatients with Diarrhea. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected in human-impacted habitats, especially in densely populated cities. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located far from the heavily populated regions of China, and Tibetan residents have distinct dietary habits and gut microbes. Antibiotic-resistance monitoring in the Tibetan population is rare. Here, we collected stool samples from Tibetan outpatients with diarrhea. From 59 samples, 48 antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates were obtained, including 19 extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates from 16 patients and 29 polymyxin-resistant isolates from 22 patients. Either ESBL or mcr genes were found in 17 Escherichia coli isolates, approximately 58.8% of which were multidrug-resistant, and ten incompatible plasmid types were found. The gene bla(CTX-M) was a common genotype in the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Four E. coli isolates contained mcr-1. The same mcr-1-carrying plasmid was found in distinct E. coli isolates obtained from the same sample, thus confirming horizontal transmission of mcr-1 between bacteria. Genomic clustering of E. coli isolates obtained from Lhasa, with strains from other regions providing evidence of clone spreading. Our results reveal a strong presence of ARB and ARGs in Tibetan outpatients with diarrhea, implying that ARB and ARGs should be monitored in the Tibetan population.202235453259
1711140.9997Detection of β-lactamase encoding genes in feces, soil and water from a Brazilian pig farm. β-lactam antibiotics are widely used for the treatment of different types of infections worldwide and the resistance to these antibiotics has grown sharply, which is of great concern. Resistance to β-lactams in gram-negative bacteria is mainly due to the production of β-lactamases, which are classified according to their functional activities. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of β-lactamases encoding genes in feces, soil, and water from a Brazilian pig farm. Different β-lactamases encoding genes were found, including bla(CTX-M-Gp1), bla(CTX-M-Gp9), bla(SHV), bla(OXA-1-like), bla(GES), and bla(VEB). The bla(SHV) and bla(CTX-M-Gp1) genes have been detected in all types of samples, indicating the spread of β-lactam resistant bacteria among farm pigs and the environment around them. These results indicate that β-lactamase encoding genes belonging to the cloxacillinase, ESBL, and carbapenemase and they have high potential to spread in different sources, due to the fact that genes are closely related to mobile genetic elements, especially plasmids.201829322334
2738150.9997Diversity of bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes in hospital raw sewage in Southeastern Brazil. In recent decades, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) emerged and spread among humans and animals worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the presence of ARB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the raw sewage of two hospitals in Brazil. Sewage aliquots were inoculated in a selective medium with antibiotics. Bacterial identification was performed by MALDI-TOF and ARGs were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 208 strains from both hospitals were isolated (H1 = 117; H2 = 91). A wide variety of Enterobacterales and non-Enterobacterales species were isolated and most of them were Enterobacter spp. (13.0%), Proteus mirabilis (10.1%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.6%). blaTEM and blaKPC were the most frequent β-lactamase-encoding genes and the predominant macrolide resistance genes were mph(A) and mel. Many species had the three tetracycline resistance genes (tetD, tetM, tetA) and strB was the prevalent aminoglycoside resistance gene. Two Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains had the mecA gene. Quinolone, colistin, and vancomycin resistance genes were not found. This study showed that hospital raw sewage is a great ARB and ARG disseminator. Strict monitoring of hospital sewage treatment is needed to avoid the spread of these genes among bacteria in the environment.202336640035
1036160.9997Detection of carbapenem resistance genes and cephalosporin, and quinolone resistance genes along with oqxAB gene in Escherichia coli in hospital wastewater: a matter of concern. AIMS: This study was performed to detect the presence of Escherichia coli resistant to cephalosporins, carbapenems and quinolones in hospital wastewater. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wastewaters from a rural (H1) and an urban (H2) hospital were tested for E. coli resistant to cephalosporins, carbapenem and quinolones. Genes coding for chromosomal and plasmid-mediated resistance and phylogenetic grouping was detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for genetic relatedness by rep-PCR. Of 190 (H1 = 94; H2 = 96) E. coli examined, 44% were resistant to both cephalosporins and quinolones and 3% to imipenem. ESBLs were detected phenotypically in 96% of the isolates, the gene blaCTX-M coding for 87% and blaTEM for 63%. Quinolone resistance was due to mutations in gyrA and parC genes in 97% and plasmid-coded aac-(6')-Ib-cr in 89% of isolates. Only in one carbapenem-resistant E. coli, NDM-1 was detected. Nearly 67% of the isolates belonged to phylogenetic group B2. There was no genetic relatedness among the isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital wastewater contains genetically diverse multidrug-resistant E. coli. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study stresses the need for efficient water treatment plants in healthcare settings as a public health measure to minimize spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria into the environment.201424975198
1708170.9997High-level of resistance to β-lactam and presence of β-lactamases encoding genes in Ochrobactrum sp. and Achromobacter sp. isolated from soil. OBJECTIVES: Bacteria belonging to the genera Ochrobactrum and Achromobacter are bacteria considered opportunistic, causing infections mainly in immunocompromised patients. β-lactamases are the main cause of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile and the presence of β-lactamases encoding genes in Ochrobactrum sp. and Achromobacter sp. isolated from Brazilian soils. METHODS: Soil samples from the five regions of Brazil were collected for the isolation of bacteria, which were identified molecularly and then, the minimum inhibitory concentration and detection of β-lactamases encoding genes were performed. RESULTS: High-level of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and different β-lactamases encoding genes were found (bla(CTX-M-Gp1), bla(SHV), bla(OXA-1-like) and bla(KPC)), including the first report of the presence of bla(KPC) in bacteria belonging to the genera Ochrobactrum and Achromobacter. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the bacteria from this study, belonging to genera Ochrobactrum and Achromobacter isolated from soil, harbor different β-lactamases encoding genes and can act as a reservoir of these genes.201729111479
968180.9997Molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bacteria isolated from fish farms in Egypt. As little is known about antimicrobial resistance genes in fish farms, this study was conducted to monitor the incidence and prevalence of a wide range of antimicrobial resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from water samples taken from fish farms in the northern part of Egypt. Ninety-one out of two hundred seventy-four (33.2%) non-repetitive isolates of Gram-negative bacteria showed multidrug resistance phenotypes and harbored at least one antimicrobial resistance gene. PCR and DNA sequencing results showed that 72 (26.3%) isolates contain tetracycline resistance genes and 19 (6.9%) isolates were positive for class 1 integrons with 12 different gene cassettes. The beta-lactamase-encoding genes were identified in 14 (5.1%) isolates. The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, qnr and aac(6')-Ib-cr, were identified in 16 (5.8%) and 3 (1.1%) isolates, respectively. Finally, the florphenicol resistance gene, floR, was identified in four (1.5%) isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from fish farms in Africa.201020145377
1947190.9997Search for carbapenem-resistant bacteria and carbapenem resistance genes along swine food chains in Central Italy. The presence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria and carbapenem resistance genes (CRGs) in livestock is increasing. To evaluate the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) and the main CRGs along swine food chains of the Marche Region (Central Italy), samples of faeces, feed, and animal-food derived products were collected from seven small/medium, medium, and large-scale pig farms. A total of 191 samples were analysed using a culture-dependent method, with the aim of isolating CPE. Isolates were analysed for their resistance to carbapenems using a modified Hodge test and the microdilution method for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. Moreover, the extraction of microbial DNA from each sample was performed to directly detect selected CRGs via qPCR. Among the 164 presumptive resistant isolates, only one strain from a liver sample, identified as Aeromonas veronii, had an ertapenem MIC of 256 μg/mL and carried a carbapenemase- (cphA) and a β-lactamase- (blaOXA-12) encoding genes. A low incidence of CRGs was found; only nine and four faecal samples tested positive for blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48, respectively. Overall, the importance of monitoring CPE and CRGs in livestock and their food chains should be stressed to control all potential non-human CPE and CRGs reservoirs and to determine safety levels for human health.202438181018