# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 2500 | 0 | 1.0000 | The crisis of carbapenemase-mediated carbapenem resistance across the human-animal-environmental interface in India. Carbapenems are the decision-making antimicrobials used to combat severe Gram-negative bacterial infections in humans. Carbapenem resistance poses a potential public health emergency, especially in developing countries such as India, accounting for high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare cost. Emergence and transmission of plasmid-mediated "big five" carbapenemase genes including KPC, NDM, IMP, VIM and OXA-48-type among Gram-negative bacteria is spiralling the issue. Carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant organisms (CP-CRO) cause multi- or pan-drug resistance by co-harboring several antibiotic resistance determinants. In addition of human origin, animals and even environmental sites are also the reservoir of CROs. Spillage in food-chains compromises food safety and security and increases the chance of cross-border transmission of these superbugs. Metallo-β-lactamases, mainly NDM-1 producing CROs, are commonly shared between human, animal and environmental interfaces worldwide, including in India. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance using the One Health approach has been implemented in Europe, the United-Kingdom and the United-States to mitigate the crisis. This concept is still not implemented in most developing countries, including India, where the burden of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is high. Lack of AMR surveillance in animal and environmental sectors underestimates the cumulative burden of carbapenem resistance resulting in the silent spread of these superbugs. In-depth indiscriminate AMR surveillance focusing on carbapenem resistance is urgently required to develop and deploy effective national policies for preserving the efficacy of carbapenems as last-resort antibiotics in India. Tracking and mapping of international high-risk clones are pivotal for containing the global spread of CP-CRO. | 2023 | 36241158 |
| 5008 | 1 | 0.9998 | Genetic diversity and risk factors for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance across human, animals and environmental compartments in East Africa: a review. BACKGROUND: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present a challenge to disease control in East Africa. Resistance to beta-lactams, which are by far the most used antibiotics worldwide and include the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems, is reducing options for effective control of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health have all advocated surveillance of AMR using an integrated One Health approach. Regional consortia also have strengthened collaboration to address the AMR problem through surveillance, training and research in a holistic and multisectoral approach. This review paper contains collective information on risk factors for transmission, clinical relevance and diversity of resistance genes relating to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) across the human, animal and environmental compartments in East Africa. MAIN BODY: The review of the AMR literature (years 2001 to 2019) was performed using search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google and Web of Science. The search terms included 'antimicrobial resistance and human-animal-environment', 'antimicrobial resistance, risk factors, genetic diversity, and human-animal-environment' combined with respective countries of East Africa. In general, the risk factors identified were associated with the transmission of AMR. The marked genetic diversity due to multiple sequence types among drug-resistant bacteria and their replicon plasmid types sourced from the animal, human and environment were reported. The main ESBL, MRSA and carbapenem related genes/plasmids were the (bla)CTX-Ms (45.7%), SCCmec type III (27.3%) and IMP types (23.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The high diversity of the AMR genes suggests there may be multiple sources of resistance bacteria, or the possible exchange of strains or a flow of genes amongst different strains due to transfer by mobile genetic elements. Therefore, there should be harmonized One Health guidelines for the use of antibiotics, as well as regulations governing their importation and sale. Moreover, the trend of ESBLs, MRSA and carbapenem resistant (CAR) carriage rates is dynamic and are on rise over time period, posing a public health concern in East Africa. Collaborative surveillance of AMR in partnership with regional and external institutions using an integrated One Health approach is required for expert knowledge and technology transfer to facilitate information sharing for informed decision-making. | 2020 | 32762743 |
| 5012 | 2 | 0.9998 | Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing gram-negative bacteria in companion animals: action is clearly warranted! Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative bacteria pose a serious threat to Public Health in human medicine as well as increasingly in the veterinary context worldwide. Several studies reported the transmission of zoonotic multidrug resistant bacteria between food-producing animals and humans, whilst the contribution of companion animals to this scenario is rather unknown. Within the last decades a change in the social role of companion animals has taken place, resulting in a very close contact between owners and their pets. As a consequence, humans may obtain antimicrobial resistant bacteria or the corresponding resistance genes not only from food-producing animals but also via close contact to their pets.This may give rise to bacterial infections with limited therapeutic options and an increased risk of treatment failure. As beta-lactams constitute one of the most important groups of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine, retaliatory actions in small animal and equine practices are urgently needed. This review addresses the increasing burden of extended-spectrum beta-lactam resistance among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from companion animals. It should emphasize the urgent need for the implementation of antibiotic stewardship as well as surveillance and monitoring programs of multi resistant bacteria in particular in view of new putative infection cycles between humans and their pets. | 2011 | 21462862 |
| 1838 | 3 | 0.9997 | An overview of carbapenem-resistant organisms from food-producing animals, seafood, aquaculture, companion animals, and wildlife. Carbapenem resistance (CR) is a major global health concern. CR is a growing challenge in clinical settings due to its rapid dissemination and low treatment options. The characterization of its molecular mechanisms and epidemiology are highly studied. Nevertheless, little is known about the spread of CR in food-producing animals, seafood, aquaculture, wildlife, their environment, or the health risks associated with CR in humans. In this review, we discuss the detection of carbapenem-resistant organisms and their mechanisms of action in pigs, cattle, poultry, seafood products, companion animals, and wildlife. We also pointed out the One Health approach as a strategy to attempt the emergency and dispersion of carbapenem-resistance in this sector and to determine the role of carbapenem-producing bacteria in animals among human public health risk. A higher occurrence of carbapenem enzymes in poultry and swine has been previously reported. Studies related to poultry have highlighted P. mirabilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae as NDM-5- and NDM-1-producing bacteria, which lead to carbapenem resistance. OXA-181, IMP-27, and VIM-1 have also been detected in pigs. Carbapenem resistance is rare in cattle. However, OXA- and NDM-producing bacteria, mainly E. coli and A. baumannii, are cattle's leading causes of carbapenem resistance. A high prevalence of carbapenem enzymes has been reported in wildlife and companion animals, suggesting their role in the cross-species transmission of carbapenem-resistant genes. Antibiotic-resistant organisms in aquatic environments should be considered because they may act as reservoirs for carbapenem-resistant genes. It is urgent to implement the One Health approach worldwide to make an effort to contain the dissemination of carbapenem resistance. | 2023 | 37397005 |
| 2517 | 4 | 0.9997 | The Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: The Impact and Evolution of a Global Menace. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are a serious public health threat. Infections due to these organisms are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Mechanisms of drug resistance in gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are numerous; β-lactamase genes carried on mobile genetic elements are a key mechanism for the rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant GNB worldwide. Transmissible carbapenem-resistance in Enterobacteriaceae has been recognized for the last 2 decades, but global dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) is a more recent problem that, once initiated, has been occurring at an alarming pace. In this article, we discuss the evolution of CRE, with a focus on the epidemiology of the CPE pandemic; review risk factors for colonization and infection with the most common transmissible CPE worldwide, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae; and present strategies used to halt the striking spread of these deadly pathogens. | 2017 | 28375512 |
| 2512 | 5 | 0.9997 | Understanding and addressing β-lactam resistance mechanisms in gram-negative bacteria in Lebanon: A scoping review. BACKGROUND: A growing threat to public health is the worldwide problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in which gram-negative organisms are playing a significant role. Antibiotic abuse and misuse, together with inadequate monitoring and control protocols, have contributed to the emergence of resistant strains. This global scenario prepares us to look more closely at the situation in Lebanon. The aim of this review is to investigate in detail the resistance mechanisms and related genes that are displayed by gram-negative organisms in Lebanon. METHODS: A comprehensive analysis was carried out to pinpoint and gather information regarding gram-negative bacteria displaying resistance to antibiotics. To contribute to a complete understanding of the current state of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative strains, it was intended to collect and evaluate data on these organisms' resistance patterns in a comprehensive manner. RESULTS: Several studies have emphasized the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in Lebanon, specifically noting Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae as the most frequent culprits, with OXA-48 and NDM-1 being the primary carbapenemases discovered. Furthermore, the TEM β-lactamase families are the primary source of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Shigella and Salmonella. Additionally, resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been linked to nosocomial infections in the country. CONCLUSION: There is a considerable frequency of antibiotic overuse and misuse in Lebanon, based to the limited data available on antibiotic consumption. In conclusion, antibiotic stewardship initiatives and additional research beyond the confines of single-center studies in Lebanon are needed. | 2025 | 39981361 |
| 4851 | 6 | 0.9997 | A global view on carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii are of increasing public health importance, as they are resistant to last-line antibiotics. International clones with well-characterized resistance genes dominate globally; however, locally, other lineages with different properties may be of importance to consider. This study investigated isolates from a broad geographic origin from 114 hospitals in 47 countries and from five world regions ensuring the greatest possible diversity in an organism known for its propensity for clonal epidemic spread and reflecting the current global epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. In Latin America, a lineage different from other geographic regions circulates, with a different resistance gene profile. This knowledge is important to adjust local infection prevention measures. In a global world with migration and increasing use of antimicrobials, multidrug-resistant bacteria will continue to adapt and challenge our healthcare systems worldwide. | 2023 | 37882512 |
| 5021 | 7 | 0.9997 | Beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae infections in children. Multi-drug resistance in Gram negative bacteria, particularly in Enterobacteriaceae, is a major clinical and public health challenge. The main mechanism of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is linked to the production of beta-lactamase hydrolysing enzymes such as extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC beta-lactamases and carbapenemases (Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)). ESBL and CPE resistance genes are located on plasmids, which can be transmitted between Enterobacteriaceae, facilitating their spread in hospitals and communities. These plasmids usually harbour multiple additional co-resistance genes, including to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, making these infections challenging to treat. Asymptomatic carriage in healthy children as well as community acquired infections are increasingly reported, particularly with ESBL. Therapeutic options are limited and previously little used antimicrobials such as fosfomycin and colistin have been re-introduced in clinical practice. Paediatric experience with these agents is limited hence there is a need to further examine their clinical efficacy, dosage and toxicity in children. Antimicrobial stewardship along with strict infection prevention and control practices need to be adopted widely in order to preserve currently available antimicrobials. The future development of novel agents effective against beta-lactamases producers and their applicability in children is urgently needed to address the challenge of multi-resistant Gram negative infections. | 2016 | 27180312 |
| 5027 | 8 | 0.9997 | Vegetables and Fruit as a Reservoir of β-Lactam and Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Review. Antibacterial resistance is one of the 2019 World Health Organization's top ten threats to public health worldwide. Hence, the emergence of β-lactam and colistin resistance among Gram-negative bacteria has become a serious concern. The reservoirs for such bacteria are increasing not only in hospital settings but in several other sources, including vegetables and fruit. In recent years, fresh produce gained important attention due to its consumption in healthy diets combined with a low energy density. However, since fresh produce is often consumed raw, it may also be a source of foodborne disease and a reservoir for antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria including those producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase, cephalosporinase and carbapenemase enzymes, as well as those harboring the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr) gene. This review aims to provide an overview of the currently available scientific literature on the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, cephalosporinase, carbapenemase and mcr genes in Gram-negative bacteria in vegetables and fruit with a focus on the possible contamination pathways in fresh produce. | 2021 | 34946136 |
| 2516 | 9 | 0.9997 | Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB) in ICUs: resistance genes, therapeutics, and prevention - a comprehensive review. Intensive care units (ICUs) are specialized environments dedicated to the management of critically ill patients, who are particularly susceptible to drug-resistant bacteria. Among these, carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB) pose a significant threat endangering the lives of ICU patients. Carbapenemase production is a key resistance mechanism in CR-GNB, with the transfer of resistance genes contributing to the extensive emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). CR-GNB infections are widespread in ICUs, highlighting an urgent need for prevention and control measures to reduce mortality rates associated with CR-GNB transmission or infection. This review provides an overview of key aspects surrounding CR-GNB within ICUs. We examine the mechanisms of bacterial drug resistance, the resistance genes that frequently occur with CR-GNB infections in ICU, and the therapeutic options against carbapenemase genotypes. Additionally, we highlight crucial preventive measures to impede the transmission and spread of CR-GNB within ICUs, along with reviewing the advances made in the field of clinical predictive modeling research, which hold excellent potential for practical application. | 2024 | 38601497 |
| 2499 | 10 | 0.9997 | The threat of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in the environment: Evidence of widespread contamination of reservoirs at a global scale. Environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance (AR) are a growing concern that are gathering more attention as potential sources for human infection. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are extremely dangerous, as carbapenems are often drugs of last resort that are used to treat multi-drug resistant infections. Among the genes capable of conferring carbapenem resistance to bacteria, the most transferrable are those that produce carbapenemase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes carbapenems and other β-lactam antibiotics. The goal of this review was to comprehensively identify global environmental reservoirs of carbapenemase-producing genes, as well as identify potential routes of transmission to humans. The genes of interest were Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), Oxacillinase-48-type carbapenemases (OXA-48), and Verona Integron-Mediated Metallo-β-lactamase (VIM). Carbapenemase genes have been reported in the environment on almost every continent. Hospital and municipal wastewater, drinking water, natural waterways, sediments, recreational waters, companion animals, wildlife, agricultural environments, food animals, and retail food products were identified as current reservoirs of carbapenemase-producing bacteria and genes. Humans have been recorded as carrying CRE, without recent admittance to a hospital or long-term care facility in France, Egypt, and China. CRE infections from the environment have been reported in patients in Montpellier, France and Cairo, Egypt. This review demonstrates the need for 1) comprehensive monitoring of AR not only in waterways, but also other types of environmental matrices, such as aerosol, dusts, periphyton, and surfaces in indoor environments; and 2) action to reduce the prevalence and mitigate the effects of these potentially deadly resistance genes. In order to develop an accurate quantitative model for environmental dimensions of AR, longitudinal sampling and quantification of AR genes and bacteria are needed, using a One Health approach. | 2019 | 31541827 |
| 5018 | 11 | 0.9997 | Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: a product of globalization. Global trade and mobility of people has increased rapidly over the last 20 years. This has had profound consequences for the evolution and the movement of antibiotic resistance genes. There is increasing exposure of populations all around the world to resistant bacteria arising in the emerging economies. Arguably the most important development of the last two decades in the field of antibiotic resistance is the emergence and spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) of the CTX-M group. A consequence of the very high rates of ESBL production among Enterobacteriaceae in Asian countries is that there is a substantial use of carbapenem antibiotics, resulting in the emergence of plasmid-mediated resistance to carbapenems. This article reviews the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, focuses on three particular carbapenemases--imipenem carbapenemases, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase--and highlights the importance of control of antibiotic use. | 2015 | 25737092 |
| 4855 | 12 | 0.9997 | Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae: an emerging problem in children. Antibiotic resistance among gram-negative bacteria has reached critical levels. The rise of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae carrying additional resistance genes to multiple antibiotic classes has created a generation of organisms nearly resistant to all available therapy. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections are known to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and these pathogens have now made their way to the most vulnerable populations, including children. This review provides a brief overview of CRE, with a focus on CRE infections in children, and highlights available data on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, carbapenemase types, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes of these multi-drug resistant infections in the pediatric population. | 2012 | 22700827 |
| 1839 | 13 | 0.9997 | Environmental mediation of colistin resistance in the African context. A systematic scoping review. OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative bacteria is a major global health concern. Resistance to last-resort antibiotics like colistin is particularly alarming. This study reviews how environmental factors have contributed to colistin resistance in the African context, where reports of colistin-resistant Gram-negative organisms are emerging. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using multiple databases to identify articles on environmental mediation of colistin resistance in Africa. Search terms included "environment," "colistin," "mobile colistin resistance gene," and related keywords. Articles from 2015 to 2021 focusing on Africa were included. Data on country, genes detected, methods used, and bacterial species were extracted. RESULTS: Out of 847 articles identified, 26 were included in the final review. Studies were predominantly from Tunisia, Algeria, South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, and Congo. The mobile colistin resistance (mcr-1) gene was the most common genetic variant detected. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the predominant organism spreading mcr genes. Colistin-resistant genes were found in humans, animals, and environmental samples including manure, soil, water bodies, and wildlife. CONCLUSIONS: This review confirms the rapid spread of plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant genes in humans, animals, and the environment across Africa. The movement of resistant genes between these reservoirs is alarming. There is a need for more research into colistin resistance mechanisms and implementation of continent-wide antibiotic stewardship programs to address this emerging threat in Africa. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. | 2025 | 39681218 |
| 5026 | 14 | 0.9997 | Molecular mechanisms and clonal lineages of colistin-resistant bacteria across the African continent: a scoping review. Colistin (also known as polymyxin E), a polymyxin antibiotic discovered in the late 1940s, has recently reemerged as a last-line treatment option for multidrug-resistant infections. However, in recent years, colistin-resistant pathogenic bacteria have been increasingly reported worldwide. Accordingly, the presented review was undertaken to identify, integrate and synthesize current information regarding the detection and transmission of colistin-resistant bacteria across the African continent, in addition to elucidating their molecular mechanisms of resistance. PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct were employed for study identification, screening and extraction. Overall, based on the developed literature review protocol and associated inclusion/exclusion criteria, 80 studies published between 2000 and 2021 were included comprising varying bacterial species and hosts. Numerous mechanisms of colistin resistance were reported, including chromosomal mutation(s) and transferable plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (encoded by mcr genes). Perhaps unexpectedly, mcr-variants have exhibited rapid emergence and spread across most African regions. The genetic variant mcr-1 is predominant in humans, animals and the natural environment, and is primarily carried by IncHI2- type plasmid. The highest number of studies reporting the dissemination of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria were conducted in the North African region. | 2022 | 36000241 |
| 4856 | 15 | 0.9997 | An Overview on Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterisation of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales. Improper use of antimicrobials has resulted in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), including multi-drug resistance (MDR) among bacteria. Recently, a sudden increase in Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) has been observed. This presents a substantial challenge in the treatment of CRE-infected individuals. Bacterial plasmids include the genes for carbapenem resistance, which can also spread to other bacteria to make them resistant. The incidence of CRE is rising significantly despite the efforts of health authorities, clinicians, and scientists. Many genotypic and phenotypic techniques are available to identify CRE. However, effective identification requires the integration of two or more methods. Whole genome sequencing (WGS), an advanced molecular approach, helps identify new strains of CRE and screening of the patient population; however, WGS is challenging to apply in clinical settings due to the complexity and high expense involved with this technique. The current review highlights the molecular mechanism of development of Carbapenem resistance, the epidemiology of CRE infections, spread of CRE, treatment options, and the phenotypic/genotypic characterisation of CRE. The potential of microorganisms to acquire resistance against Carbapenems remains high, which can lead to even more susceptible drugs such as colistin and polymyxins. Hence, the current study recommends running the antibiotic stewardship programs at an institutional level to control the use of antibiotics and to reduce the spread of CRE worldwide. | 2022 | 36422214 |
| 2515 | 16 | 0.9997 | High-risk Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones harboring β-lactamases: 2024 update. Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is defined by the World Health Organization as a "high priority" in developing new antimicrobials. Indeed, the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria increase the morbidity and mortality risk of infected patients. Genomic variants of P. aeruginosa that display phenotypes of MDR/XDR have been defined as high-risk global clones. In this mini-review, we describe some international high-risk clones that carry β-lactamase genes that can produce chronic colonization and increase infected patients' morbidity and mortality rates. | 2025 | 39850428 |
| 4872 | 17 | 0.9997 | A Review on Colistin Resistance: An Antibiotic of Last Resort. Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant global public health issue, driven by the rapid adaptation of microorganisms to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Colistin, previously regarded as a last-resort antibiotic for treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, is increasingly becoming resistant due to chromosomal mutations and the acquisition of resistance genes carried by plasmids, particularly the mcr genes. The mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) was first discovered in E. coli from China in 2016. Since that time, studies have reported different variants of mcr genes ranging from mcr-1 to mcr-10, mainly in Enterobacteriaceae from various parts of the world, which is a major concern for public health. The co-presence of colistin-resistant genes with other antibiotic resistance determinants further complicates treatment strategies and underscores the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms driving colistin resistance and monitoring its global prevalence are essential steps in addressing the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and preserving the efficacy of existing antibiotics. This review underscores the critical role of colistin as a last-choice antibiotic, elucidates the mechanisms of colistin resistance and the dissemination of resistant genes, explores the global prevalence of mcr genes, and evaluates the current detection methods for colistin-resistant bacteria. The objective is to shed light on these key aspects with strategies for combating the growing threat of resistance to antibiotics. | 2024 | 38674716 |
| 4853 | 18 | 0.9997 | Success and Challenges Associated with Large-Scale Collaborative Surveillance for Carbapenemase Genes in Gram-Negative Bacteria. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, especially in Gram-negative bacteria, has led to significant morbidity and increased cost of health care. Large surveillance studies such as the one performed by the Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory Network are immensely valuable in understanding the scope of resistance mechanisms, especially among carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria. However, the routine laboratory detection of carbapenemases in these bacteria remains challenging and requires further optimization. | 2022 | 34930024 |
| 5028 | 19 | 0.9996 | The Current Burden of Carbapenemases: Review of Significant Properties and Dissemination among Gram-Negative Bacteria. Carbapenemases are β-lactamases belonging to different Ambler classes (A, B, D) and can be encoded by both chromosomal and plasmid-mediated genes. These enzymes represent the most potent β-lactamases, which hydrolyze a broad variety of β-lactams, including carbapenems, cephalosporins, penicillin, and aztreonam. The major issues associated with carbapenemase production are clinical due to compromising the activity of the last resort antibiotics used for treating serious infections, and epidemiological due to their dissemination into various bacteria across almost all geographic regions. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae have received more attention upon their first report in the early 1990s. Currently, there is increased awareness of the impact of nonfermenting bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as other Gram-negative bacteria that are carbapenemase-producers. Outside the scope of clinical importance, carbapenemases are also detected in bacteria from environmental and zoonotic niches, which raises greater concerns over their prevalence, and the need for public health measures to control consequences of their propagation. The aims of the current review are to define and categorize the different families of carbapenemases, and to overview the main lines of their spread across different bacterial groups. | 2020 | 32316342 |