Antimicrobial resistance in wild game mammals: a glimpse into the contamination of wild habitats in a systematic review and meta-analysis. - Related Documents




#
Rank
Similarity
Title + Abs.
Year
PMID
012345
255801.0000Antimicrobial resistance in wild game mammals: a glimpse into the contamination of wild habitats in a systematic review and meta-analysis. BACKGROUND: Wild game meat has over the years gained popularity across the globe as it is considered a food source with high protein content, low fat content, and a balanced composition of fatty acids and minerals, which are requirements for a healthy diet. Despite this popularity, there is a concern over its safety as many species of wildlife are reservoirs of zoonotic diseases including those of bacterial origin, more so antibiotic-resistant bacteria. METHODS: This study aimed to describe the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in mammalian wild game, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS: The overall pooled prevalence of antibiotic resistance was established at 59.8% while the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 17.2%. Resistance was reported in 32 wild game species and the meta-analysis revealed the highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Yersinia spp. (95.5%; CI: 76.8 - 100%) followed by Enterococcus spp. (71%; CI: 44.1 - 92%), Salmonella spp. (69.9%; CI: 44.3 - 90.0%), Staphylococcus spp. (69.3%; CI: 40.3 - 92.3%), and Escherichia coli (39.5%; CI: 23.9 - 56.4%). Most notably, resistance to highest priority, critically important antimicrobials, was recorded in all genera of bacteria studied. Additionally, a significantly higher prevalence of antibiotic resistance was observed in studies conducted in remote settings than those in the vicinity of anthropogenic activities, pointing to extensive contamination of wild habitats. CONCLUSION: This review shows the presence of antibiotic resistance and the carriage of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes by bacteria isolated from mammalian wild game species. This is a cause for concern if critical steps to prevent transmission to humans from meat and meat products are not applied in the wild game meat production chain. The extensive occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the wild calls for expansion and adaptation of future AMR surveillance plans to include areas with various anthropogenic pressures including in sylvatic habitats.202539799360
256510.9999Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from Swiss ready-to-eat meat products. Antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern, which is partly driven by rising meat consumption, which has led to the intensive farming of livestock that relies on antibiotics. ready-to-eat animal products can carry antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing risks to humans since they are often consumed without further cooking. While countries such as Switzerland limit antibiotic use in agriculture, contamination of meat with antibiotic-resistant bacteria can still occur during meat processing, and non-antibiotic agents such as heavy metals may contribute to the co-selection of resistance. This study aimed to characterize antibiotic-resistant bacteria in ready-to-eat meat products from various Swiss butcheries. Presumptive resistant bacteria were isolated using selective plating and analyzed phenotypically and genotypically. A total of 53 bacteria-antibiotic resistance combinations were identified, including Enterobacterales resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and one strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Of the 804 products sampled, 177 antibiotic-resistant bacteria were isolated, 148 of which showed multidrug resistance. Notably, these strains remained susceptible to last-resort antibiotics such as carbapenems and colistin. Whole-genome sequencing of 31 selected isolates revealed 164 antibiotic resistance genes spanning 25 classes, confirming resistance to beta-lactams, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines. We also detected genes conferring resistance to metals, suggesting co-selection pressures. Long-read sequencing revealed that the majority of the antibiotic resistance genes were chromosomal, while others were plasmid-encoded, indicating the potential for horizontal gene transfer. This study demonstrates that ready-to-eat meat products are reservoirs of antibiotic and metal resistance genes, as well as antibiotic-resistant bacteria, even at low levels. From a One Health perspective, our results highlight the importance of extending AMR surveillance across the food chain and underscore the need to include non-traditional bacterial indicators.202541001059
253420.9999Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence gene profile of Escherichia coli strains shared between food and other sources in Africa: A systematic review. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Foodborne diseases caused by Escherichia coli are prevalent globally. Treatment is challenging due to antibiotic resistance in bacteria, except for foodborne infections due to Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, for which treatment is symptomatic. Several studies have been conducted in Africa on antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolated from several sources. The prevalence and distribution of resistant pathogenic E. coli isolated from food, human, and animal sources and environmental samples and their virulence gene profiles were systematically reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bibliographic searches were performed using four databases. Research articles published between 2000 and 2022 on antibiotic susceptibility and virulence gene profile of E. coli isolated from food and other sources were selected. RESULTS: In total, 64 articles were selected from 14 African countries: 45% of the studies were conducted on food, 34% on animal samples, 21% on human disease surveillance, and 13% on environmental samples. According to these studies, E. coli is resistant to ~50 antimicrobial agents, multidrug-resistant, and can transmit at least 37 types of virulence genes. Polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize E. coli and determine virulence genes. CONCLUSION: A significant variation in epidemiological data was noticed within countries, authors, and sources (settings). These results can be used as an updated database for monitoring E. coli resistance in Africa. More studies using state-of-the-art equipment are needed to determine all resistance and virulence genes in pathogenic E. coli isolated in Africa.202338023276
556330.9999Exploring the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella and commensal Escherichia coli from Non-Traditional Companion Animals: A Pilot Study. Companion animal ownership has evolved to new exotic animals, including small mammals, posing a new public health challenge, especially due to the ability of some of these new species to harbour zoonotic bacteria, such as Salmonella, and spread their antimicrobial resistances (AMR) to other bacteria through the environment they share. Therefore, the objective of the present pilot study was to evaluate the current epidemiological AMR situation in commensal Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., in non-traditional companion animal small mammals in the Valencia region. For this purpose, 72 rectal swabs of nine different species of small mammals were taken to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility against 28 antibiotics. A total of one Salmonella enterica serovar Telelkebir 13,23:d:e,n,z(15) and twenty commensal E. coli strains were isolated. For E. coli strains, a high prevalence of AMR (85%) and MDR (82.6%) was observed, although neither of them had access outside the household. The highest AMR were observed in quinolones, one of the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs) in human medicine. However, no AMR were found for Salmonella. In conclusion, the results showed that small mammals' commensal E. coli poses a public health risk due to the high AMR found, and the ability of this bacterium to transmit its resistance genes to other bacteria. For this reason, this pilot study highlighted the need to establish programmes to control AMR trends in the growing population of new companion animals, as they could disseminate AMR to humans and animals through their shared environment.202438398679
193340.9999Antibiotic Resistance Genes Occurrence in Conventional and Antibiotic-Free Poultry Farming, Italy. Antimicrobial resistance is a complex and widespread problem threatening human and animal health. In poultry farms, a wide distribution of resistant bacteria and their relative genes is described worldwide, including in Italy. In this paper, a comparison of resistance gene distribution in litter samples, recovered from four conventional and four antibiotic-free broiler flocks, was performed to highlight any influence of farming systems on the spreading and maintenance of resistance determinants. Conventional PCR tests, targeting the resistance genes related to the most used antibiotics in poultry farming, along with some critically important antibiotics for human medicine, were applied. In conventional farms, n. 10 out of n. 30 investigated genes were present in at least one sample, the most abundant fragments being the tet genes specific for tetracyclines, followed by those for aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol. All conventional samples resulted negative for colistin, carbapenems, and vancomycin resistance genes. A similar trend was observed for antibiotic-free herds, with n. 13 out of n. 30 amplified genes, while a positivity for the mcr-1 gene, specific for colistin, was observed in one antibiotic-free flock. The statistical analysis revealed a significant difference for the tetM gene, which was found more frequently in the antibiotic-free category. The analysis carried out in this study allowed us to obtain new data about the distribution of resistance patterns in the poultry industry in relation to farming types. The PCR test is a quick and non-expensive laboratory tool for the environmental monitoring of resistance determinants identifying potential indicators of AMR dissemination.202236139170
556550.9999Vancomycin resistance and virulence genes evaluation in Enterococci isolated from pork and wild boar meat. Enterococci are considered valuable sentinel Gram-positive bacteria for monitoring vancomycin antibiotic resistance due to their widespread presence and characteristics. The use of antimicrobials in farming animals has a role in the increasing of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and the anthropogenic transformation of the landscape has forced wildlife into greater contact with humans and their livestock. The transmission of resistant bacteria by their meat products is a significant contributor to AMR development. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci spp. In antimicrobial-treated farmed pigs meat and in antimicrobial-free wild boars meat. A total of 341 Enterococci were isolated from 598 pork meat samples (57 %) and 173 Enterococci were isolated from 404 wild boar meat samples (42.8 %). Data found showed that low-resistance was detected more in wild boars meat Enterococci (52.6 %) than in pork meat once (48.4 %). However, the prevalence of resistance genes was at low level (33.9 % in pork meat Enterococci and 4.4 % in wild boar meat ones) and the only gene found was vanC1/C2, related to intrinsic AMR. Normally, Enterococci persist in the normal intestinal flora of animals including humans. However, the presence of resistance genes was frequently linked to the detection of pathogenic genes, mostly gelE in pork meat isolates and asa1 in wild boars meat isolates. Pathogenic bacteria can cause severe infections in human that can become more risky if associated to the presence of AMR. Pathogenic bacteria were characterized and a high presence of E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus was found. Given the growing interest in wild game meat consumption the monitoring of AMR in these matrices is essential. Further surveillance studies are needed to fully evaluate the emergence and spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) and pathogenic Enterococci from animal-derived food to humans, including the role of wildlife in this phenomenon. Giving the higher interest in wild animals meat consumption, it is important to better evaluate the spread of AMR phenomenon in the future and intensify hygienic control of wild animals derived food.202439104496
193560.9999Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and Tetracycline Resistance Genes Detection in Salmonella spp. Strains Isolated from Animals and Food. Salmonella spp. is among the leading causes of foodborne infections in humans and a large number of animals. Salmonella spp. is a pathogen involved in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance because it can accumulate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, the antibiotic resistance profile to 15 antibiotics, belonging to six different classes, of 60 strains of Salmonella spp. collected from pets, farm animals, wildlife, and food in Sicily (Italy) was investigated by the Kirby-Bauer method. Given that almost 33.3% of the Salmonella spp. strains were resistant to tetracycline, Real-Time PCR analysis was applied on all the 60 strains to detect the presence of eight selected tet resistance genes. Besides, the presence of the int1 gene, related to the horizontal gene transfer among bacteria, was also investigated in all the strains by Real-Time PCR analysis. Our data showed that 56% of the isolated strains harbored one or more tet resistance genes and that these strains were most frequently isolated from animals living in close contact with humans. Concerning int1, 17 strains (28.3%) harbored this genetic element and eight of these simultaneously contained tet genes. The results of this study highlight the importance of using a molecular approach to detect resistance genetic determinants, whose spread can increase the diffusion of multidrug-resistant strains. Besides, the study of zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. which significantly contribute to ARGs dissemination should always follow a One Health approach that considers the health of humans, animals, and the environment to be closely related.202134356729
256070.9999Metagenomic Characterization of Poultry Cloacal and Oropharyngeal Swabs in Kenya Reveals Bacterial Pathogens and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Poultry enteric bacterial diseases are of significant economic importance because they are responsible for production losses due to weight loss, increased morbidity and mortality, and increased cost of production arising from poor feed conversion and treatment. This cross-sectional purposive study characterized enteric bacterial pathogens in poultry from selected agroclimatic regions in Kenya and investigated their antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. Cloacal (n = 563) and oropharyngeal (n = 394) swabs were collected and pooled into 16 and 14 samples, respectively, to characterize bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. We report that Proteobacteria, Chlamydiae, and Firmicutes are the most dominant phyla present in both cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs of the six poultry species studied, indicating the colonization of the poultry gut by many pathogenic bacteria. Using KEGG and COG databases, some pathways related to metabolism, genetic information, and cellular processing were detected. We also report the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes that confer resistance to β-lactamases, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline in most of the poultry analyzed, raising concern about the dangers associated with continuous and inappropriate use of these antibiotics in poultry production. The antimicrobial resistance gene data generated in this study provides a valuable indicator of the use of antimicrobials in poultry in Kenya. The information generated is essential for managing bacterial diseases, especially in backyard poultry raised under scavenging conditions.202438374958
255980.9998Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) bacterial symbionts. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health problem. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the factors driving the spread of resistance among environmental microorganisms is limited, and few studies have been performed worldwide. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) have long been considered bioindicators of environmental pollution and more recently also of AMR. In this study, 53 bacterial strains isolated from the body surface of honey bees at three ontogenetic stages, collected from ten different geographic locations, were tested for their phenotypic and genotypic resistance to eight classes of the most widely used antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. Results showed that 83% of the strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 62% were multidrug-resistant bacteria, with a prevalence of resistance to nalidixic acid, cefotaxime, and aztreonam. A high percentage of isolates harbouring at least one antimicrobial gene was also observed (85%). The gene encoding resistance to colistin mcr-1 was the most abundant, followed by those for tetracycline tetM and tetC. Geographical features influenced the distribution of these traits more than bacterial species or bee stage, supporting the use of honey bee colonies and their associated bacteria as indicators to monitor environmental resistance. This approach can improve the scientific understanding of this global threat by increasing data collection capacity.202439098972
192990.9998Research Note: Detection of antibiotic-resistance genes in commercial poultry and turkey flocks from Italy. Antibiotics are routinely used in commercial poultry farms for the treatment of economically important bacterial diseases. Repeated use of antibiotics, usually administered in the feed or drinking water, may also result in the selection of resistant bacteria in animal feces, able to transfer their antimicrobial-resistance genes (ARG), residing on mobile elements, to other microorganisms, including human pathogens. In this study, single and multiplex PCR protocols were performed to detect tetracycline-, lincomycin-, chloramphenicol-, aminoglycoside-, colistin-, vancomycin-, and carbapenem-resistance genes, starting from 38 litter samples collected from 6 poultry and 2 turkey Italian flocks. The ARG were confirmed for all investigated classes of antimicrobials, except for colistin (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3,mcr-4 mcr-5) and carbapenem (IMP, OXA-48, NDM, KPC), while the vanB gene was only detected for vancomycin. The highest positivity was obtained for tetracycline (tet[L], tet[M], tet[K], tetA[P]] and aminoglycoside (aadA2) ARG, confirming the predominant use of these antimicrobials in the veterinary practice and their potential to enhance the resistance patterns also in humans as a consequence of environmental contamination. On the contrary, the dissemination by poultry of ARG for critically important antimicrobials seems to be of minor concern, suggesting a negligible environmental dissemination by these genes in the Italian poultry industry. Finally, the molecular screening performed in this study using a noninvasive sampling method represents a simple and rapid tool for monitoring the ARG patterns at the farm level.202133799114
5570100.9998Monitoring the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Throughout the Broiler Production Cycle. The extensive use of antimicrobials in broiler production is changing the bird microbiota, fostering drug-resistant bacteria, and complicating therapeutic interventions, making the problem of multidrug resistance global. The monitoring of antimicrobial virulence and resistance genes are tools that have come to assist the breeding of these animals, directing possible treatments as already used in human medicine and collecting data to demonstrate possible dissemination of multidrug-resistant strains that may cause damage to industry and public health. This work aimed to monitor broiler farms in southern Brazil, isolating samples of E. coli and classifying them according to the profile of resistance to antimicrobials of interest to human and animal health. We also monitored the profile of virulence genes and conducted an epidemiological survey of possible risk factors that contribute to this selection of multidrug-resistant isolates. Monitoring was carried out on farms in the three southern states of the country, collecting samples of poultry litter, cloacal swabs, and beetles of the species Alphitobius diaperinus, isolating E. coli from each of these samples. These were evaluated by testing their susceptibility to antimicrobials of animal and human interest; detecting whether the samples were extended-spectrum β-lactamase enzyme (ESBL) producers; and when positive, selected for genotypic tests to identify resistant genes (CTX-M, TEM, and SHV) and virulence. Among the antimicrobials tested, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin demonstrated some of the highest frequencies of resistance in the isolated strains, with significant statistical results. The use of these antimicrobials increased the likelihood of resistance by over three times and was associated with a 1.5-fold higher probability of multidrug resistance. Of all isolates, 95% were multidrug-resistant, raising concerns for production and public health. Among 231 ESBL-positive samples, the CTX-M1 group predominated.202539858355
1928110.9998Targeted Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Screening from Metagenomic DNA of Raw Milk Samples Identifies the Presence of Multiple Genes Including the mcr9. The current study has investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in cow and goat raw milk samples. The misuse of antibiotics in the livestock sector has already been reported to be a major factor contributing to AMR risk. For the study, milk samples were collected from five different farms, and metagenomic DNA was extracted. Then, PCR amplification was carried out using primers specific to 15 different AMR genes. From the results obtained, the prevalence of β-lactam resistance genes, particularly blaTEM (24%), along with other genes like blaZ (12%) and blaSHV (8%), were observed in addition to the transmissible mcr9 gene (12%) conferring resistance to colistin. These findings underscore the urgent need for monitoring AMR genes and regulating antibiotic use in dairy farming to safeguard public health, as it poses a potential risk with the consumption of unpasteurized milk.202540488653
5682120.9998Reservoirs of resistance: polymyxin resistance in veterinary-associated companion animal isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of infections. Widespread resistance in human infections are increasing the use of last resort antimicrobials such as polymyxins. However, these have been used for decades in veterinary medicine. Companion animals are an understudied source of antimicrobial resistant P. aeruginosa isolates. This study evaluated the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa veterinary isolates to polymyxins to determine whether the veterinary niche represents a potential reservoir of resistance genes for pathogenic bacteria in both animals and humans. METHODS AND RESULTS: Clinical P. aeruginosa isolates (n=24) from UK companion animals were compared for antimicrobial susceptibility to a panel of human-associated isolates (n=37). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for polymyxin B and colistin in the companion animals was significantly higher than in human isolates (P=0.033 and P=0.013, respectively). Genotyping revealed that the veterinary isolates were spread throughout the P. aeruginosa population, with shared array types from human infections such as keratitis and respiratory infections, suggesting the potential for zoonotic transmission. Whole genome sequencing revealed mutations in genes associated with polymyxin resistance and other antimicrobial resistance-related genes. CONCLUSION: The high levels of resistance to polymyxin shown here, along with genetic similarities between some human and animal isolates, together suggest a need for sustained surveillance of this veterinary niche as a potential reservoir for resistant, clinically relevant bacteria in both animals and humans.201931239295
2533130.9998Colistin Resistant mcr Genes Prevalence in Livestock Animals (Swine, Bovine, Poultry) from a Multinational Perspective. A Systematic Review. The objective of this review is to collect and present the results of relevant studies on an international level, on the subject of colistin resistance due to mcr genes prevalence in livestock animals. After a literature search, and using PRISMA guidelines principles, a total of 40 swine, 16 bovine and 31 poultry studies were collected concerning mcr-1 gene; five swine, three bovine and three poultry studies referred to mcr-2 gene; eight swine, one bovine, two poultry studies were about mcr-3 gene; six swine, one bovine and one poultry manuscript studied mcr-4 gene; five swine manuscripts studied mcr-5 gene; one swine manuscript was about mcr-6, mcr-7, mcr-8, mcr-9 genes and one poultry study about mcr-10 gene was found. Information about colistin resistance in bacteria derived from animals and animal product foods is still considered limited and that should be continually enhanced; most of the information about clinical isolates are relative to enteropathogens Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. This review demonstrates the widespread dispersion of mcr genes to livestock animals, indicating the need to further increase measures to control this important threat for public health issue.202134822638
5683140.9998Association between antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae and burden of environmental bacteria in hospital acquired infections: analysis of clinical studies and national reports. BACKGROUND: WHO has named three groups of gram-negative bacteria "our critical antimicrobial resistance-related problems globally". It is thus a priority to unveil any important covariation of variables behind this three-headed epidemic, which has gained alarming proportions in Low Income Countries, and spreads rapidly. Environmental bacteria including Acinetobacter spp. are common nosocomial pathogens in institutions that have high rates of antimicrobial resistance among other groups of gram-negative bacteria. METHODS: Based on two different data sources, we calculated the correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) between pathogenic burden of Acinetobacter spp. and antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in European and African nosocomial cohorts. CLINICAL REPORTS: Database search for studies on nosocomial sepsis in Europe and Africa was followed by a PRISMA-guided selection process. NATIONAL REPORTS: Data from Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections published by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control were used to study the correlation between prevalence of Acinetobacter spp. and antimicrobial resistance among K. pneumoniae in blood culture isolates. FINDINGS: The two approaches both revealed a strong association between prevalence of Acinetobacter spp. and rates of resistance against 3. generation cephalosporins among Enterobacteriaceae. In the study of clinical reports (13 selected studies included), r was 0.96 (0.80-0.99) when calculated by proportions on log scale. Based on national reports, r was 0.80 (0.56-0.92) for the correlation between resistance rates of K. pneumoniae and proportion of Acinetobacter spp. INTERPRETATION: The critical antimicrobial resistance-related epidemics that concern enteric and environmental gram-negative bacteria are not independent epidemics; they have a common promoting factor, or they are mutually supportive. Further, accumulation of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial settings depends on the therapeutic environment. Burden of Acinetobacter spp. as defined here is a candidate measure for this dependence.201931372534
5719150.9998Characterization of antibiotic determinants and heavy metal resistance genes in Escherichia coli from pigs in Catalonia. More antibiotics are administered to livestock animals than to treat human infections. Industrialization, large animal densities and early weaning mean pigs are exposed to more antibiotics than any other livestock animal. Consequently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is common among commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Heavy metals (HMs) are also often used as feed additives for growth promotion and infection prevention alongside antimicrobials, and increased exposure to copper, zinc and cadmium can further encourage AMR through co-selection. In this study, we sequenced an archived collection of 112 Escherichia coli isolates from pigs in Catalonia using short- and long-read sequencing methods to detect AMR and HM tolerance genes. The most common AMR genes were mdfA (84.8%), aph(3″)-Ib (52.7%), bla (TEM-1B) (45.6%) and aph(6)-Id (45.6%). Genes relevant to public health, such as the extended-spectrum β-lactamases (15.4%), bla (CTX-M) type or bla (SHV), or mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes (13.4%), such as mcr-1, were also found. HM tolerance genes were present in almost every genome but were rarely located in plasmids, and, in most cases, AMR and HM tolerance genes were not located on the same plasmids. Of the genes predicted to increase tolerance to HMs, only those with activity to mercury were co-located on plasmids alongside other AMR determinants. However, mercury is rarely used in pig farming and does not support a scenario where AMR and HM genes are co-selected. Finally, we identified the exclusive association between mcr-4 and ColE10 plasmid, which may help target interventions to curtail its spread among pig Escherichia coli.202540131333
2556160.9998Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Across Salmonella enterica Isolates from Animal and Nonanimal Foods. ABSTRACT: Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are a major public health problem. Of particular importance in the context of food safety is the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes within nontyphoidal Salmonella, which is a leading bacterial cause of foodborne disease. We determined the prevalence of AMR genes across a very large number of Salmonella genomes (n = 25,647) collected from isolates from 16 common food sources. The average percentage of isolates from nonanimal foods, such as fruit, nuts and seeds, and vegetables, harboring at least one AMR gene was only marginally lower (72%) than that observed in isolates from animal foods such as beef, chicken, turkey, and pork (74%). This high prevalence of AMR genes was primarily driven by the high prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance genes in nearly all food isolates; genes for resistance to tetracycline and sulfonamide also were highly prevalent. However, evaluation of the number of genes per isolate revealed that the prevalence of AMR genes was higher in animal food isolates than in nonanimal food isolates (P = 0.018). A random forest analysis provided evidence that within a given serovar, resistance gene profiles differed according to isolate food source. AMR gene profiles could be used to correctly predict the food of origin for 71% of the isolates, but success differed according to serovar. This information can help inform AMR risk assessments of food commodities and refine processes for targeting interventions to limit the spread of AMR through the food supply.202031961231
3402170.9998Antibiotic resistance, virulence factors and biofilm formation ability in Escherichia coli strains isolated from chicken meat and wildlife in the Czech Republic. Attachment of pathogenic bacteria to food contact surfaces and the subsequent biofilm formation represent a serious threat for the food industry, since these bacteria are more resistant to antimicrobials or possess more virulence factors. The main aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between antibiotic resistance against 13 antibiotics, distribution of 10 virulence factors and biofilm formation in 105 Escherichia coli strains according to their origin. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance that we have found in wildlife isolates could be acquired by horizontal transfer of resistance genes from human or domestic or farm animals. Consequently, these commensal bacteria might serve as indicator of antimicrobial usage for human and veterinary purposes in the Czech Republic. Further, 46 out of 66 resistant isolates (70%) were able to form biofilm and we found out statistically significant correlation between prevalence of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation ability. The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance was observed in weak biofilm producers. Biofilm formation was not statistically associated with any virulence determinant. However, we confirmed the correlation between prevalence of virulence factors and host origin. Chicken isolates possessed more virulence factors (66%), than isolates from wildlife (37%). We can conclude that the potential spread of antibiotic resistance pattern via the food chain is of high concern for public health. Even more, alarming is that E. coli isolates remain pathogenic potential with ability to form biofilm and these bacteria may persist during food processing and consequently lead to greater risks of food contamination.201728494209
5569180.9998Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production in Enterobacteria Isolated from Free-Living Primates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of antimicrobial resistance in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and to detect strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in free-living Sapajus nigritus. Oral and rectal swabs were collected from 15 primates to isolate and identify bacteria, conduct phenotypic tests to detect antimicrobial sensitivity and ESBL-producing strains, and calculate the multiple antimicrobial resistance index. The least effective antimicrobial was amoxicillin (72.72%) and ampicillin (57.57%), and the samples were considered as high risk for public health. No sample was positive for ESBL production. The results show that this study is relevant to One Health initiatives, considering the possibility of transmission of bacterial resistance and resistant genes originating from direct or indirect interaction of S. nigritus with parkgoers. However, these animals cannot be considered as the only reservoirs and transmitters of resistant bacteria as they can be contaminated by human-origin bacteria that can be extremely harmful and often prove lethal to them that play an important role in relationship to the ecology, spreading seeds and controlling insects.202032315580
5721190.9998One Health Genomic Surveillance of Escherichia coli Demonstrates Distinct Lineages and Mobile Genetic Elements in Isolates from Humans versus Livestock. Livestock have been proposed as a reservoir for drug-resistant Escherichia coli that infect humans. We isolated and sequenced 431 E. coli isolates (including 155 extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL]-producing isolates) from cross-sectional surveys of livestock farms and retail meat in the East of England. These were compared with the genomes of 1,517 E. coli bacteria associated with bloodstream infection in the United Kingdom. Phylogenetic core genome comparisons demonstrated that livestock and patient isolates were genetically distinct, suggesting that E. coli causing serious human infection had not directly originated from livestock. In contrast, we observed highly related isolates from the same animal species on different farms. Screening all 1,948 isolates for accessory genes encoding antibiotic resistance revealed 41 different genes present in variable proportions in human and livestock isolates. Overall, we identified a low prevalence of shared antimicrobial resistance genes between livestock and humans based on analysis of mobile genetic elements and long-read sequencing. We conclude that within the confines of our sampling framework, there was limited evidence that antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with serious human infection had originated from livestock in our region.IMPORTANCE The increasing prevalence of E. coli bloodstream infections is a serious public health problem. We used genomic epidemiology in a One Health study conducted in the East of England to examine putative sources of E. coli associated with serious human disease. E. coli from 1,517 patients with bloodstream infections were compared with 431 isolates from livestock farms and meat. Livestock-associated and bloodstream isolates were genetically distinct populations based on core genome and accessory genome analyses. Identical antimicrobial resistance genes were found in livestock and human isolates, but there was limited overlap in the mobile elements carrying these genes. Within the limitations of sampling, our findings do not support the idea that E. coli causing invasive disease or their resistance genes are commonly acquired from livestock in our region.201930670621