Antibiotic resistance genes circulating in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the One Health perspective. - Related Documents




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210101.0000Antibiotic resistance genes circulating in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the One Health perspective. BACKGROUND: The misuse of antibiotics in developing countries has created serious threats to public healthcare systems and reduced treatment options. Multidrug-resistant bacteria harbour antibiotic resistance genes that help them subdue the effectiveness of several available antibiotics. This review aimed to assess antimicrobial resistance genes circulating in Nigeria via a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed using five electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Search, and African Journals Online (AJOL). Articles related to antibiotic resistance genes in Nigeria, published between January 1, 2015 and October 31, 2024, were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess the risk of bias. The meta-analysis for random effects was performed to determine the proportions and pooled prevalence of the resistance genes from the various One Health domains, as well as heterogeneity in the data, using R software (Version 4.3.3) and the metaprop package. RESULTS: Of the 762 articles retrieved, 56 (humans [n = 33], animals [n = 8], environment [n = 12], human/animal [n = 1], and human/animal/environment [n = 2]) from the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria met the inclusion criteria. The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) gene with the highest pooled prevalence was blaSHV (24.0% [95% CI: 12.0–44.0]), followed by blaCTX-M (23.0% [95% CI: 14.0–37.0]), and the least was blaTEM (18.0% [95% CI: 8.0–37.0]). Among the carbapenemase genes, blaKPC (33.0% [95% CI: 7.0–76.0]) was the most prevalent, followed by blaNDM (21.0% [95% CI: 9.0–41.0]), blaOXA (11.0% [95% CI: 2.0–46.0]) and the least was blaVIM (9.0% [95% CI: 3.0–26.0]). The mecA gene also had a high pooled prevalence (51.0% [95% CI: 14.0–86.0]). The pooled prevalence of the erm, sul, tet, and qnr genes ranged from 19.0% (95% CI: 8.0–38.0) to 27.0% (95% CI: 13.0–47.0). Some antibiotic resistance genes were shared among the three domains. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis has demonstrated the co-existence of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria causing infection in Nigeria, via the One Health approach. There is a need for future research on the circulation of antibiotic resistance genes in developing countries using internationally approved approaches to track down this menace. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-025-02163-y.202540619397
210410.9998A systematic review and meta-analysis on antibiotic resistance genes in Ghana. BACKGROUND: Addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a complex challenge, primarily because of the limited understanding of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the spread of these genes across different domains. To bridge this knowledge gap in Ghana, we undertook a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify and estimate the prevalence of circulating ARGs in bacteria isolated from human, animal, and environmental sources. METHODS: A thorough literature search was conducted across three major databases-Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus-to retrieve all relevant articles related to ARGs in Ghana from the inception of the databases to February 25, 2024. A risk-of-bias evaluation was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and the data analysis involved descriptive statistics and proportional meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of the 371 articles initially obtained, 38 met the inclusion criteria. These studies adequately covered Ghana geographically. The most prevalent ESBL gene identified was bla(CTX-M), with a prevalence of 31.6% (95% CI: 17.6-45.7), followed by bla(TEM) (19.5% [95% CI: 9.7-29.3]), and bla(SHV) (3.5% [95% CI: 0.3-6.6]). The pooled prevalence of carbapenemase genes ranged from 17.2% (95% CI: 6.9-27.6) for bla(NDM) to 10.3% (95% CI: 1.9-18.7) for bla(OXA). Additionally, other ARGs, including sul1, qnrS, gyrA, erm(B), and mecA, were detected, with prevalence ranging from 3.9% (95% CI: 0.0-8.5) to 16.4% (95% CI: 3.1-29.8). Several ARGs were shared across human, animal, and environmental sources. CONCLUSION: This review revealed that bacteria obtained from human, animal, and environmental samples in Ghana shared genes associated with AMR. This finding provides evidence on the interconnection of AMR across these three domains. Horizontal gene transfer, which enables the dissemination of ARGs between genetically diverse bacteria, can occur, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach to addressing antimicrobial resistance in Ghana.202540075357
210320.9997Antibiotic resistance in hospital wastewater in West Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BACKGROUND: The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) has become a global menace and therefore increases morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Globally, hospital wastewater (HWW) has been identified as a significant source of antibiotic-resistant elements. OBJECTIVES: This review aims to systematically review and to perform meta-analyses from evidence on antibiotic resistance studies in HWW in West Africa. METHODS: The review was conducted in compliance with PRISMA and included studies published between 1990 and 2024 in West Africa from the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Eligible studies that characterized resistant bacteria, genes, or antibiotic residues in HWW were included. Meta-analyses for resistant bacteria and genes as well risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale were conducted. RESULTS: Out of 23 studies reviewed, resistant bacteria were reported in 39% (E. coli), 26% (K. pneumoniae), and 17% (P. aeruginosa), while 17 studies reported ARGs, with blaTEM (29%), blaOXA- 48 (18%), blaSHV (18%), and mecA (18%) being the most common. Only 4% and 9% of studies focused on toxin genes and antibiotic residues, respectively. Meta-analysis showed pooled prevalence rates for resistant bacteria: E. coli 42.6% (95% CI: 26.7%-60.3%) and K. pneumoniae 32.1% (95% Cl: 28.8%- 36.5%), and ARGs: blaTEM 76.0% (95% CI = 64.6%-84.6%) and blaSHV 59.3% (95% CI = 19.5%-89.8%). CONCLUSION: This systematic review highlights significant findings of high levels of ARGs and ARBs of public health concern in HWW in West Africa. This highlights the need to improve upon the monitoring of antibiotic resistance and treatment of HWW in West Africa.202540217451
97830.9996Beta-lactamase resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae from Nigeria. BACKGROUND: Beta-lactamase genes are one of the most important groups of antimicrobial resistance genes in human and animal health. Therefore, continuous surveillance of this group of resistance genes is needed for a better understanding of the local epidemiology within a country and global dissemination. AIM: This review was carried out to identify different beta-lactamase resistance genes reported in published literature from Nigeria. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out on eligible Nigerian articles retrieved from electronic literature searches of PubMed(®), African Journals Online, and Google Scholar published between January 1990 and December 2019. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method was adopted to facilitate clarity and transparency in reporting review findings. RESULTS: Fifty-seven articles were included. All beta-lactamases reported were detected from Gram-negative bacteria, particularly from Enterobacteriaceae. Thirty-six different beta-lactamase genes were reported in Nigeria. These genes belong to the narrow-spectrum, AmpC, extended-spectrum and carbapenemase beta-lactamase resistance genes. The pooled proportion estimate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Nigeria was 31% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26% - 36%, p < 0.0001), while the estimate of the bla (CTX-M-15) gene in Nigeria was 46% (95% CI: 36% - 57%, p < 0.0001). The proportion estimate of AmpC genes was 32% (95% CI: 11% - 52%, p < 0.001), while the estimate for carbapenemases was 8% (95% CI: 5% - 12%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provides information on beta-lactamase distribution in Nigeria. This is necessary for a better understanding of molecular epidemiology of clinically important beta-lactamases, especially the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases in Nigeria.202235282396
113940.9996Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Select Bacteria From Retail Seafood-United States, 2019. In 2019, the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) surveyed raw salmon, shrimp, and tilapia from retail grocery outlets in eight states to assess the prevalence of bacterial contamination and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the isolates. Prevalence of the targeted bacterial genera ranged among the commodities: Salmonella (0%-0.4%), Aeromonas (19%-26%), Vibrio (7%-43%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.8%-2.3%), Staphylococcus (23%-30%), and Enterococcus (39%-66%). Shrimp had the highest odds (OR: 2.8, CI: 2.0-3.9) of being contaminated with at least one species of these bacteria, as were seafood sourced from Asia vs. North America (OR: 2.7; CI: 1.8-4.7) and Latin America and the Caribbean vs. North America (OR: 1.6; CI: 1.1-2.3) and seafood sold at the counter vs. sold frozen (OR: 2.1; CI: 1.6-2.9). Isolates exhibited pan-susceptibility (Salmonella and P. aeruginosa) or low prevalence of resistance (<10%) to most antimicrobials tested, with few exceptions. Seafood marketed as farm-raised had lower odds of contamination with antimicrobial resistant bacteria compared to wild-caught seafood (OR: 0.4, CI: 0.2-0.7). Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were detected for various classes of medically important antimicrobials. Clinically relevant ARGs included carbapenemases (bla (IMI-2), bla (NDM-1)) and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs; bla (CTX-M-55)). This population-scale study of AMR in seafood sold in the United States provided the basis for NARMS seafood monitoring, which began in 2020.202235814688
210250.9995Phenotypic and genotypic landscape of antibiotic resistance through One Health approach in Sri Lanka: A systematic review. OBJECTIVES: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) constitutes a significant burden to economies in developing countries. In the 'One-Health' concept, ABR in human, animals, and environment is interconnected. The aim of this study was to critically appraise literature on ABR in all three domains in One Health, within the Sri Lankan geographical context. METHODS: The protocol was registered with PROSPERO and followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive electronic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science databases and grey literature via Google Scholar. Out of 298 abstracts, 37 articles were selected following screening. A risk of bias assessment was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Following blinded data extraction, descriptive data analysis and narrative synthesis were performed. RESULTS: This review included studies published between 2016-2023. Of the included studies, 17 (45.9%) reported data on samples obtained from humans, 9 (24.3%) from animals, and 6 (16.2%) from environmental sources, two studies (5.4%) from humans and animals, one study on animal and environment; whereas two studies including all three domains. ABR of 32 different bacteria (Gram negative⸺17, Gram positive⸺14) was retrieved; E. coli was the most frequently studied bacteria followed by MRSA and ESBL. For E. coli, a median resistance over 50% was reported for sulfamethoxazole (88.8%), trimethoprim (79.1%), ampicillin (60%) and tetracycline (50.3%) with the highest resistance for erythromycin (98%). Of a total of 21 antibiotic-resistance genes in E. coli, the highest genotypic resistance was for tet-A (48.5%). CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive description of ABR for a total of 32 bacteria, 62 antibiotics and 46 ABR genes is presented. This review discusses the contemporary ABR landscape in Sri Lanka through the One Health lens, highlighting key methodological and empirical research gaps.202539763328
135760.9995Faecal carriage of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in asymptomatic children and associations with primary care antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BACKGROUND: The faecal reservoir provides optimal conditions for the transmission of resistance genes within and between bacterial species. As key transmitters of infection within communities, children are likely important contributors to endemic community resistance. We sought to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant faecal Escherichia coli from asymptomatic children aged between 0 and 17 years worldwide, and investigate the impact of routinely prescribed primary care antibiotics to that resistance. METHODS: A systematic search of Medline, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Knowledge databases from 1940 to 2015. Pooled resistance prevalence for common primary care antibiotics, stratified by study country OECD status. Random-effects meta-analysis to explore the association between antibiotic exposure and resistance. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies were included. In OECD countries, the pooled resistance prevalence to tetracycline was 37.7 % (95 % CI: 25.9-49.7 %); ampicillin 37.6 % (24.9-54.3 %); and trimethoprim 28.6 % (2.2-71.0 %). Resistance in non-OECD countries was uniformly higher: tetracycline 80.0 % (59.7-95.3 %); ampicillin 67.2 % (45.8-84.9 %); and trimethoprim 81.3 % (40.4-100 %). We found evidence of an association between primary care prescribed antibiotics and resistance lasting for up to 3 months post-prescribing (pooled OR: 1.65, 1.36-2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to many primary care prescribed antibiotics is common among faecal E. coli carried by asymptomatic children, with higher resistance rates in non-OECD countries. Despite tetracycline being contra-indicated in children, tetracycline resistance rates were high suggesting children could be important recipients and transmitters of resistant bacteria, or that use of other antibiotics is leading to tetracycline resistance via inter-bacteria resistance transmission.201627456093
105970.9995Dissemination and phenotypic characterization of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in Indonesia. BACKGROUND: The alarming rise in infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in animals and humans poses a serious threat due to its escalating antibiotic resistance. Unveiling this problematic bacteria's prevalence and resistance patterns in animals is crucial for formulating effective control strategies and safeguarding public health. AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of three main genes: blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM, in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from The Research Center for Veterinary Science and the National Research and Innovation Agency. Moreover, their resistance profiles against various antibiotics should be systematically evaluated. METHODS: Ninety-seven E. coli isolates from the bacteriology laboratory of The Research Center for Veterinary Science were identified on MacConkey medium supplemented with cefotaxime. The isolates were verified for the existence of the blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using antibiotic discs following the CLSI standards. RESULTS: The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in chicken ceca, eggs, and fish intestines was 16.5% (16/97). The specific genes detected were blaCTX-M gene at 93.75% (15/16), followed by the blaTEM gene, at 81.25% (13/16), and blaSHV at 25% (4/16). The antimicrobial sensitivity test results revealed that all ESBL-producing E. coli isolates had multidrug resistance 81.25% to 1-5 antibiotics and 18.75% to 6-7 antibiotics. The isolate exhibited 100% resistance to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole, with exclusive sensitivity to chloramphenicol. CONCLUSION: The dominant gene in the ESBL-producing isolates was blaCTX-M. This bacterium is completely resistant to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole, whereas it displays multidrug resistance to 1-7 different types of antibiotics.202540276175
94980.9995Molecular and clinical insights into extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from neonatal sepsis in Ethiopia. BACKGROUND: Klebsiella bacterial strains harboring Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) enzymes are the primary culprits behind neonatal sepsis globally. These strains significantly impact clinical outcomes due to their multi-drug resistance patterns in local healthcare settings. In response to this spiraling threat, we studied the prevalence and clinical implications of ESBL-encoding genes in neonates hospitalized with confirmed sepsis. METHODS: A correlational study was conducted on 51 neonates diagnosed with sepsis caused by ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae at Jimma Medical Center spanning from May 2022 to July 2023. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of the bacterial isolates were determined using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion test, while multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) techniques were employed to identify resistance genes. The correlation between resistance genes and treatment outcomes was analyzed using the phi coefficient (φ) with a significance level below 0.05. The data management was executed through the utilization of WHONET and STATA software platforms. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 26 (50.9%) male and the remaining 25 (49.1%) female neonates, with diverse clinical characteristics. All 51 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were 100% resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftriaxone, but showed varying resistance profiles ranging from 30.8% to meropenem to 94.2% to ceftazidime. Notably, all isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance, with 23% of cases showing resistance to seven different antimicrobial classes. The most prevalent resistance genes identified were bla(CTX-M) (96.1%), bla(TEM) (94.1%), and bla(SHV) (88.2%). The majority of isolates (94.1%) carried at least two resistance genes, such as bla(TEM) and bla(CTX) (94.1%), bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) (86.2%), and bla(CTX) and bla(SHV) (86.2%). Notably, 84.3% of the bacteria harbored the trio of bla(TEM), bla(CTX), and bla(SHV) resistance genes, and only the presence of bla(SHV) in monogenic (φ = 0.4, P = 0.01) or the trio of bla(TEM), bla(CTX), and bla(SHV) genes (φ = 0.3, P = 0.02) showed positive correlation with neonatal mortality. CONCLUSION: We observed a significant prevalence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains among neonates. Moreover, ESBL-resistance genes were widespread, with the blaSHV gene showing a correlation with increased neonatal mortality. These findings emphasize the urgent need for enhanced infection prevention measures, robust antimicrobial resistance surveillance, innovative treatment strategies, antibiotic stewardship initiatives, further research into resistance transfer mechanisms as well as hierarchical predictors of neonatal mortality. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.202439695444
217990.9995Increasing frequency of Aminoglycoside-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae during the era of pandemic COVID-19. The emergence of multidrug resistance to aminoglycosides in K. pneumoniae isolates is a growing concern, especially during pandemic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study identifies antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae isolated from tertiary hospitals during pandemic COVID-19. Among 220 clinical isolates, the total rate of K. pneumoniae was found to be 89 (40.5%). Phenotyping results confirmed the resistance of aminoglycoside antibiotics in 51 (23.2%) of K. pneumoniae isolates. PCR results confirmed the existence of one or more aminoglycoside genes in 82.3% of the 51 isolates. The rmtD gene was the highest-detected gene (66.7%), followed by aac(6')-Ib (45.1%), aph(3')-Ia (45.1%), rmtB (29.4%), armA (21.6%), aac(3)-II (7.8%), and rmtA (3) (11.8%). Significantly, higher resistance strains showed a higher prevalence (61.5%) of aminoglycoside genes (p < 0.05). During COVID-19, there is a higher risk of acquiring MDR bacterial infections, so the monitoring of multidrug resistant bacteria must be continuously undertaken to implement effective measures in infection control and prevention.202134075332
2723100.9995Hospital air: A potential route for transmission of infections caused by β-lactam-resistant bacteria. BACKGROUND: The emergence of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics seriously challenges the treatment of various nosocomial infections. This study was designed to investigate the presence of β-lactam-resistant bacteria (BLRB) in hospital air. METHODS: A total of 64 air samples were collected in 4 hospital wards. Detection of airborne bacteria was carried out using culture plates with and without β-lactams. BLRB isolates were screened for the presence of 5 common β-lactamase-encoding genes. Sequence analysis of predominant BLRB was also performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of BLRB ranged between 3% and 34%. Oxacillin-resistant bacteria had the highest prevalence, followed by ceftazidime- and cefazolin-resistant bacteria. The frequency of β-lactamase-encoding genes in isolated BLRB ranged between 0% and 47%, with the highest and lowest detection for OXA-23 and CTX-m-32, respectively. MecA had a relatively high frequency in surgery wards and operating theaters, whereas the frequency of blaTEM was higher in intensive care units and internal medicine wards. OXA-51 was detected in 4 wards. Acinetobacter spp, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Staphylococcus spp were the most predominant BLRB. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that hospital air is a potential route of transmission of BLRB, such as Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus, 2 important causative agents of nosocomial infections. Therefore, improvement of control measures against the spreading of airborne bacteria in hospital environments is warranted.201627021512
2712110.9995Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from Hotspot Environments in Bahir Dar City, Northwestern Ethiopia. BACKGROUND: Wastes generated from hotspot environments contain a wide range of antibiotics and pathogens that play a significant role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. This study was carried out to isolate bacteria from hotspot environments and determine their resistance profiles to commonly used antibiotics in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to June 2021 in Bahir Dar City. A total of 126 waste and wastewater samples were aseptically collected, transported, and processed for bacteriological isolation and susceptibility testing following standard procedures. RESULTS: A total of 411 bacterial isolates were recovered and the highest value of 122 (29.7%) bacterial isolates were obtained from medical wastewater samples, and the most frequently isolated bacteria were assigned to the species Escherichia coli with 82 strains (19.5%). The results revealed that the highest resistance profile of 69 (95.8%) was obtained in Staphylococcus aureus against ampicillin and 46 (86.8%) Citrobacter spp. against tetracycline. Two hundred and sixteen (52.6%) of bacteria showed multi-drug resistance and the highest multi-drug resistance was observed in Pseudomonas spp. 47 (65.3%), followed by Escherichia coli 51 (62.2%). The highest resistance profile of 12 (85.7%) and 60 (74.1%) for tetracycline were obtained from beef waste and wastewater and medical wastewater samples. The highest multi-drug resistance was recorded in isolates isolated from beef waste and wastewater samples 11 (64.7%), followed by medical wastewater samples 84 (64.1%). Even though a higher (>0.2) multi-antibiotic resistance index was found in all hotspot environments, the highest multi-antibiotic resistance index (0.477) was recorded in bacteria isolated from medical wastewater. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that wastes generated from hotspot environments and released in the environment contain large numbers of antibiotic-resistant, multidrug, extensively, and pan-drug-resistant bacteria. Proper waste management strategies should be established.202235785260
1060120.9995ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in food and clinical samples: antimicrobial resistance organisms and genes in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Globally, food safety and security are negatively impacted by antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The emergence of resistance caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) during the AMR era has resulted in increased morbidity, longer hospital stays, and more costly treatment alternatives. This study aimed to detect the contamination of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales antibiotic-resistant bacteria and ESBL genes in food materials and clinical samples in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Microbial culture-based, molecular and nucleotide sequencing methods were used in this study. Of 279 food samples, chicken meat was the most contaminated with ESBL-producing organisms (50%), followed by pork meat (48%), and tomato (2%). The prevalence rate of ESBL-producing E. coli, K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca were 15.41%, 2.15%, and 0.36%, respectively. Moreover, we detected 96.15% of bla(CTX-M) gene and 43.59% of bla(TEM) gene from these organisms. While of 39 clinical samples, 22 samples were ESBL-producing E. coli and 17 samples were ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae. The prevalence of bla(CTX-M) and bla(TEM) genes in these samples were 94.87% and 66.67%, respectively. These study findings raise concerns about the consumption of AMR bacteria. All parties involved in the supply chain for food production and consumption must engage in behavioral communication, excellent agricultural and industrial practices, and awareness-raising initiatives.202540615471
1013130.9995Molecular detection and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli in broiler chicken farms in Malaysia. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major public health threats globally. This challenge has been aggravated with the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in food animals and humans. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from broiler chickens in Kelantan, Malaysia. A total of 320 cloacal swabs were collected from farms in different districts of Kelantan and were analyzed using routine bacteriology, antimicrobial susceptibility test, and molecular techniques for further identification and characterization of ESBL encoding genes. Based on PCR detection for the E. coli species-specific Pho gene, 30.3% (97/320) of isolates were confirmed as E. coli, and 84.5% (82/97) of the isolates were positive for at least one ESBL gene. Majority of the isolates, 62.9% (61/97) were harboring blaCTX-M followed by 45.4% (44/97) of blaTEM genes, while 16.5% (16/97) of the isolates were positive for both mcr-1 and ESBL genes. Overall, 93.8% (90/97) of the E. coli were resistant to three or more antimicrobials; indicating that the isolates were multi-drug resistance. 90.7% of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value greater than 0.2, would also suggest the isolates were from high-risk sources of contamination. The MLST result shows that the isolates are widely diverse. Our findings provide insight into the alarmingly high distribution of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, mainly ESBL producing E. coli in apparently healthy chickens indicating the role of food animals in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, and the potential public health threats it may pose.202337205716
2113140.9995The epidemiology and microbiological characteristics of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria in Qatar: national surveillance from the Study for Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART): 2017 to 2019. BACKGROUND: The global Study of Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) is a surveillance program for evaluation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from different regions including Gulf countries. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate AMR in GNB from various clinical specimens including microbiological and genetic characteristics for existing and novel antimicrobials. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on clinical specimens from Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar, between 2017 and 2019 according to the SMART protocol. Consecutive GNB from different sites were evaluated including lower respiratory, urinary tract, intrabdominal and bloodstream infections. RESULTS: Over the 3 years study period, 748 isolates were evaluated from the specified sites comprising 37 different GNB outlining four key pathogens: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.For the two major pathogens E. coli and K. pneumoniae, phenotypic ESBL was identified in 55.77% (116/208) compared to 39% (73/187), while meropenem resistance was 3.8% compared to 12.8% and imipenem/relebactam resistance was 2.97% compared to 11.76%, respectively. The overall ceftolozane/tazobactam resistance for E. coli was 9.6% (20/208) compared to 14.97% (28/187) for K. pneumoniae while resistance for ceftazidime/avibactam was 3.65% (5/137) and 5.98% (10/117), respectively. Genomic characteristics of 70 Enterobacterales including 48 carbapenem-resistant, revealed prevalence of β-lactamases from all classes, predominated by bla(CXM-15) while carbapenem resistance revealed paucity of bla(KPC) and dominance of bla(OXA-48) and bla(NDM) resistance genes. CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance of GNB from Qatar showed prevalence of key pathogens similar to other regions but demonstrated significant resistance patterns to existing and novel antimicrobials with different underlying resistance mechanisms.202337546546
1146150.9995Molecular detection and prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in poultry and humans: a one health perspective. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria significantly threaten humans and animals worldwide. Colistin is the last resort of antibiotics against gram-negative bacterial infections. Its irrational use in poultry is a major factor in transmitting MDR bacteria to humans. The present study investigated the risk factors, prevalence, and molecular detection of colistin resistance associated with poultry and humans. A total of (n = 140) cloacal swabs from chickens and human stool samples (n = 140) were processed to identify E. coli using conventional methods, followed by genotypic confirmation. Phenotypic and genotypic confirmation of antibiotic resistance genes qnrA, blaTEM, tetA, aadA, and mcr genes was performed on these E. coli isolates. These isolates were confirmed at 69.3% and 62.8% in chickens and humans, respectively. Limited education and poor hygiene significantly increased the infection rate (p = 0.0001). The E. coli isolates from commercial poultry showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 98.9% to ampicillin, and 93.8% to tetracycline. The E. coli isolates from humans exhibited 90% resistance to ciprofloxacin, 88% to ampicillin, and 85% to ceftriaxone. Among these, MDR E. coli isolates of both commercial poultry and humans, colistin resistance was found in 78.6% and 48.1%, respectively. Genotypic confirmation of mcr genes such as mcr-1 (42%), mcr-2 (19.6%), mcr-3 (15.1%), mcr-4 (7.6%), and mcr-5 (4.5%) in commercial poultry. However, only the mcr-1 (15.6%) gene was found in human isolates. The current study findings highlight the prevalence of mcr genes in E. coli, potentially contributing to broader antibiotic resistance concerns.202540956559
1166160.9995Yearly incidence of acute childhood gastroenteritis in Nigeria: Implicated pathogens predominantly harbor blaCTXM and blaTEM genes. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Routine use of antibiotics for infectious diarrhea in children is associated with the risk of increasing antibiotic resistance in developing countries. This work aimed to study the predominant extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes among bacteria pathogens implicated in acute childhood gastroenteritis in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The stool samples of children diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis were collected. Isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens from the stool samples using standard microbiological and molecular sequencing methods. Pure cultures of the probable bacteria pathogens were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility profiling using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Method and also screened for ESBL and AmpC using the Modified Double Disc Synergy Test. Primers for 5 different ESBL genes associated with beta-lactam antibiotic resistance were amplified and sequenced. RESULTS: Out of the 62 isolates, the highest number of organisms identified within the isolates were Bacillus sp at 38.7% (24) followed by Alcaligenes sp at 37% (23). Resistance to cefepime and ceftazidime were recorded at 50.8% (30) each. Ceftriaxone and cefotaxime were resisted in 47.4% (28) of the isolates. Out of 34 isolates resistant to all the cephalosporins used, 41.2% (14) were ESBL-producing, of which blaCTXM-1 and blaCTXM-2 were detected in 85.7%, while blaTEM was seen in 64.3%. CONCLUSIONS: blaCTXM and blaTEM may be the predominant ESBL genes haboured in the bacteria pathogens implicated in the yearly incidence of acute childhood gastroenteritis in Nigeria. This may be due to the widespread use of antibiotics in treating this disease.202539977466
1051170.9994Multi-drug Resistance, β-Lactamases Production, and Coexistence of bla (NDM-1) and mcr-1 in Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates From a Referral Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. The ability of pathogenic Escherichia coli to produce carbapenemase enzymes is a characteristic that allows them to resist various antibiotics, including last-resort antibiotics like colistin and carbapenem. Our objectives were to identify rapidly developing antibiotic resistance (AR), assess β-lactamases production, and detect mcr-1 and bla (NDM-1) genes in the isolates. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in a referral hospital located in Kathmandu from November 2019 to December 2020 using standard laboratory and molecular protocols. Among 77 total E. coli isolates, 64 (83.1%) of them were categorized as MDR. Phenotypically 13 (20.3%) colistin-resistant, 30 (46.9%) ESBL and 8 (12.5%) AmpC producers, and 5 (7.8%) ESBL/AmpC co-producers were distributed among MDR-E. coli. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against the majority of MDR isolates were exhibited at 1 g/L. Of these 77 E. coli isolates, 24 (31.2%) were carbapenem-resistant. Among these carbapenem-resistant bacteria, 11 (45.9%) isolates were reported to be colistin-resistant, while 15 (62.5%) and 2 (8.3%) were MBL and KPC producers, respectively. Out of 15 MBL producers, 6 (40%) harbored bla (NDM-1), and 8 (61.5%) out of 13 colistin-resistant pathogens possessed mcr-1. The resistance by colistin- and carbapenem were statistically associated (P < .001). However, only 2 (18.2%) of the co-resistant bacteria were found to have both genes. Our study revealed the highly prevalent MDR and the carbapenem-resistant E. coli and emphasized that the pathogens possess a wide range of capabilities to synthesize β-lactamases. These findings could assist to expand the understanding of AR in terms of enzyme production.202336741474
2174180.9994Frequency of Beta-Lactamase Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional study was performed on isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E.coli from clinical specimens of patients admitted to Sayyad Shirazi Hospital by census sampling method in 2019. Antibiogram testing was performed using the disk diffusion method as defined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Organization for performing this test. Finally, the abundance of genes was evaluated by PCR using specific primers. Frequency, percentage, mean±SD were used to describe the data. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the presence and absence of the studied genes alone and in the presence of each other. RESULT: This study was performed on 130 positive samples, isolated from 32 (24.6%) males and 98 (65.4%) females with a mean age of 43.78 ± 21.72. From the total number of 130 isolates, 84 (64.6%) consisted of E.coli, and 46 (35.4%) were Klebsiella. Most of the cultures were urine and vaginal (61.5%). The highest antibiotic resistance in isolates was cephalexin and cefazolin (67.9% in E.coli & 63% in Klebsiella). Colistin was identified as the most effective antibiotic (100%) in both. AMPC extendedspectrum β-lactamase genes were present in 40 (30.8%) isolates. The highest frequency about the gene pattern of AMPC positive β-lactamase bacteria was correlated to DHA, FOX, and CIT genes, while none of the samples contained the MOX β-lactamase gene. E.coli and Klebsiella beta-lactamase-producing AMPC isolates were also significantly correlated with antibiotic resistance to the cephalosporin class (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: This study indicated a high percentage of resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins. Hence, careful antibiogram tests and prevention of antibiotic overuse in infections caused by AMPC-producing organisms and screening of clinical samples for the resistance mentioned above genes and providing effective strategies to help diagnose and apply appropriate treatments and change antibiotic usage strategies can partially prevent the transmission of this resistance.202134483624
1017190.9994Evaluation of canine raw food products for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria of the order Enterobacterales. OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential contamination of commercial raw dog food products with bacteria of the Enterobacterales order that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase enzymes, determine risk factors for contamination, and understand isolate genetic diversity. SAMPLES: A total of 200 canine raw food products. METHODS: Products were cultured on selective chromogenic agar following enrichment steps. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for isolates that were confirmed to produce an ESBL. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial resistance genes, and multilocus sequences typing, and compared to other isolates in the NCBI database for clonality. Preservation method and protein sources were assessed as potential risk factors for contamination with ESBL and carbapenemase-producing bacteria of the Enterobacterales order. RESULTS: No carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) were identified, but ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria were isolated from 20/200 products (10.0%; 95% CI, 7.3 to 16.5%), all of which were frozen. Pork-derived protein source products were 8.1 times (P = .001; 95% CI, 2.53 to 26.2) more likely to carry ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria than other protein sources. WGS analysis confirmed the presence of ESBL genes in a total of 25 distinct isolates (19 Escherichia coli, 5 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1 Citrobacter braakii). Genes encoding CTX-M type ESBL enzymes were the most common (24/25 isolates, 96.0%) with blaCTX-M-27 being the most common allele (8/25, 32.0%). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Frozen, raw food products may serve as a route of transmission of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria to companion animals. Veterinarians should advise owners about the risks of raw food diets, including potential exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.202235895774