Antimicrobial Resistance of E. coli and Salmonella Isolated from Wild Birds in a Rehabilitation Center in Turkey. - Related Documents




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203101.0000Antimicrobial Resistance of E. coli and Salmonella Isolated from Wild Birds in a Rehabilitation Center in Turkey. Wildlife plays a critical role as a reservoir for zoonosis especially pathogenic enteric bacteria. In this study we evaluated the presence of E. coli and Salmonella isolates from wild birds and determined their antimicrobial resistance. Intestine and fecal samples from 82 dead wild birds obtained from rehabilitation centre, were examined by microbiological analysis, antibiotic susceptibilities against of 18 antimicrobials and presence of tetracycline resistance genes by multiplex and singleplex PCR were investigated. A total of 51 E. coli were identified as well as Salmonella Kentucky and Salmonella Bisberg. A majority of the E. coli isolates were resistant to lincomysin (100%), penicilline (96.1%), kanamycin (80.4%), tetracycline (68.6%), and oxytetracycline (64.7%). All Salmonella serotypes were resistant to lincomycin, nalidixic acid and penicilline.In addition, 58.82% of E. coli isolates had phenotypic resistance to at least three or more antimicrobials. Our results indicated that the high frequency of tetracycline resistance (68.62%) due to the tet (A), tet (B), and tet (D) genes. This is the first report isolating S. Bisberg and determining antibiotic susceptibility of E.coli and Salmonella isolates from wild birds in Turkey. These results will help providing better understand of the dissemination of antibiotic resistancy in the environment, which can be used to potentially decrease spread through bird migration. Moreover, these results help assess the risk of spread of resistance from wild birds to humans.202235891751
269110.9998Antibiotic Resistant and Biofilm-Associated Escherichia coli Isolates from Diarrheic and Healthy Dogs. Bacteria isolated from companion animals are attracting concerns in a view of public health including antimicrobial resistance and biofilm development, both contributing to difficult-to-treat infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 18 antibiotics in Escherichia coli isolated from two groups of dogs (healthy and diarrheic). Isolates were classified into phylogroups, examined for the presence of resistance genes and biofilm-formation capacity. In healthy dogs, phylogenetic analysis showed that 47.37% and 34.22% of E. coli isolates belonged to commensal groups (A; B1) in contrast to diarrheic dogs; 42.2% of isolates were identified as the B2 phylogroup, and these E. coli bacteria formed a stronger biofilm. The results of healthy dogs showed higher MIC levels for tetracycline (32 mg/L), ampicillin (64 mg/L), ciprofloxacin (8 mg/L) and trimethoprim-sulphonamide (8 mg/L) compared to clinical breakpoints. The most detected gene encoding plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones in the healthy group was qnrB, and in dogs with diarrhea, qnrS. The resistance genes were more frequently detected in healthy dogs. The presence of the integron int1 and the transposon tn3 increases the possibility of transfer of many different cassette-associated antibiotic-resistance genes. These results suggest that dogs could be a potential reservoir of resistance genes.202134205399
162120.9998Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Wild Birds in Poland. Wild animals are increasingly reported as carriers of antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic bacteria including Enterobacteriaceae. However, the role of free-living birds as reservoirs for potentially dangerous microbes is not yet thoroughly understood. In our work, we examined Escherichia coli strains from wild birds in Poland in relation to their antimicrobial agents susceptibility, virulence and phylogenetic affiliation. Identification of E. coli was performed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the broth microdilution method, and resistance and virulence genes were detected by PCR. E. coli bacteria were isolated from 32 of 34 samples. The strains were most often classified into phylogenetic groups B1 (50%) and A (25%). Resistance to tetracycline (50%), ciprofloxacin (46.8%), gentamicin (34.3%) and ampicillin (28.1%) was most frequently reported, and as many as 31.2% of E. coli isolates exhibited a multidrug resistance phenotype. Among resistance genes, sul2 (31.2% of isolates) and bla(TEM) (28.1%) were identified most frequently, while irp-2 (31.2%) and ompT (28.1%) were the most common virulence-associated genes. Five strains were included in the APEC group. The study indicates that wild birds can be carriers of potentially dangerous E. coli strains and vectors for the spread of resistant bacteria and resistance determinants in the environment.202134451523
296030.9998Antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, and phylogenetic groups of bacteria isolated from wild passerine birds in Iran. Wild passerine birds may serve as environmental reservoirs and as vectors for the long-distance dispersal of microorganisms and resistance determinants. However, there is no much knowledge on pathogenic bacteria in wild birds in Iran. The present study aimed to analyze antibiotic resistance in wild passerine birds collected from the northeast region of Iran as the rich breeding bird fauna with a special focus on Escherichia coli virulence, integron, and phylogenetic groups. A total of 326 isolates were collected and identified from the cloaca of wild birds using a swab. The results showed a high percentage of resistance to tetracycline (45.8%) and ampicillin (26.7%). The resistance genes, tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), and tet(L) were detected in tetracycline-resistant isolates, while the blaTEM gene was the most prevalent in ampicillin-resistant isolates (38.6%). Out of the 129 E. coli isolates examined, 99 isolates were found to have virulence gene, with the highest prevalence of the fimbriae (fimH) gene (22.4%). Additionally, the E. coli strains were most often classified into phylogenetic groups B1 (48.8%) followed by B2 (19.3%). Also, the highest average frequency of class 1 integron was detected among our isolates. Results indicated that wild birds are reservoirs of multidrug resistance and virulence genes that may have the potential to be transferred to other organisms, including humans.202439298116
296640.9998Determination of antibiotic resistance patterns and genotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from wild birds. BACKGROUND: Curbing the potential negative impact of antibiotic resistance, one of our era's growing global public health crises, requires regular monitoring of the resistance situations, including the reservoir of resistance genes. Wild birds, a possible bioindicator of antibiotic resistance, have been suggested to play a role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objective of determining the phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profiles of 100 Escherichia coli isolates of gull and pigeon origin by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and PCR. Furthermore, the genetic relationships of the isolates were determined by RAPD-PCR. RESULTS: Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that 63% (63/100) and 29% (29/100) of E. coli isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and multidrug-resistant (MDR), respectively. With the exception of cephalothin, to which the E. coli isolates were 100% susceptible, tetracycline (52%), kanamycin (38%), streptomycin (37%), ampicillin (28%), chloramphenicol (21%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (19%), gentamicin (13%), enrofloxacin (12%) and ciprofloxacin (12%) resistances were detected at varying degrees. Among the investigated resistance genes, tet(B) (66%), tet(A) (63%), aphA1 (48%), sul3 (34%), sul2 (26%), strA/strB (24%) and sul1 (16%) were detected. Regarding the genetic diversity of the isolates, the RAPD-PCR-based dendrograms divided both pigeon and gull isolates into five different clusters based on a 70% similarity threshold. Dendrogram analysis revealed 47-100% similarities among pigeon-origin strains and 40-100% similarities among gull-origin E.coli strains. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that gulls and pigeons carry MDR E. coli isolates, which may pose a risk to animal and human health by contaminating the environment with their feces. However, a large-scale epidemiological study investigating the genetic relationship of the strains from a "one health" point of view is warranted to determine the possible transmission patterns of antibiotic-resistant bacteria between wild birds, the environment, humans, and other hosts. Video Abstract.202438191447
269650.9998Carriage of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli in adult intestinal flora. Knowledge of antibiotic resistance in bacteria strains colonizing healthy people is important for several reasons, one of which is that; these organisms form one of the largest reservoirs of resistant genes. Frequency of resistance to eleven different antimicrobial agents was examined in faecal flora of adults with no history of recent antimicrobial treatment. Using the disc diffusion sensitivity test, 106 strains of Escherichia coli were examined, 68% of these were resistant to tetracycline, and 57% were resistant to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole respectively. There was no resistance to cefuroxime but resistance to ceftazidime was 13%. Fifty six out of the eighty eight (64%) isolates, which showed any resistance, were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. The most common resistant pattern was to three drugs tetracycline, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. Six strains were susceptible to all antibiotics. One strain of Escherichia coli was resistant to eight antimicrobials. Thirty per cent of the Escherichia coli were resistant to gentamicin. This study reveals a high prevalence of resistant bacteria in faecal flora of healthy adults.200212081343
268660.9998Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates from fresh produce and the impact to food safety. Foodborne diseases associated with fresh produce consumption have escalated worldwide, causing microbial safety of produce of critical importance. Bacteria that have increasingly been detected in fresh produce are Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., both of which have been shown to progressively display antimicrobial resistance. The study focused on the assessment of antimicrobial resistance of these enteric bacteria from different kinds of fresh produce from various open air markets and supermarkets in the Philippines. Using the disk diffusion assay on a total of 50 bacterial isolates obtained from 410 fresh produce surveyed, monoresistance to tetracycline was observed to be the most prevalent (38%), followed by multidrug resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid (4%), and lastly by dual resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol (2%). Using multiplex and simplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, tetA (75%) and tetB (9%) were found in tetracycline resistant isolates, whereas catI (67%) and catIII (33%) were detected in chloramphenicol resistant isolates. Sequence analysis of gyr and par genes from the ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistant isolates revealed different mutations. Based on the results, fresh produce act as a reservoir of these antibiotic resistant bacteria which may pose health threat to consumers.201728679083
297970.9998Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in Poultry Farming. Increasing bacterial resistance to quinolone antibiotics is apparent in both humans and animals. For humans, a potential source of resistant bacteria may be animals or their products entering the human food chain, for example poultry. Between July 2013 and September 2014, samples were collected and analyzed in the Moravian regions of the Czech Republic to isolate the bacterium Escherichia coli. As a result, 212 E. coli isolates were obtained comprising 126 environmental isolates from poultry houses and 86 isolates from cloacal swabs from market-weight turkeys. Subsequently, the E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to selected antibiotics. Resistance of the poultry isolates to quinolones ranged from 53% to 73%. Additionally, the presence of plasmid-mediated resistance genes was studied. The genes were confirmed in 58% of the tested strains. The data on resistance of isolates from poultry were compared with results of resistance tests in human isolates obtained in the same regions. The high levels of resistance determined by both phenotyping and genotyping methods and reported in the present study confirm the fact that the use of fluoroquinolones in poultry should be closely monitored.201728662329
269080.9998Characterization of Cefotaxime- and Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Commensal Escherichia coli Originating from Belgian Farm Animals Indicates High Antibiotic Resistance Transfer Rates. Food-producing animals represent one of the sources of antibiotic resistant commensal bacteria. There is an increasing awareness that these bacteria might have the potential to transfer their resistance genes to other (pathogenic) bacteria. In this study, 50 commensal Escherichia coli strains originating from food-producing animals and resistant to the "highest priority, critically important antibiotics" cefotaxime and/or ciprofloxacin, were selected for further characterization. For each strain (i) an antibiogram, (ii) the phylogenetic group, (iii) plasmid replicon type, (iv) presence and identification of integrons, and (v) antibiotic resistance transfer ratios were determined. Forty-five of these strains were resistant to 5 or more antibiotics, and 6 strains were resistant to 10 or more antibiotics. Resistance was most common to ampicillin (100%), sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin (82%), trimethoprim, tetracycline (74%), cefotaxime, (70%) and ceftazidime (62%). Phylogenetic groups A (62%) and B1 (26%) were most common, followed by C (8%) and E (4%). In 43 strains, more than 1 replicon type was detected, with FII (88%), FIB (70%), and I1 (48%) being the most encountered types. Forty strains, positive for integrons, all harbored a class I integron and seven of them contained an additional class II integron. No class III integrons were detected. The antibiotic resistance transfer was assessed by liquid mating experiments. The transfer ratio, expressed as the number of transconjugants per recipient, was between 10(-5) and 10(0) for cefotaxime resistance and between 10(-7) and 10(-1) for ciprofloxacin resistance. The results of the current study prove that commensal E. coli in food-production animals can be a source of multiple resistance genes and that these bacteria can easily spread their ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime resistance.201829148895
268990.9998Detection and drug resistance profile of Escherichia coli from subclinical mastitis cows and water supply in dairy farms in Saraburi Province, Thailand. Subclinical mastitis is a persistent problem in dairy farms worldwide. Environmental Escherichia coli is the bacterium predominantly responsible for this condition. In Thailand, subclinical mastitis in dairy cows is usually treated with various antibiotics, which could lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. E. coli is also a reservoir of many antibiotic resistance genes, which can be conveyed to other bacteria. In this study, the presence of E. coli in milk and water samples was reported, among which enteropathogenic E. coli was predominant, followed by enteroaggregative E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli, which was found only in milk samples. Twenty-one patterns of antibiotic resistance were identified in this study. Ampicillin- and carbenicillin-resistant E. coli was the most common among the bacterial isolates from water samples. Meanwhile, resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was the pattern found most commonly in the E. coli from milk samples. Notably, only the E. coli from water samples possessed ESBL phenotype and carried antibiotic resistance genes, bla(TEM) and bla(CMY-2). This indicates that pathogenic E. coli in dairy farms is also exposed to antibiotics and could potentially transfer these genes to other pathogenic bacteria under certain conditions.201728626609
2033100.9998Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Escherichia coli from Wild Birds and Rodents in Singapore. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) poses a public health concern worldwide. Wild birds and rodents, due to their mobility, are potential vehicles for transmission of AMR bacteria to humans. Ninety-six wild birds' faecal samples and 135 rodents' droppings samples were collected and analysed in 2017. Forty-six E. coli isolates from wild birds and rodents were subjected to AMR phenotypic and genotypic characterisation. The proportion of E. coli isolates resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested from wild birds (80.8%) was significantly higher than that of isolates from rodents (40.0%). The proportion of E. coli isolates resistant to each antimicrobial class for wild birds was 3.8% to 73.1% and that for rodents was 5.0% to 35.0%. Six out of 26 E. coli isolates from wild birds (23.1%) and two out of 20 (10.0%) isolates from rodents were multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. These MDR E. coli isolates were detected with various antimicrobial resistance genes such as bla(TEM-1B) and qnrS1 and could be considered as part of the environmental resistome. Findings in this study suggested that wild birds and rodents could play a role in disseminating antimicrobial resistant E. coli, and this underscores the necessity of environment management and close monitoring on AMR bacteria in wild birds and rodents to prevent spreading of resistant organisms to other wildlife animals and humans.202032756497
2688110.9998Intestinal and Extraintestinal Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Are Prevalent in Food Prepared and Marketed on the Streets from the Central Zone of Mexico and Exhibit a Differential Phenotype of Resistance Against Antibiotics. Background/Objectives: Antibiotic resistance is a serious public health problem threatening the treatment of infectious diseases caused by Escherichia coli, the main source of food contamination and responsible for many infectious diseases with high indices of AR profiles. Our objective was to study the presence of Escherichia coli in foods that are distributed and prepared on the street, characterizing its sensitivity profile and resistance to antibiotic drugs commonly prescribed in this geographical area. Methods: Standard procedures were performed to identify and isolate E. coli colonies from food samples collected during a three-year study. Susceptibility assays were conducted to determine the antibiotic resistance profile, and Colony PCR assays were performed to determine the pathogenic and antibiotic resistance genes. Results: A total of 189 food samples were collected, and 100% of the samples were positive for E. coli, with higher percentages of contamination for vegetables and fruits. ETEC (lt) and UPEC (vat, cnf1, hylA) genes were identified in 100% of the samples and DAEC (afa) in 27%. E. coli exhibited high percentages of resistance against ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (100%) and cephalexin (45%). The most effective antibiotics were tetracycline, TMP-SMX, polymyxin, and quinolones. The AR genes tetA, sul1, catA1, strA, qnrS, and floR were identified among the samples. Conclusions: Food prepared and marketed on the streets seriously threatens human health. Ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid should not be used to treat infections caused by the multidrug-resistant ETEC and UPEC identified in this area. To our knowledge, this is the first study that explores the status of AR in this geographical area.202540298585
2695120.9998Identification of faecal Escherichia coli isolates with similar patterns of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in dogs and their owners. BACKGROUND: The presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli allows them to survive and cause infections. The close contact between humans and pets can reinforce the risk of transmitting resistant and virulent bacteria between them. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare the patterns of the presence of tetracycline and streptomycin resistance genes, as well as important virulence genes in E. coli isolated from faeces of healthy dogs and their owners. METHODS: Polymerase chain reactions were performed for detection of antimicrobial resistance (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, strA and strB) and virulence (fimH, iss, sitA and malX) genes in 144 faecal E. coli isolates from 28 dog-owner pairs and 16 humans who did not keep any pets as controls. RESULTS: Among the investigated antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, tetA (52.1%) and fimH (86.8%) genes had the highest prevalence. No statistically significant difference was found between the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in isolates of dogs and their owners. In total, 46.4% of dog-owner pairs had the same patterns of presence or absence of six antimicrobial resistance genes, 50.0% had the same patterns of presence or absence of four virulence genes and 25.0% had the same patterns of presence or absence of all 10 tested genes. CONCLUSION: The presence of antimicrobial-resistant virulent E. coli in humans and pets may predispose them to infections that are hard to cure with conventional antibiotics. Notable frequency of dogs' and their owners' E. coli isolates with similar patterns of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes may indicate the possibility of sharing virulent antimicrobial resistant E. coli between them.202336224703
2702130.9998Assessment of the presence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus in chicken meat, eggs and faeces in Mymensingh division of Bangladesh. The emergence of bacteria that is resistant to several drugs of clinical importance poses a threat to successful treatment, a phenomenon known as multidrug resistance that affects diverse classes of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in chicken egg, meat and faeces from four districts of Bangladesh. A total of 120 chicken samples were collected from different poultry farms. Conventional culture and molecular detection methods were used for identification of bacterial isolates from the collected samples followed by antibiotic susceptibility test through the disc diffusion method, finally antibiotic resistant genes were detected by PCR. E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in meat, egg and faecal samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility results revealed isolates from faeces were 100 % resistant to amoxicillin, while all S. aureus and Salmonella sp. from faeces were resistant to doxycycline, tetracycline and erythromycin. Salmonella spp. isolates from eggs indicated 100 % resistance to erythromycin, amoxycillin, while E. coli were 100 % resistant to erythromycin. E. coli and S. aureus from meat were 100 % resistant to amoxicillin and erythromycin. However, Salmonella spp. from eggs were 100 % susceptible to doxycycline, gentamicin, levofloxacin and tetracycline. The mecA and aac(3)-IV genes were only found in S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The Sul1, tetB, and aadA1 were highest in Salmonella spp. and S. aureus, while the sul1, tetA and bla (SHV) were higher in E. coli. Isolates from all samples were multidrug resistant. These findings indicate a high risk of transmission of resistance genes from microbial contamination to food of animal origin. The study emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures, responsible antibiotic use, and strict regulations in poultry production to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance.202439281621
5630140.9998Preliminary Results on the Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Marine Animals Stranded in Sicilian Coasts: Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and ARGs Detection in the Isolated Strains. The presence of Salmonella spp. in marine animals is a consequence of contamination from terrestrial sources (human activities and animals). Bacteria present in marine environments, including Salmonella spp., can be antibiotic resistant or harbor resistance genes. In this study, Salmonella spp. detection was performed on 176 marine animals stranded in the Sicilian coasts (south Italy). Antibiotic susceptibility, by disk diffusion method and MIC determination, and antibiotic resistance genes, by molecular methods (PCR) of the Salmonella spp. strains, were evaluated. We isolated Salmonella spp. in three animals, though no pathological signs were detected. Our results showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp. (1.7%) and a low incidence of phenotypic resistance in three Salmonella spp. strains isolated. Indeed, of the three strains, only Salmonella subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium from S. coeruleoalba and M. mobular showed phenotypic resistance: the first to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulphamethoxazole, while the latter only to sulphamethoxazole. However, all strains harbored resistance genes (bla(TEM), bla(OXA), tet(A), tet(D), tet(E), sulI, and sulII). Although the low prevalence of Salmonella spp. found in this study does not represent a relevant health issue, our data contribute to the collection of information on the spread of ARGs, elements involved in antibiotic resistance, now considered a zoonosis in a One Health approach.202134451393
2910150.9997Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of tetracycline and minocycline resistance in Clostridium perfringens. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of tetracycline resistance and the prevalence of tetracycline-resistance genes in strains of Clostridium perfringens isolated from different sources between 1994 and 2005. Susceptibility to tetracycline and minocycline in strains from humans (35 isolates), chickens (15 isolates), food (21 isolates), soil (16 isolates) and veterinary sources (6 isolates) was determined, and tetracycline-resistance genes were detected. Resistance was most common in strains isolated from chickens, followed by those from soils, clinical samples and foods. The most highly resistant strains were found among clinical and food isolates. tetA(P) was the most common resistance gene, and along with tetB(P) was found in all resistant strains and some sensitive strains. One tetracycline-resistant food isolate had an intact tet(M) gene. However, PCR fragments of 0.4 or 0.8 kb with high degrees of identity to parts of the tet(M) sequences of other bacteria were found, mainly in clinical isolates, and often in isolates with tetB(P). No correlation between level of sensitivity to tetracycline or minocycline and the presence of tetA(P), tetB(P) or part of tet(M) was found. The presence of part of tet(M) in some strains of C. perfringens containing tetB(P) may have occurred by recent gene transfer.201020661548
2703160.9997Detection of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli and tet gene prevalence at a pig farm in Kupang , Indonesia. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to detect the incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and the spread of tet genes that encode tetracycline (TE) resistance in E. coli in pig farms in the city of Kupang, Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of pig feces have been obtained from 96 pig farms in Kupang city, Indonesia. Escherichia coli bacteria were isolated and identified morphologically and biochemically, and finally confirmed by the API test. The disk diffusion method has been used to observe the antibiotic sensitivity effects and has been followed by observing resistant genes encoding TE resistance using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) method to detect the presence of tet genes such as tet (A), tet (B), tet (C), tet (D), and tet (E), respectively. RESULTS: A total of 82 (85.4%) of E. coli isolates have been found in all pig feces samples obtained from 96 pig farms in Kupang city. This study has shown a high level of antibiotic resistance dominated by erythromycin (85.4%) and cephalothin (58.5%) and followed by several other antibiotics with a percentage below 34.1%. The prevalence of MDR E. coli was 57.3% by showing 39 different patterns. The most common pattern was showed by the Cephalothin-Colistin-Erythromycin pattern. The resistance of E. coli to TE appears to be related to the presence of tet (A) and tet (E) genes. CONCLUSION: This study has encouraged the need for public awareness (farmers) of the wise use of antibiotics in preventing the spread of resistant bacteria that can cause health problems in animals and humans.201831453148
2931170.9997Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains from a dairy cattle farm and its surroundings. BACKGROUND: This study describes the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 78 genetically different Escherichia coli recovered from air and exudate samples of a dairy cattle farm and its surroundings in Spain, in order to gain insight into the flow of antimicrobial resistance through the environment and food supply. RESULTS: Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 21.8% of the 78 E. coli isolates analyzed (resistance for at least one of the 14 agents tested). The highest resistance rates were recorded for ampicillin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. The resistance genes detected were as follows (antibiotic (number of resistant strains), gene (number of strains)): ampicillin (9), bla(TEM-1) (6); tetracycline (15), tet(A) (7), tet(B) (4), tet(A) + tet(B) (1); chloramphenicol (5), cmlA (2), floR (2); trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (10), sul2 (4), sul1 (3), sul3 (2), sul1 + sul2 (1); gentamicin-tobramycin (1), ant(2″) (1). About 14% of strains showed a multidrug-resistant phenotype and, of them, seven strains carried class 1 integrons containing predominantly the dfrA1-aadA1 array. One multidrug-resistant strain was found in both inside and outside air, suggesting that the airborne spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria from the animal housing facilities to the surroundings is feasible. CONCLUSIONS: This study gives a genetic background of the antimicrobial resistance problem in a dairy cattle farm and shows that air can act as a source for dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.201726969806
2921180.9997Diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in bacteria from aquaculture sources in Australia. AIMS: To determine the genetic determinants responsible for tetracycline resistance in oxytetracycline resistant bacteria from aquaculture sources in Australia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty of 104 (19%) isolates tested were resistant to oxytetracycline (MIC > or = 16 microg ml(-1)). Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, one or more tet genes were detected in 15/20 (75%) isolates tested, but none were found in 5/20 (25%). tetM (50%) was the most common determinant, followed by tetE (45%), tetA (35%) and tetD (15%). Five of 12 oxytetracycline resistant isolates studied were able to transfer their R-plasmid to Escherichia coli recipients of chicken, pig and human origin. tetA, tetD and tetM were found to be transferred while tetE was not transferred. Southern hybridization and PCR were used to confirm transfer of determinants. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial isolates from aquaculture sources in Australia harbour a variety of tetracycline resistance genes, which can be transferred to other bacteria of different origin. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bacteria from aquaculture sources in Australia contribute to the resistance gene pool reservoir. The in vitro transfer of tetracycline R-plasmid from aquatic bacteria to E. coli isolates from various sources is an indication of the potential public health risk associated with these resistance determinants.200717953612
2922190.9997Tetracycline-resistance genes in gram-negative isolates from estuarine waters. AIMS: To investigate the diversity and dissemination of tetracycline resistance genes in isolates from estuarine waters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-two out of 164 multi-resistant isolates previously obtained were resistant or less-susceptible to tetracycline, as evaluated by the disc diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration for resistant bacteria ranged from 16 to 256 mg l(-1). Screening of tet genes by polymerase chain reaction showed that 88% of the isolates carried at least one of the genes tested, namely tet(A) (present in 13 isolates), tet(B) (present in 13 isolates), tet(C) (present in 3 isolates), tet(D) (present in 1 isolate), tet(E) (present in 6 isolates) and tet(M) (present in 1 isolate). One isolate carried tet(A) and tet(M). To our knowledge, this study presents the first description of a tet(D) gene in Morganella morganii. Hybridization revealed that tet genes were plasmid-located in 31% of the isolates. Those isolates were included as donors in conjugation experiments and 38% transferred tetracycline resistance. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable diversity of tet genes was detected in the estuary. Frequently, these genes were associated with plasmids and could be transferred to Escherichia coli. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results presented provide further evidence of the role played by estuarine reservoirs in antibiotic resistance maintenance and dissemination.200819120920