Microbial Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Diabetic Patients with Mild, Moderate, and Severe Foot Infections in Tehran. - Related Documents




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219001.0000Microbial Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Diabetic Patients with Mild, Moderate, and Severe Foot Infections in Tehran. It is estimated that 10-25% of diabetic patients will encounter diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) during their lifetime. This study evaluated the microbiology of DFUs and determined the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates based on the severity of wounds and infections in different grades of ulcer. The specimens were collected from115 diabetic foot infections (DFI) deep tissue by needle aspiration and biopsy. The aerobic and anaerobic cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out. The presence of resistance genes including metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), ermA, ermC, and mecA was also determined. A total of 222 microorganisms were isolated. The prevalence of poly-microbial infections was 69.6%. Bacterial isolates comprised 64.2% Gram-positive bacteria (GPB), 33.5% Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), and five isolates of anaerobic bacteria were also detected. The most prevalent GPB and GNB were Staphylococcus spp. (52.2%) and Escherichia coli (33.3%), respectively. The prevalence of poly-microbial infections and GNB was positively associated with increased grades of Wagner and IDSA classifications. Among Staphylococcus aureus isolates, resistance to clindamycin (73.5%), ciprofloxacin (70.6%), and erythromycin (70.6%) were noticeable. GNB was also highly resistant to cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin. ESBL genes were detected in approximately 40% of isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. The prevalence of ermA, ermC, and mecA genes in S. aureus isolates were 8.8%, 32.3%, and 14.7%, respectively. In conclusion, our data suggest that GPBs are the most common isolates from DFIs. Furthermore, with the development of wounds and infection, the prevalence of GNB in DFIs are increased.202237123144
219110.9998Microbial profile, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization of diabetic foot infections in a university hospital. INTRODUCTION: Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are among the most severe complications of diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the etiological pathogens of DFIs in different Wagner's and IDSA/IWGDF grades, and to assess their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern together with molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance genes. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 120 DFI patients at Main Alexandria University Hospital, Egypt. The aerobic and anaerobic etiological pathogens were determined using semi-quantitative culture and PCR respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was done according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Detection of carbapenemases and class-1 integron genes was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: A total of 178 (124 aerobic, 54 anaerobic) pathogens were identified from patients with DFI, with an average of 1.82 isolates/subject. Among aerobic pathogens, Gram-negative predominated (98/124; 79%), of which Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus spp. were the most common. MRSA constituted more than 50% of Gram-positive isolates. Polymicrobial infection was found in 42 (42.9%) subjects. The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes increased with increased DFI grades and severity. Multidrug and extensively drug resistant isolates were observed in 86 patients (87.7%). PCR identified carbapenemases genes in 14 (11.7%) and class 1 integron in 28 (23.3%) DFI cases. Vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid were the most effective antimicrobial agents against Gram-positive pathogens, while colistin, imipenem, meropenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam were effective against Gram-negative pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: Multidrug and extensively drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria were the dominant pathogens among all DFI severity grades. However, the proportion of Gram-positive bacteria decreased with the severity of infection. The clinical role of our relatively high rate of anaerobes should be investigated. The results found in this study could be beneficial for designing future empiric antimicrobial protocols in relation to the severity of DFIs.202133898340
146920.9997Investigation of Bacterial Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns Among Clinical Isolates in the Center of Iran. Introduction: Bacterial infection is a considerable problem in hospitals. Thus, this study was executed to appraise the rampancy of bacterial infections, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and molecular characterization of isolates among patients in Bafgh Hospital in Yazd, Iran, in 2020. Methods: In the current study, we surveyed 103 isolates of 400 clinical specimens from early March 2020 to September 2020 in Bafgh Hospital. We assessed phenotypic traits and antibiotic resistance with standard microbiological methods. Phenotypic methods were also performed to identify extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Gram-negative bacilli, inducible clindamycin resistance, and methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus according to CLSI guidelines. Molecular identification of isolates was done by conventional PCR 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, we investigated the prevalence of resistant genes including bla (TEM), bla (PER-2), bla (CTX-M), bla (SHV), and bla (VEB-1) in Gram-negative bacteria and the mecA gene in staphylococcal species. Results: From 400 different clinical specimens, 103 isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated. Based on phenotypic and molecular methods, most common isolates were Escherichia coli (53 isolates), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18 isolates), and Staphylococcus aureus (16 isolates). The highest resistance was found in Gram-positive bacteria to erythromycin (66.67%) and penicillin (55.56%), while considering Gram-negative bacteria, the most resistant was cefixime (49.41%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (47.05%). In addition, out of 16 S. aureus isolates, 62.5% and 17.65% were resistant to methicillin and clindamycin, respectively. Among 83 Gram-negative isolates, 22.89% were ESBL-positive. The prevalence of bla (SHV), bla (PER2), bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), and bla (VEB-1) genes was 78.31%, 59.03%, 40.96%, 30.12%, and 0%, respectively. Conclusions: The outbreak of bacterial infections is relatively high in hospitals. Recognizing risk agents for bacterial infections and restricting the administration of multidrug-resistant antibiotics is a substantial measure that must be taken to prevent patient mortality.202540822981
112830.9997Molecular detection of ESBLs production and antibiotic resistance patterns in Gram negative bacilli isolated from urinary tract infections. BACKGROUND: β-lactam resistance is more prevalent in Gram negative bacterial isolates worldwide, particularly in developing countries. In order to provide data relating to antibiotic therapy and resistance control, routine monitoring of corresponding antibiotic resistance genes is necessary. AIMS: The aim of this study was the characterization of β-lactam resistance genes and its plasmid profile in bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 298 Gram negative bacteria isolated from 6739 urine specimens were identified by biochemical standard tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains were also detected by the double-disk synergy test. The presence of blaTEM and blaSHV genes in the strains studied was ascertained by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of all Gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (69.1%) was the most common strain, followed by Klebsiella sp. (12.1%), Enterobacter sp. (8.4%), Proteus sp. (4.4%), Citrobacter (4%) and Pseudomonas sp. (2%). The most antibiotic resistance was shown to tetracycline (95.16%), nalidixic acid (89.78%) and gentamycin (73.20%) antibiotics. Among all the strains tested, 35 isolates (11.75%) expressed ESBL activity. The prevalence of TEM and SHV positivity among these isolates was 34.29%, followed by TEM (31.43%), TEM and SHV negativity (20.0%) and SHV (14.29%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Regular monitoring of antimicrobial drug resistance seems necessary to improve our guidelines in the use of the empirical antibiotic therapy.201424943757
127640.9997Should we leave the paper currency? A microbiological examination. OBJECTIVE: Pathogens can be transmitted to banknotes due to the personal unhygienic habits. The aim of study was to find the possible pathogens on the banknotes circulating in the market and also to present their antibacterial resistance and their various virulence factors using genotypic and phenotypic methods. METHODS: A total of 150 samples of bank-notes were randomly collected between August 2017 and March 2018. VITEK systems were used for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing respectively. Antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA, van, extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL] and carbapenemases) and staphyloccoccal virulence genes (staphyloccoccal enterotoxins [SEs], pvl, and tsst-1) were determined using with real-time PCR. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Enterococcus spp., Gram-negative enteric bacteria, non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria and Candida spp. were detected 48%, 54.7%, 56%, 21.3%, 18.7%, and 4%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and ESBL producing Gram-negative were found 46.8%, 1.3%, and 28.7%, respectively. Pvl, tsst-1, and SEs genes were found in a 2.8/4.9%, 1.4/1.2%, and 100/ 87.8% of the S. aureus/CoNS strains, respectively. The sea gene was found the most common enterotoxigenic gene. blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-1, blaKPC, and blaOXA-48 were found 55.8%, 46.5%, 41.2%, 18.6%, 18.6%, and 18.6%, respectively in Gram-negative strains. CONCLUSIONS: These results is very important to highlight hygienic status of paper currencies. This can be considered as an indication that banknotes may contribute to the spread of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, we may need to start using alternative products instead of banknotes.202032066229
217650.9997Evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic patterns of aminoglycoside resistance in the Gram-negative bacteria isolates collected from pediatric and general hospitals. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic patterns of aminoglycoside resistance among the Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolates collected from pediatric and general hospitals in Iran. A total of 836 clinical isolates of GNB were collected from pediatric and general hospitals from January 2018 to the end of December 2019. The identification of bacterial isolates was performed by conventional biochemical tests. Susceptibility to aminoglycosides was evaluated by the disk diffusion method (DDM). The frequency of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) was screened by the PCR method via specific primers. Among all pediatric and general hospitals, the predominant GNB isolates were Acinetobacter spp. (n = 327) and Escherichia coli (n = 144). However, E. coli (n = 20/144; 13.9%) had the highest frequency in clinical samples collected from pediatrics. The DDM results showed that 64.3% of all GNB were resistant to all of the tested aminoglycoside agents. Acinetobacter spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae with 93.6%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 93.4%, and Enterobacter spp. with 86.5% exhibited very high levels of resistance to gentamicin. Amikacin was the most effective antibiotic against E. coli isolates. In total, the results showed that the aac (6')-Ib gene with 59% had the highest frequency among genes encoding AMEs in GNB. The frequency of the surveyed aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes among all GNB was found as follows: aph (3')-VIe (48.7%), aadA15 (38.6%), aph (3')-Ia (31.3%), aph (3')-II (14.4%), and aph (6) (2.6%). The obtained data demonstrated that the phenotypic and genotypic aminoglycoside resistance among GNB was quite high and it is possible that the resistance genes may frequently spread among clinical isolates of GNB.202235119565
215660.9997Antimicrobial resistance in urinary pathogens and culture-independent detection of trimethoprim resistance in urine from patients with urinary tract infection. BACKGROUND: Although urinary tract infections (UTIs) are extremely common, isolation of causative uropathogens is not always routinely performed, with antibiotics frequently prescribed empirically. This study determined the susceptibility of urinary isolates from two Health and Social Care Trusts (HSCTs) in Northern Ireland to a range of antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of UTIs. Furthermore, we determined if detection of trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA) could be used as a potential biomarker for rapid detection of phenotypic trimethoprim resistance in urinary pathogens and from urine without culture. METHODS: Susceptibility of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates (n = 124) to trimethoprim, amoxicillin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, co-amoxiclav and nitrofurantoin in addition to susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis (n = 61) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 17) to trimethoprim was determined by ETEST® and interpreted according to EUCAST breakpoints. PCR was used to detect dfrA genes in bacterial isolates (n = 202) and urine samples(n = 94). RESULTS: Resistance to trimethoprim was observed in 37/124 (29.8%) E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates with an MIC(90) > 32 mg/L. DfrA genes were detected in 29/37 (78.4%) trimethoprim-resistant isolates. Detection of dfrA was highly sensitive (93.6%) and specific (91.4%) in predicting phenotypic trimethoprim resistance among E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates. The dfrA genes analysed were detected using a culture-independent PCR method in 16/94 (17%) urine samples. Phenotypic trimethoprim resistance was apparent in isolates cultured from 15/16 (94%) dfrA-positive urine samples. There was a significant association (P < 0.0001) between the presence of dfrA and trimethoprim resistance in urine samples containing Gram-negative bacteria (Sensitivity = 75%; Specificity = 96.9%; PPV = 93.8%; NPV = 86.1%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that molecular detection of dfrA genes is a good indicator of trimethoprim resistance without the need for culture and susceptibility testing.202235610571
146770.9996Detection of bla (CTX-M15) and bla (OXA-48) genes in Gram-negative isolates from neonatal sepsis in central of Iran. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of neonatal sepsis with a focus on antibiotic resistance and the frequency of the bla (CTX-M-15) and bla (OXA-48) genes in Gram-negative isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 108 Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) and 153 peripheral blood samples were cultured via BACTEC from May 2017 to June 2018. The bacterial isolates were identified using phenotypic and genotypic analyses. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined by disk diffusion. PCR was used to determine the frequency of β-lactamase genes. RESULTS: Among the 153 infants, 21 (13.7%) proved positive for sepsis. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most frequent isolates in the peripheral blood cultures. E. coli and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were isolated from two UCB cultures. The highest resistance among the Gram-positive strains was to cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and clindamycin. In the Gram-negative bacteria the highest rates of resistance were to ampicillin (91.7%). The frequency of bla (OXA-48) and bla (CTX-M-15) genes was 25% and 50%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The high antibiotic resistance among the isolates reveals the importance of monitoring antibiotic consumption and improving control standards in the health care system, especially in neonatal wards.201931719958
147080.9996Occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in Gram-negative bacterial isolates from high vaginal swabs in a teaching hospital in Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in isolates from vaginal discharge of symptomatic female patients. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANT: Pregnant and non-pregnant women between 18 and 50 years who presented with genital tract infection and had not received antimicrobial therapy in the two weeks prior. INTERVENTIONS: The study determines the prevalence of bacteria in the vaginal discharge of female patients of reproductive age, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates and the incidence of ESBL genes in Gram-negative isolates from the sample. RESULTS: Bacteria were found in 74 (80.4%) and 88 (81.5%) samples from pregnant and non-pregnant women, respectively. Escherichia coli (n=48; 27.6%) occurred mostly in the samples, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (n=38; 21.8%). Among the Gram-positive, all Streptococcus. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus. epidermidis were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem (100%). S. aureus was the most resistant to cephalexin (71.4%), cefoxitin (60.5%) carbenicillin (60.5%) and ceftazidime (57.9%). Escherichia coli was highly resistant to carbenicillin (85.4%), cephalexin (64.6%) and cefotaxime (56.3%). Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the highest level of imipenem resistance (31.6%), followed by E. coli (29.2%). The prevalence of ESBL genes in Gram-negative isolates from pregnant women was 25.6% (11/43), compared to 30.3% (23/76) in non-pregnant women. Both bla (TEM) and bla (SHV) had the highest occurrence of 14.3% (17/119) of the isolates. CONCLUSION: This study found Gram-negative pathogens isolated from the vaginal tract of both pregnant and non-pregnant women to be resistant to multiple antibiotics and have ESBL genes. FUNDING: None declared.202440585516
220490.9996Multidrug resistance pattern of bacterial agents isolated from patient with chronic sinusitis. BACKGROUND: Treatment of chronic sinusitis is complicated due to increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern of the bacteria causing chronic sinusitis in north of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out on patients with chronic sinusitis. Bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined according to the CLSI 2013 standards. Double-disk synergy (DDS) test was performed for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria; also methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) strains were identified by MRSA screen agar. The MDR isolates were defined as resistant to 3 or more antibiotics. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 software. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the features of the data in this study. RESULTS: The rate of ESBL-producing bacteria was 28.75-37.03% among enterobacteriaceae and the rate of MRSA was 42.75%-60% among Staphylococcus strains. The most detectable rate of the MDR bacterial isolates was Gram-negative bacteria 39 (76.47%) and Enterobacter spp. 19(70.37%) was the most multidrug resistant isolate among Gram negative bacteria. Also 36 (73.46%) of the gram positive bacterial isolated were multidrug resistance and Staphylococcus aureus 9(90%) was the most MDR among Gram positive bacteria. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance is increasing in chronic bacterial sinusitis. The emergence of MRSA and ESBL bacteria causing chronic sinusitis is increasing.201627386063
1061100.9996Genotypic characterization of bacterial isolates causing urinary tract infections among adults at Kiambu Level 5 Hospital, Kenya: selected extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes and biofilm formation. The menace of antimicrobial resistance affecting public health is rising globally. Many pathogenic bacteria use mechanisms such as mutations and biofilm formation, significantly reducing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of selected extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) genes and analyse the biofilm formation abilities of the isolated bacteria causing urinary tract infection among adult patients seeking Medicare at Kiambu Level 5 Hospital, Kenya. The double-disc synergy test was used for phenotypic identification of ESβL-producing isolates, while microtitre plate assays with some modifications were used for the biofilm formation test. Ten isolates were bioassayed for ESβL genes out of 57 bacterial isolates obtained from urine samples. This study found the bla (TEM) genes to be the most prevalent ESβL type [10/10 (100 %)], followed by bla(OXA) and bla(SHV) genes at 4/10 (40 %) and 3/10 (30 %), respectively. In addition, co-carriage of bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) was 50 % lower than that of bla(TEM)+bla (OXA) genes at 66.7 % among Escherichia coli isolates studied. Biofilm formation was positive in 36/57 (63.2 %) of the isolates tested, with most being Gram-negative [25/36 (69.4 %)]. Escherichia coli [15/36 (41.7 %)], Klebsiella species [7/36 (19.4 %)] and Staphylococcus aureus [7/36 (19.4 %)] were the dominant biofilm formers. However, there was no significant difference in biofilm formation among all tested isolates, with all isolates recording P-values >0.05. In light of these findings, biofilm formation potential coupled with antimicrobial resistance genes in urinary tract infection isolates may lead to difficult-to-treat infections.202438482364
2157110.9996Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections in Northern Iran. BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the bacteria associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates during 2013-2015 in Northern Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Overall 3798 patients with clinical symptoms of UTI were subjected as samples, and they were cultured and pure isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical tests and subjected to antibiogram assessment using disc diffusion method. RESULTS: Totally, 568 (14.96%) from 3798 patients had positive UTI. Four hundred and ninety-seven (87.5%) from 568 isolated bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were the most prevalent bacteria. Isolated bacteria indicated the highest antibiotic resistance to methicillin (76.06%) and ampicillin (89.29%) and also revealed the most sensitivity to imipenem (99.1%) and amikacin (91.57%). Statistical analysis of the resistance pattern trend during 3 years indicated the insignificant increase (P > 0.05) in antibiotic resistance of the isolates. CONCLUSION: The results of this study revealed a great concern for emerging UTI-related multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria causing UTI in Iran.201729026424
2165120.9996Distribution and analysis of the resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from blood cultures in the intensive care unit. PURPOSE: To investigate the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in bloodstream infections, providing a basis for rational clinical treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 1,282 pathogenic strains isolated from blood cultures in the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2022. RESULTS: Gram-positive bacteria (52.0%) slightly predominated over gram-negative bacteria (48.0%). The top three gram-positive bacteria were Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (28.0%), Enterococcus faecium (7.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (6.6%). Staphylococci exhibited a high resistance rate to penicillin, oxacillin, and erythromycin; no strains resistant to vancomycin or linezolid were found. Among the Enterococci, Enterococcus faecium had a high resistance rate to penicillin, ampicillin, and erythromycin. Two strains of Enterococcus faecalis were resistant to linezolid, but none to vancomycin. The top three gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli (14.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.0%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (4.8%). The resistance rate of Escherichia coli to carbapenems increased from 0.0 to 2.3%. Acinetobacter baumannii reached 100% carbapenem resistance (up from 75.0%), while Klebsiella pneumoniae demonstrated 21.1-80.4% resistance to various carbapenems. CONCLUSION: The isolation rate of gram-positive bacteria in patients with bloodstream infection in the ICU of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University was slightly higher than that of gram-negative bacteria. The alarming carbapenem resistance among gram-negative pathogens and emerging linezolid resistance in Enterococci demand urgent clinical interventions, including enhanced surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and novel therapeutic strategies.202540727562
2195130.9996Detection of Biocide Resistance Genes (qacE and qacΔE1) in Pseudomonas spp Isolated from Patients with CSOM at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Biocides, including disinfectants and antiseptics, are used for a variety of topical and hard surface applications in health care facilities. Biocides play a significant role for preventing and controlling nosocomial infections. However, failures in the antimicrobial activities of biocides have been reported. The resistance mechanism to disinfectants is usually determined by genes which are related to resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, namely, qacE, qacΔE1 that are found in Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study is to detect the prevalence of Biocides resistance genes, qacE and qacΔE1, in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas spp. It was carried out from March 2017 to July 2018 in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Samples were collected from Outpatient of ENT department, MMCH. In this study, 300 clinical samples of CSOM cases were tested by the PCR method. The present study shows detection of biocide resistance genes (qacE, qacΔE1) among 87 isolated Pseudomonas spp by uniplex PCR. Among 72 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 67(93.05%) had the gene qacEΔ1 and 25(34.72%) had the gene qacE. In addition other 15 Pseudomonas spp 3(20%) isolates had the qacEΔ1 gene and 2(13.33%) isolates had the qacE gene. In this study there is a marked difference in detection of the qacEΔ1 gene between the MDR and non MDR P. aeruginosa isolates. The qacEΔ1 was identified in 50 of 54(92.59%) MDR isolates and 7 of 18(38.89%) non MDR strains respectively. While gene qacE was detect 25(46.29%) MDR isolates and did not show any qacEΔ1gene in non MDR isolates. This study shows that the genes, qacE, qacΔE1 are widespread among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, they are higher in MDR strains than non MDR strains.202134605462
1125140.9996Detection of emerging antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitis in cattle in West Bengal. AIM: The aim of this work was to detect antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitis in cattle in West Bengal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The milk samples were collected from the cattle suffering with subclinical mastitis in West Bengal. The milk samples were inoculated into the nutrient broth and incubated at 37°C. On the next day, the growth was transferred into nutrient agar and MacConkey agar. All the pure cultures obtained from nutrient agar slant were subjected to Gram-staining and standard biochemical tests. All the bacterial isolates were tested in vitro for their sensitivity to different antibiotics commonly used in veterinary practices. All Gram-negative isolates including positive control were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(VIM), tetA, tetB, tetC, and tetM genes considered for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-β-lactamase, and tetracycline resistance. RESULTS: In total, 50 Gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter) were isolated from milk samples of subclinical mastitis infected cattle. Among these Gram-negative isolates, 48% (24/50) were found either ESBL producing or tetracycline resistant. Out of total 50 Gram-negative isolates, bla(CTX-M) was detected in 18 (36%) isolates, and 6 (12%) harbored bla(TEM) genes in PCR. None of the isolates carried bla(SHV) genes. Further, in this study, 5 (10%) isolates harbored tet(A) gene, and 8 (16%) isolates carried tet(B) gene. No tet(C) gene was detected from the isolates. CONCLUSION: This study showed emerging trend of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in cattle in West Bengal, India.201728620255
1130150.9996The characteristic of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi isolated from tertiary care hospital in Faisalabad. Salmonella Typhi, a human-restricted pathogen, is demonstrating multi-drug resistance (MDR) due to widespread and inappropriate antibiotic use. This study aims to molecular identify the pattern of antibiotic resistance. Blood samples from 2456 suspected patients were assessed. Molecular identification of Salmonella Typhi was performed by amplifying the fliC gene. The Disc diffusion method was used to measure the susceptibility of antibiotics. 2456 patient samples, bacterial growth and Salmonella Typhi were 152 (6.2 %) positive. PCR analysis confirmed that all 152 isolated strains were Salmonella Typhi (100%) through the amplification of the fliC gene. Salmonella Typhi isolates showed resistance to trimethoprim (58%), ampicillin (63%), ciprofloxacin (79%) and chloramphenicol (58%). Fifty-eight percent of the isolates showed multi-drug resistance, whereas 26 percent had extensive drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance gene of quinolones was isolated as 44 (36.4%), whereas 88 (57.9 %) were positive for bla(CTX-M) gene were detected among cephalosporin-resistance bacteria 56 (36.8 %) resistance bla(IMP) and bla(OXA-48) were detected among carbapenem-resistance bacteria. For the azithromycin resistance, more genes were detected as a percentage 03 (50 %) from isolates. It concludes that several multidrug resistance and extensive drug-resistance Salmonella Typhi were found. The majority of isolates were sensitive to meropenem, Imipenem and Azithromycin.202540996203
2178160.9996Antimicrobial resistance patterns and their encoding genes among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most important organisms in nosocomial infections. Antibiotic resistance in this bacterium causes many problems in treating patients. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance patterns and resistance-related, genes in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. This descriptive study was conducted on 124 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii collected from clinical samples in two teaching hospitals in Ahvaz. The antibiotic resistance pattern was determined by disk diffusion. The presence of genes coding for antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction method. Out of 124 isolates, the highest rate of resistance was observed for rifampin (96.8%). The resistance rate for imipenem, meropenem, colistin, and polymyxin-B were 78.2%, 73.4%, 0.8% and 0.8%, respectively. The distribution of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, Tet A, TetB, and Sul1genes were 52.6%, 0%, 3.2%, 93.5% 69.2%, and 6.42%, respectively. High prevalence of tetA, tetB, and qnrA genes among Acinetobacter baumannii isolated strains in this study indicate the important role of these genes in multidrug resistance in this bacteria. • Acinetobacter baumannii is an important human pathogen that has attracted the attention of many researchers Antibiotic resistance in this bacterium causes many problems in treating patients. • The resistance rate for imipenem, meropenem, colistin, and polymyxin-B were 78.2%, 73.4%, 0.8% and 0.8%, respectively. The distribution of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, Tet A, TetB, and Sul1genes were 52.6%, 0%, 3.2%, 93.5% 69.2%, and 6.42%, respectively.202032983919
1126170.9996Comparison of beta-lactamase genes in clinical and food bacterial isolates in India. BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of human disease-causing enteric bacteria on raw vegetables, fruits, meats, and milk products sold in Indian markets. The study further aimed to analyze antibiotic resistance rates and the presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-three food-borne and 23 clinical isolates were compared for antibiotic resistance rates and the presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC. Swabs were taken from unwashed and washed food items, as well as from some chopped food specimens, and inoculated on appropriate culture medium. Bacterial isolates were identified, antibiotic susceptibility was performed, and bla genes were detected by PCR. RESULTS: Thirty-eight bacterial isolates were obtained from the food specimens, of which 36 (94.7%) were Gram-negative and two (5.3%) were Gram-positive bacterial species. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent (52.6%; 20/38) bacterial species isolated, followed by Citrobacter koseri (18.4%; 7/38). In food isolates, the majority of the isolates were resistant to gentamicin (33.3%) followed by amikacin (11.1%). Resistance to a third-generation cephalosporin was noticed in only 5.6% isolates. However, in clinical isolates, maximal resistance was noticed against third-generation cephalosporins followed by ofloxacin in 91.3% and 86.9% isolates, respectively, and resistance to gentamicin and amikacin was noticed in 78.3% and 52.2% isolates, respectively. The presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC in clinical isolates was noticed in 52.2%, 60.9%, 21.7%, and 43.5%, respectively. None of the isolates from food showed the presence of any of the above-cited genes. CONCLUSIONS: Probably bla genes have not yet disseminated to raw-food vegetation in India.200919801801
923180.9996Prevalence of Oxacillinase Genes in Clinical Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. BACKGROUND: The emergence of OXA-type beta-lactamases has become a significant threat to public healthcare systems and may lead to prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality rates among affected patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of oxacillinase resistance (OXA) genes in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. METHODS: One hundred and six clinical isolates were collected from a stock of Gram-negative isolates and were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility and presence of OXA genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The most common detected isolate was Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.8%), followed by Escherichia coli (33%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (14.2%). Out of these isolates, 97.4%, 87.2%, 84.6%, and 79.5% were resistant to ampicillin/sulbactam, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and aztreonam, respectively. PCR results confirmed the presence of one or more OXA genes in 34% of the samples studied. The blaOXA-1 and blaOXA-10 genes were the most highly detected genes, followed by blaOXA-4 and blaOXA-51. The total number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was confirmed to carry at least one OXA gene (70.6%), whereas Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were confirmed to carry at least one OXA gene (53.3, 28.2, and 22.9%, respectively). There was a significant association (p < 0.05) between the resistance genes and the type of isolate. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are the most common MDR Gram-negative strains carrying OXA-type beta-lactamase genes. Monitoring of MDR pathogens in Gram-negative bacteria must be continuously undertaken to implement effective measures for infection control and prevention.202540066541
2164190.9996Tetracycline susceptibility testing and resistance genes in isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-Acinetobacter calcoaceticus complex from a U.S. military hospital. Infections with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-Acinetobacter calcoaceticus complex bacteria complicate the care of U.S. military personnel and civilians worldwide. One hundred thirty-three isolates from 89 patients at our facility during 2006 and 2007 were tested by disk diffusion, Etest, and broth microdilution for susceptibility to tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and tigecycline. Minocycline was the most active in vitro, with 90% of the isolates tested susceptible. Susceptibilities varied significantly with the testing method. The acquired tetracycline resistance genes tetA, tetB, and tetA(39) were present in the isolates.200919307365