Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates Recovered from Hospital Effluents in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. - Related Documents




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218101.0000Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates Recovered from Hospital Effluents in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an opportunistic bacteria responsible for many nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistances have resulted in widespread epidemics and endemic dissemination of multidrug-resistant pathogens. A total of 145 K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered from hospital wastewater effluents and subjected to antibiogram profiling. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance determinants were assessed among phenotypic resistant isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The isolates showed a wide range of antibiotic resistance against 21 selected antibiotics under 11 classes, with the most susceptible shown against imipenem (94.5%) and the most resistant shown against ampicillin (86.2%). The isolates also showed susceptibility to piperacillin/tazobactam (89.0%), ertapenem (87.6%), norfloxacin (86.2%), cefoxitin (86.2%), meropenem (76.6%), doripenem (76.6%), gentamicin (76.6%), chloramphenicol (73.1%), nitrofurantoin (71.7%), ciprofloxacin (79.3%), amikacin (60.7%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (70.4%). Conversely, resistance was also recorded against tetracycline (69%), doxycycline (56.6%), cefuroxime (46.2%), cefotaxime (48.3%), ceftazidime (41.4%). Out of the 32 resistance genes tested, 28 were confirmed, with [tetA (58.8%), tetD (47.89%), tetM (25.2%), tetB (5.9%)], [sul1 (68.4%), sul1I (66.6%)], and [aadA (62.3%), strA (26%), aac(3)-IIa(aacC2)(a) (14.4%)] genes having the highest occurrence. Strong significant associations exist among the resistance determinants screened. About 82.7% of the K. pneumoniae isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) with a multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) range of 0.24 to 1.0. A dual presence of the resistant genes among K. pneumoniae was also observed to occur more frequently than multiple presences. This study reveals a worrisome presence of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates and resistance genes in hospital waste effluent, resulting in higher public health risks using untreated surface water for human consumption. As a result, adequate water treatment and monitoring initiatives designed to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in the aquatic ecosystem are required.202337508235
218010.9999Isolation and characterization of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from raw cow milk in Jiangsu and Shandong provinces, China. Antimicrobials are the most important therapy to bovine mastitis. Bacterial infection and antibiotic treatment of mastitis cycles frequently in dairy farms worldwide, giving rise to concerns about the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. In this study, we examined the microbial diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from raw milk from dairy farms in Jiangsu and Shandong provinces, China. Raw milk samples were collected from 857 dairy cattle including 800 apparently healthy individuals and 57 cows with clinical mastitis (CM) and subjected to microbiological culture, antimicrobial susceptibility assay and detection of antibiotic-resistant genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. A total of 1,063 isolates belonging to 41 different bacterial genera and 86 species were isolated and identified, of which Pseudomonas spp. (256/1,063, 24.08%), Staphylococcus. spp. (136/1,063, 12.79%), Escherichia coli (116/1,063, 10.91%), Klebsiella spp. (104/1,063, 9.78%) and Bacillus spp. (84/1,063, 7.90%) were most frequently isolated. K. pneumoniae, one of the most prevalent bacteria, was more frequently isolated from the farms in Jiangsu (65/830, 7.83%) than Shandong (1/233, 0.43%) province, and showed a positive association with CM (p < .001). The antimicrobial susceptibility assay revealed that four of the K. pneumoniae isolates (4/66, 6.06%) were MDR bacteria (acquired resistance to ≥three classes of antimicrobials). Furthermore, among 66 isolates of K. pneumoniae, 21.21% (14/66), 13.64% (9/66) and 12.12% (8/66) were resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and aminoglycosides, respectively. However, all K. pneumoniae isolates were sensitive to monobactams and carbapenems. The detection of antibiotic-resistant genes confirmed that the β-lactamase genes (bla(SHV) and bla(CTX-M) ), aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes [aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-I and ant(3″)-I], tetracycline efflux pump (tetA) and transposon genetic marker (intI1) were positive in MDR isolates. This study indicated that MDR K. pneumoniae isolates emerged in dairy farms in Jiangsu province and could be a potential threat to food safety and public health.202132780945
119920.9999Multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria in the gut of young children in Bangladesh. BACKGROUND: The gut of human harbors diverse commensal microbiota performing an array of beneficial role for the hosts. In the present study, the major commensal gut bacteria isolated by culturing methods from 15 children of moderate income families, aged between 10 and 24 months, were studied for their response to different antibiotics, and the molecular basis of drug resistance. RESULTS: Of 122 bacterial colonies primarily selected from Luria-Bertani agar, bacterial genera confirmed by analytical profile index (API) 20E(®) system included Escherichia as the predominant (52%) organism, followed by Enterobacter (16%), Pseudomonas (12%), Klebsiella (6%), Pantoea (6%), Vibrio (3%), and Citrobacter (3%); while Aeromonas and Raoultella were identified as the infrequently occurring genera. An estimated 11 and 22% of the E. coli isolates carried virulence marker genes stx-2 and eae, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility assay revealed 78% of the gut bacteria to be multidrug resistant (MDR) with highest resistance to erythromycin (96%), followed by ampicillin (63%), tetracycline (59%), azithromycin (53%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (43%), cefixime (39%), and ceftriaxone (33%). PCR assay results revealed 56% of the gut bacteria to possess gene cassette Class 1 integron; while 8, 17.5 and 6% of the strains carried tetracycline resistance-related genes tetA, tetB, and tetD, respectively. The macrolide (erythromycin and azithromycin) resistance marker genes mphA, ereB, and ermB were found in 28, 3 and 5% of bacterial isolates, respectively; while 26, 12, 17, 32, 7, 4 and 3% of the MDR bacterial isolates carried the extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-related genes e.g., bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CMY-9), bla(CTX-M1), bla(CTX-M2), bla(CMY-2) and bla(OXA) respectively. Majority of the MDR gut bacteria harbored large plasmids [e.g., 140 MDa (43%), 105 MDa (30%), 90 MDa (14%)] carrying invasion and related antibiotic resistance marker genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest gut of young Bangladeshi children to be an important reservoir for multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria carrying ESBL related genes.201728439298
131530.9998Neonatal calf diarrhea: A potent reservoir of multi-drug resistant bacteria, environmental contamination and public health hazard in Pakistan. Though emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in the environment is a demonstrated worldwide phenomenon, limited research is reported about the prevalence of resistant bacteria in fecal ecology of neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) animals in Pakistan. The present study aimed to identify and assess the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and their resistance potential in the fecal ecology of NCD diseased animals of Pakistan. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes (bla(TEM), bla(NDM-1), bla(CTX-M), qnrS) was also investigated. A total of 51 bacterial isolates were recovered from feces of young diarrheic animals (n = 11), collected from 7 cities of Pakistan and identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Selected isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion method while polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to characterize the bla(TEM), bla(NDM-1), bla(CTX-M), qnrS and mcr-1 antibiotic resistance genes. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences (Accession numbers: LC488898 to LC488948), all isolates were identified that belonged to seventeen genera with the highest prevalence rate for phylum Proteobacteria and genus Bacillus (23%). Antibiotic susceptibility explained the prevalence of resistance in isolates ciprofloxacin (100%), ampicillin (100%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (85%), tetracycline (75%), amoxicillin (55%), ofloxacin (50%), ceftazidime (45%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (45%), levofloxacin (30%), cefpodoxime (25%), cefotaxime (25%), cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (20%), and imipenem (10%). MICs demonstrated that almost 90% isolates were multi-drug resistant (against at least three antibiotics), specially against ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline with the highest resistance levels for Shigella sp. (NCCP-421) (MIC-CIP up to 75 μg mL(-1)) and Escherichia sp. (NCCP-432) (MIC-TET up to 250 μg mL(-1)). PCR-assisted detection of antibiotic resistance genes showed that 54% isolates were positive for bla(TEM) gene, 7% isolates were positive for bla(CTX-M) gene, 23% isolates were positive for each of qnrS and mcr-1 genes, 23% isolates were co-positive in combinations of qnrS and mcr-1 genes and bla(TEM) and mcr-1 genes, whereas none of the isolate showed presence of bla(NDM-1) gene.202134426357
217940.9998Increasing frequency of Aminoglycoside-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae during the era of pandemic COVID-19. The emergence of multidrug resistance to aminoglycosides in K. pneumoniae isolates is a growing concern, especially during pandemic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study identifies antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae isolated from tertiary hospitals during pandemic COVID-19. Among 220 clinical isolates, the total rate of K. pneumoniae was found to be 89 (40.5%). Phenotyping results confirmed the resistance of aminoglycoside antibiotics in 51 (23.2%) of K. pneumoniae isolates. PCR results confirmed the existence of one or more aminoglycoside genes in 82.3% of the 51 isolates. The rmtD gene was the highest-detected gene (66.7%), followed by aac(6')-Ib (45.1%), aph(3')-Ia (45.1%), rmtB (29.4%), armA (21.6%), aac(3)-II (7.8%), and rmtA (3) (11.8%). Significantly, higher resistance strains showed a higher prevalence (61.5%) of aminoglycoside genes (p < 0.05). During COVID-19, there is a higher risk of acquiring MDR bacterial infections, so the monitoring of multidrug resistant bacteria must be continuously undertaken to implement effective measures in infection control and prevention.202134075332
217850.9998Antimicrobial resistance patterns and their encoding genes among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most important organisms in nosocomial infections. Antibiotic resistance in this bacterium causes many problems in treating patients. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance patterns and resistance-related, genes in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. This descriptive study was conducted on 124 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii collected from clinical samples in two teaching hospitals in Ahvaz. The antibiotic resistance pattern was determined by disk diffusion. The presence of genes coding for antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction method. Out of 124 isolates, the highest rate of resistance was observed for rifampin (96.8%). The resistance rate for imipenem, meropenem, colistin, and polymyxin-B were 78.2%, 73.4%, 0.8% and 0.8%, respectively. The distribution of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, Tet A, TetB, and Sul1genes were 52.6%, 0%, 3.2%, 93.5% 69.2%, and 6.42%, respectively. High prevalence of tetA, tetB, and qnrA genes among Acinetobacter baumannii isolated strains in this study indicate the important role of these genes in multidrug resistance in this bacteria. • Acinetobacter baumannii is an important human pathogen that has attracted the attention of many researchers Antibiotic resistance in this bacterium causes many problems in treating patients. • The resistance rate for imipenem, meropenem, colistin, and polymyxin-B were 78.2%, 73.4%, 0.8% and 0.8%, respectively. The distribution of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, Tet A, TetB, and Sul1genes were 52.6%, 0%, 3.2%, 93.5% 69.2%, and 6.42%, respectively.202032983919
126960.9998Prevalence of Resistance Genes Among Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Waters of Rivers Swat and Kabul, Pakistan. The waters of rivers Swat and Kabul are the main water source for domestic and irrigation purposes in the northwestern part of Pakistan. However, this water has been contaminated due to human activities. This study aimed to analyze the water of these rivers for occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes among Gram-negative bacteria. Samples were collected from 10 different locations of these rivers. The samples were processed for the isolation of Gram-negative bacteria. Isolated bacteria were checked against 12 different antibiotics for susceptibility. The isolates were also analyzed for the presence of seven antibiotic resistance genes. A total of 50 bacterial isolates were recovered that belonged to five different bacterial genera, that is, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Raoultella terrigena (Klebsiella terrigena), and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Antibiotic resistance pattern was cefixime 72%, cephalothin 72%, ampicillin 68%, nalidixic acid 68%, kanamycin 54%, streptomycin 42%, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 28%, chloramphenicol 28%, meropenem 8%, gentamicin 8%, amikacin 2%, and tobramycin 2%. The prevalence of bla-TEM gene was 72% (n = 36), aadA gene 34% (n = 17), sul gene 32% (n = 16), bla-CTXM gene 12% (n = 6), int gene 66% (n = 33), and int1 gene 6% (n = 3). This information highlights the need for controlling and monitoring the release of domestic wastes to rivers.202539435695
112670.9998Comparison of beta-lactamase genes in clinical and food bacterial isolates in India. BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of human disease-causing enteric bacteria on raw vegetables, fruits, meats, and milk products sold in Indian markets. The study further aimed to analyze antibiotic resistance rates and the presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-three food-borne and 23 clinical isolates were compared for antibiotic resistance rates and the presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC. Swabs were taken from unwashed and washed food items, as well as from some chopped food specimens, and inoculated on appropriate culture medium. Bacterial isolates were identified, antibiotic susceptibility was performed, and bla genes were detected by PCR. RESULTS: Thirty-eight bacterial isolates were obtained from the food specimens, of which 36 (94.7%) were Gram-negative and two (5.3%) were Gram-positive bacterial species. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent (52.6%; 20/38) bacterial species isolated, followed by Citrobacter koseri (18.4%; 7/38). In food isolates, the majority of the isolates were resistant to gentamicin (33.3%) followed by amikacin (11.1%). Resistance to a third-generation cephalosporin was noticed in only 5.6% isolates. However, in clinical isolates, maximal resistance was noticed against third-generation cephalosporins followed by ofloxacin in 91.3% and 86.9% isolates, respectively, and resistance to gentamicin and amikacin was noticed in 78.3% and 52.2% isolates, respectively. The presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC in clinical isolates was noticed in 52.2%, 60.9%, 21.7%, and 43.5%, respectively. None of the isolates from food showed the presence of any of the above-cited genes. CONCLUSIONS: Probably bla genes have not yet disseminated to raw-food vegetation in India.200919801801
113480.9998Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli among clinical samples isolated in Azerbaijan, Iran. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The immediate emergence of resistant bacteria poses an increasingly growing problem to human society and the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains is one of the most important health problems. This study aimed to review the molecular epidemiology of drug resistance among clinical isolates of E. coli in north-west portion of Iran Azerbaijan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A complete of 219 clinical isolates of E. coli had been collected from the various clinical samples. The disk diffusion and agar dilution assays were used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. The presence of antibiotics resistance genes was carried out by the PCR method. RESULTS: The highest susceptibility was shown to imipenem (3%) and fosfomycin (3%), and the most antibiotic resistance was presented to ampicillin (99%). The highest frequent ESBL gene among isolates was bla (CTXM-15) in 70% followed by bla(CMY-2) in 67%, and bla(TEM-1) in 46%. The most common fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance genes were oqxB (34%), followed by oqxA (25%), and qnrB (18%). The frequency of tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, and tetD) were detected in 24.8%, 31.6%, 1.8%, and 4.2%, respectively. The highest frequent genes to fosfomycin were fosA 10%, fosA3 30%, fosC 40%, and fosX 20%. The dominant founded aminoglycosides resistant genes were armA (12.96%) and npmA (4.93%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of antibiotics resistance in the tested E. coli isolates was high in Azerbaijan, Iran and these findings showed that E. coli is one of the major drug-resistant pathogens.202337448678
120090.9998Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella spp. Recovered From Migratory and Captive Wild Birds. BACKGROUND: Salmonella spp., especially those are resistant to extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), are considered as major concern to global health due to their emergence and dissemination. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of Salmonella spp. from migratory and captive wild birds. METHOD: A total 262 faecal samples were collected, and the identification of Salmonella spp. was carried out using a standard culture and PCR as well as molecular detection of virulence and AMR genes. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of Salmonella was determined to be 30.92% (95% CI = 25.63-36.75). Migratory birds exhibited highest prevalence (38.10%), whereas wild birds in captivity showed a lower prevalence (23.40%). The agfA gene was detected at a higher rate at 24.69%. Salmonella spp. exhibited 100% resistance to tetracycline, followed by 58% ampicillin and 46% streptomycin. In addition, there was a resistance rate to ceftriaxone of 17% and to colistin sulphate of 25%. Interestingly, levofloxacin alone displayed 100% sensitivity across all isolates, while ciprofloxacin and azithromycin showed 73% and 64% sensitivity, respectively. The MAR index was 0.25 and 0.42, and 74.07% of all isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR). It was shown that migratory and captive wild birds contained ESBL genes blaTEM (94.34% and 49.06%) and blaSHV (13.33% and 10%), respectively. Genes responsible for sulphonamide (sul1) resistance were detected in 13.33% and 79% of wild and migratory birds, respectively. CONCLUSION: Salmonella has been found in captive wild and migratory birds and could act as reservoirs for the transmission of MDR and ESBL bacteria.202439494993
1314100.9998Antibiotic resistance genes, colistin-resistant Escherichia coli, and physicochemicals in health care wastewater in Vinh Long General Hospital, Vietnam. This study collected ten treated wastewater samples from Vinh Long General Hospital to determine their physicochemical characteristics and antibiotic properties. All treated wastewater samples collected during the monitoring periods complied with national regulations. In addition, these samples did not contain bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae. The investigation yielded a total of 25 Escherichia coli isolates. The E. coli isolates exhibied highest antibiotic resistance rate to ampicillin (100%), followed by ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and cefazolin (96%, 92%, and 92%, respectively). The resistance rate to fosfomycin was 88%, whereas 80% of the isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The resistance rate to gentamicin was 72%, whereas that to imipenem and tetracycline was 52%. In addition, 44% isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, and 32% of isolates were colistin-resistant. Among analyzed isolates, three were resistant to 10 of 11 tested antibiotics but only displayed intermediate resistance to imipenems (carbapenems). Surprisingly, 23 out of 25 isolates showed a positive ESBL phenotype. Eleven of them had both the bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M-1) group structural genes, while twelve only had the bla(CTX-M-1) group gene. Furthermore, none of the isolated E. coli isolates exhibited the bla(SHV) gene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of colistin exceeded 4 μg/mL in 8 out of 25 (32%) isolates. Seven of eight isolates (87.5%) carried the mcr-1 gene, while one (12.5%) carried the mcr-8 gene. None of the other mcr (mcr-2 to mcr-9) genes were found.202439528737
1057110.9998Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enteric bacteria in hospital wastewater and clinical sources. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enteric bacteria in hospital wastewater and clinical sources. Enteric bacteria, mainly Escherichia coli, were isolated from clinical sources (urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract infections; 80 isolates) and hospital wastewater (103 isolates). The antibiotic resistance profile and ESBL production of the isolates were investigated by disc diffusion assay and combined disc diffusion test, respectively. Plasmid profiling was performed by agarose gel electrophoresis, and elimination of resistance markers was performed by a plasmid curing experiment. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed a high incidence of β-lactam resistance, being highest to ampicillin (88.0%) followed by amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, cefotaxime, aztreonam, cefepime and ceftazidime. Among the non-β-lactam antibiotics, the highest resistance was recorded to nalidixic acid (85.7%). Moreover, 50.8% of enteric bacteria showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. Among 183 total enteric bacteria, 150 (82.0%) exhibited multidrug resistance. ESBL production was detected in 78 isolates (42.6%). A significantly higher incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance was observed among ESBL-producing enteric bacteria both in clinical (P=0.0015) and environmental isolates (P=0.012), clearly demonstrating a close association between ESBL production and ciprofloxacin resistance. Plasmid profiling of selected ESBL-positive strains indicated the presence of one or more plasmids of varying sizes. Plasmid curing resulted in loss of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime resistance markers simultaneously from selected ESBL-positive isolates, indicating the close relationship of these markers. This study revealed a common occurrence of ciprofloxacin-resistant ESBL-producing enteric bacteria both in hospital wastewater and clinical sources, indicating a potential public health threat.201627436461
1178120.9998Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Wastewater Generated From the Hospital Environment. AIM: This study investigated the carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) genes in fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli recovered from wastewater generated by healthcare institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isolation of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli was done on medium supplemented with 1 µg/mL of ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone). Presumptive isolates were identified via the detection of uidA gene. Susceptibility of the isolates to a panel of antibiotics was done using disc diffusion method. Detection of PMQR genes in the isolates was done using primer-specific PCR. RESULTS: Thirty fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli were obtained from the wastewater over a period of 6 months. The resistance to each of the antibiotic tested was: ampicillin (100%), ceftriaxone (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), tetracycline (96.7%), cefotaxime (96.7%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (80%), gentamicin (60%), cefoxitin (30%), and imipenem (3.3%). The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) ranged from 0.6 to 0.9. The detection of PMQR genes in the 30 isolates was: qnrA (76.7%), qnrB (53.3%), qnrS (63.3%), aac(6')-lb-cr (43.3%), and qepA (43.3%). All the fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli carried at least one PMQR determinant. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that untreated hospital wastewaters are significant hub of multidrug-resistant and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli, showing high carriage of PMQR genes, and may be a major contributor to the resistome of fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria in the Nigerian environment.202540552214
2184130.9998Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Antimicrobial Resistance Genes, and Antibiotic Residue in Food from Animal Sources: One Health Food Safety Concern. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing foodborne serious illnesses can be found in contaminated food. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the pathogens, genes, and antimicrobial residues present in raw milk and meat. We collected 40 raw milk and 40 beef samples using the aseptic method from various parts of the Faisalabad metropolis, Pakistan. The samples were cultured on blood, MacConkey, and UTI chrome agar. The VITEK 2 compact system was used for microbial identification and determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Antimicrobial resistance genes for extended-spectrum β-lactamases, methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, and carbapenem resistance were identified using molecular techniques. ELISA was used to determine the tetracycline residue level in each sample. The beef samples showed polymicrobial contamination with 64 bacterial isolates, with Escherichia coli (29; 45.3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11; 17.1%) predominating. The milk samples showed polymicrobial contamination with 73 bacterial isolates, with E. coli (22; 30%), K. pneumoniae (12; 16.4%), and S. aureus (10; 13.6%) forming the majority. Twenty-eight (43.7%) isolates from beef harbored tet genes, nineteen (29.6%) bla(CTX-M), and fourteen (21.8%) bla(NDM-1), and twenty-six (35.6%) isolates from milk harbored tet genes, nineteen (26%) bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M), and three (4%) bla(NDM-1). Twenty-two (55%) each of the beef and milk samples exceeded the maximum residue limit for tetracycline. Polymicrobial contamination by bacteria possessing bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), bla(NDM-1), bla(OXA), mecA, and tet genes was identified in food samples. The high tetracycline residue levels pose a serious health risk to consumers.202336677453
1146140.9998Molecular detection and prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in poultry and humans: a one health perspective. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria significantly threaten humans and animals worldwide. Colistin is the last resort of antibiotics against gram-negative bacterial infections. Its irrational use in poultry is a major factor in transmitting MDR bacteria to humans. The present study investigated the risk factors, prevalence, and molecular detection of colistin resistance associated with poultry and humans. A total of (n = 140) cloacal swabs from chickens and human stool samples (n = 140) were processed to identify E. coli using conventional methods, followed by genotypic confirmation. Phenotypic and genotypic confirmation of antibiotic resistance genes qnrA, blaTEM, tetA, aadA, and mcr genes was performed on these E. coli isolates. These isolates were confirmed at 69.3% and 62.8% in chickens and humans, respectively. Limited education and poor hygiene significantly increased the infection rate (p = 0.0001). The E. coli isolates from commercial poultry showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 98.9% to ampicillin, and 93.8% to tetracycline. The E. coli isolates from humans exhibited 90% resistance to ciprofloxacin, 88% to ampicillin, and 85% to ceftriaxone. Among these, MDR E. coli isolates of both commercial poultry and humans, colistin resistance was found in 78.6% and 48.1%, respectively. Genotypic confirmation of mcr genes such as mcr-1 (42%), mcr-2 (19.6%), mcr-3 (15.1%), mcr-4 (7.6%), and mcr-5 (4.5%) in commercial poultry. However, only the mcr-1 (15.6%) gene was found in human isolates. The current study findings highlight the prevalence of mcr genes in E. coli, potentially contributing to broader antibiotic resistance concerns.202540956559
2154150.9998Molecular analysis of multidrug-resistant E. coli in pediatric UTIs: findings from a Nigerian Hospital. INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to isolate and characterize antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli from urine samples of children at the Mother and Child Hospital in Ondo State, Nigeria, assessing antibiogram profiling and resistance genes. METHODOLOGY: Three hundred urine samples (158 females, 142 males), aged 3-5 years, were collected, transported on ice, and analyzed bacteriologically. E. coli and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated using Eosin Methylene Blue agar and identified through colony morphology and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined via Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion, and resistance genes were detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Of the 300 samples, 40 (13.3%) yielded E. coli with varying antibiotic resistance profiles. The highest resistance was against Amoxicillin-clavulanate (87.5%) followed by Ceftriaxone (80%). Susceptibility was observed to Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, and Chloramphenicol. Multiple resistance patterns against 3-4 antibiotic classes were recorded, with 12 distinct patterns observed. Eight isolates harbored blaCTX-M gene, while five carried the aac3-IV gene. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded a high occurrence of E. coli infection and multiple antibiotic resistance in the region. The presence of resistance genes suggests significant economic and health implications, emphasizing prudent antibiotic use under physician guidance to mitigate multiple antibiotic resistance.202438484349
1105160.9998Cross-Sectional Survey of Antibiotic Resistance in Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Pigs in Greece. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL) bacteria in swine. Thus, 214 fecal samples were collected from suckling and weaned piglets from 34 farms in Greece (out of an overall population of about 14,300 sows). A subset of 78 (36.5%) ESBL producers were identified as E. coli (69/78, 88.5%), K. pneumoniae spp. pneumoniae (3.8%), P. mirabilis (5.1%), E. cloacae complex (1.3%) and S. enterica spp. diarizonae (1.3%). Resistance to at least one class of non-β-lactam antibiotics was detected in 78 isolates. Among the E. coli strains, resistance was identified with regard to aminoglycosides (n = 31), fluoroquinolones (n = 49), tetracycline (n = 26) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (n = 46). Of the three K. pneumoniae spp. pneumoniae, two displayed resistances to aminoglycosides and all were resistant to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. As for the four P. mirabilis isolates, three had a resistant phenotype for aminoglycosides and all were resistant to imipenem, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Molecular characterization of the isolates revealed the presence of CTX-M, SHV and TEM genes, as well as of genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides and colistin. High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were demonstrated in Greek swine herds posing a concern for the efficacy of treatments at the farm level as well as for public health.202235739896
1130170.9998The characteristic of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi isolated from tertiary care hospital in Faisalabad. Salmonella Typhi, a human-restricted pathogen, is demonstrating multi-drug resistance (MDR) due to widespread and inappropriate antibiotic use. This study aims to molecular identify the pattern of antibiotic resistance. Blood samples from 2456 suspected patients were assessed. Molecular identification of Salmonella Typhi was performed by amplifying the fliC gene. The Disc diffusion method was used to measure the susceptibility of antibiotics. 2456 patient samples, bacterial growth and Salmonella Typhi were 152 (6.2 %) positive. PCR analysis confirmed that all 152 isolated strains were Salmonella Typhi (100%) through the amplification of the fliC gene. Salmonella Typhi isolates showed resistance to trimethoprim (58%), ampicillin (63%), ciprofloxacin (79%) and chloramphenicol (58%). Fifty-eight percent of the isolates showed multi-drug resistance, whereas 26 percent had extensive drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance gene of quinolones was isolated as 44 (36.4%), whereas 88 (57.9 %) were positive for bla(CTX-M) gene were detected among cephalosporin-resistance bacteria 56 (36.8 %) resistance bla(IMP) and bla(OXA-48) were detected among carbapenem-resistance bacteria. For the azithromycin resistance, more genes were detected as a percentage 03 (50 %) from isolates. It concludes that several multidrug resistance and extensive drug-resistance Salmonella Typhi were found. The majority of isolates were sensitive to meropenem, Imipenem and Azithromycin.202540996203
1306180.9998Escherichia coli from healthy farm animals: Antimicrobial resistance, resistance genes and mobile genetic elements. The use of antibiotics in agriculture and subsequent environmental pollution are associated with the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria including Escherichia coli. The aim of this study was to detect antimicrobial resistance, resistance genes and mobile genetic elements of 72 E. coli strains isolated from faeces of healthy farm animals. Disk diffusion test showed resistance to ampicillin (59.7%), tetracycline (48.6%), chloramphenicol (16.7%), cefoperazone and ceftriaxone (13.9%), cefepime and aztreonam (12.5%), norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin (8.3%), levofloxacin (6.9%), gentamicin and amikacin (2.8%) among the studied strains. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were detected by polymerase chain reaction: the prevalence of blaTEM was the highest (59.7% of all strains), followed by tetA (30.6%), blaCTX-M (11.1%), catA1 (9.7%), less than 5% strains contained blaSHV, cmlA, floR, qnrB, qnrS, tetM. 26.4% of E. coli strains had a MDR phenotype. MDR E. coli more often contained class 1 integrons, bacteriophages, conjugative F-like plasmids, than non-MDR strains. ARGs were successfully transferred from faecal E. coli strains into the E. coli Nissle 1917 N4i strain by conjugation. Conjugation frequencies varied from (1.0 ± 0.1) * 10-5 to (7.9 ± 2.6) * 10-4 per recipient. Monitoring mobile genetic elements of E. coli for antibiotic resistance is important for farm animal health, as well as for public health and food safety.202439259602
1287190.9998Frequently used therapeutic antimicrobials and their resistance patterns on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in mastitis affected lactating cows. Mastitis is one of the most frequent and costly production diseases of dairy cattle. It is frequently treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials. The objectives of this work were to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, find out the antimicrobials used in mastitis treatment, and explore the antimicrobial resistance profile including detection of resistance genes. Bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance genes were confirmed by the polymerase-chain reaction. A total of 450 cows were screened, where 23 (5.11%) and 173 (38.44%) were affected with clinical and sub-clinical mastitis, respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus was 39.13% (n = 9) and 47.97%(n = 83) while, E. coli was 30.43% (n = 7) and 15.60% (n = 27) in clinical and sub-clinical mastitis affected cows, respectively. The highest antimicrobials used for mastitis treatment were ciprofloxacin (83.34%), amoxycillin (80%) and ceftriaxone (76.67%). More than, 70% of S. aureus showed resistance against ampicillin, oxacillin, and tetracycline and more than 60% of E. coli exhibited resistance against oxacillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Selected antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA, tetK, tetL, tetM, tetA, tetB, tetC, sul1, sul2 and sul3) were identified from S. aureus and E. coli. Surprisingly, 7 (7.61%) S. aureus carried the mecA gene and were confirmed as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The most prevalent resistance genes were tetK 18 (19.57%) and tetL 13 (14.13%) for S. aureus, whereas sul1 16 (47.06%), tetA 12 (35.29%), sul2 11 (32.35%) and tetB 7 (20.59%) were the most common resistance genes in E. coli. Indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria suggest a potential threat to public health.202235291582