Multidrug-resistant pattern of food borne illness associated bacteria isolated from cockroaches in meal serving facilities, Jimma, Ethiopia. - Related Documents




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196801.0000Multidrug-resistant pattern of food borne illness associated bacteria isolated from cockroaches in meal serving facilities, Jimma, Ethiopia. INTRODUCTION: An increase in the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in recent years is becoming worrisome. Domestic cockroaches can play a significant role in the dissemination of such bacteria between the environment and human beings. This study aimed at determining anti-microbial resistance pattern of food borne illness associated bacteria identified from cockroaches trapped in restaurants and cafeterias. METHODS: Trapped cockroaches were picked with surgical gloves, sealed in sterile plastic bags and transported to the Microbiology laboratory. Standard microbiological techniques were used to isolate and identify bacteria. Anti-microbial susceptibility testing was done using Kirby Bauer diffusion technique. RESULT: A total of five species of food borne illness associated bacteria were detected. Majority (57.1%) of the bacteria were isolated from the gut of cockroaches. More than 89% of the isolates were multi drug resistance (MDR). MDR was higher on gram positive bacteria. S. aureus showed 53.3% resistance against oxacillin(MRSA) and 33.3% against vancomycin. CONCLUSION: A very high percentage of MDR bacteria was seen in this study. Most of the bacteria tested were isolated from the gut of cockroaches. Potential factors associated with cockroaches that contributed to this high MDR rate of the isolates should be investigated in future.201829977255
196010.9999Phenotypic Investigation and Detection of Biofilm-Associated Genes in Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates, Obtained from Companion Animals. Bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter, especially Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab), have emerged as pathogens of companion animals during the last two decades and are commonly associated with hospitalization and multidrug resistance. A critical factor for the distribution of relevant strains in healthcare facilities, including veterinary facilities, is their adherence to both biotic and abiotic surfaces and the production of biofilms. A group of 41 A. baumannii isolates obtained from canine and feline clinical samples in Greece was subjected to phenotypic investigation of their ability to produce biofilms using the tissue culture plate (TCP) method. All of them (100%) produced biofilms, while 23 isolates (56.1%) were classified as strong producers, 11 (26.8%) as moderate producers, and 7 (17.1%) as weak producers. A correlation between the MDR and XDR phenotypes and weak or moderate biofilm production was identified. Moreover, the presence of four biofilm-associated genes bap, bla(PER), ompA, and csuE was examined by PCR, and they were detected in 100%, 65.9%, 97.6%, and 95.1% of the strains respectively. All isolates carried at least two of the investigated genes, whereas most of the strong biofilm producers carried all four genes. In conclusion, the spread and persistence of biofilm-producing Ab strains in veterinary facilities is a matter of concern, since they are regularly obtained from infected animals, indicating their potential as challenging pathogens for veterinarians due to multidrug resistance and tolerance in conventional eradication measures. Furthermore, considering that companion animals can act as reservoirs of relevant strains, public health concerns emerge.202438787042
555020.9999Prevalence, plasmids and antibiotic resistance correlation of enteric bacteria in different drinking water resources in sohag, egypt. BACKGROUND: One of the major health causing problems is contamination of drinking water sources with human pathogenic bacteria. Enteric bacteria such as Shigella, Salmonella and Escherichia coli are most enteric bacteria causing serious health problems. Occurrence of such bacteria infection, which may resist antibiotics, increases the seriousness of problem. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of some enteric bacteria (Shigella, Salmonella and E. coli) in addition to Pseudomonas. The antibiotic susceptibility of these bacteria was also tested, in addition to assessing plasmid(s) roles in supposed resistance. MRSA genes in non-staphylococci were clarified. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Water samples were collected from different drinking sources (Nile, ground water) and treated tap water. Selective media were used to isolate enteric bacteria and Pseudomonas. These bacteria were identified, counted and examined for its susceptibility against 10 antibiotics. The plasmids were screened in these strains. MRSA genes were also examined using PCR. RESULTS: Thirty-two bacterial strains were isolated from Nile and ground water and identified as S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. serovar Newport, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli strains according to standard methods. According to antibiotic susceptibility test, 81% of strains were resistant to Cefepime, whereas 93.75% were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. Correlation analysis between plasmids profiles and antibiotics sensitivities showed that 50% of the total strains had plasmids. These strains showed resistance to 50% of the used antibiotics (as average value); whereas, the plasmids free strains (50%) were resistant to 48.7% of the antibiotics. No distinct correlation between plasmids and antibiotic resistance in some strains could be concluded in this study. No MRSA gene was detected among these non-staphylococci strains. No bacteria were isolated from treated tap water. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty-three bacterial strains; 10 strains of E. coli, 10 strains of S. flexneri, 3 strains S. sonnei, 2 strains of S. serovar Newport, and 7 strains of P. aeruginosa, were isolated and identified from Nile water and ground water in Sohag governorate. The prevalence of enteric bacteria in water sources in studying area was considerable. No clear or distinct correlation could be concluded between plasmids and antibiotic resistance. No MRSA gene was detected in these non-staphylococci strains, and no pathogenic bacteria were isolated from treated tap water. The hygiene procedures in the studying area seem to be adequate, despite the failure to maintain water sources form sewage pollution.201525763135
559930.9999Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus spp. contaminating raw goat milk. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to global public health. Foodstuff of animal origin can serve as potential vehicles for the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes to consumers. In view of the lack of knowledge about antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with goat milk, the aim of this study was to report species-level identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of a large collection of Staphylococcus spp. isolates recovered from raw goat milk in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 434 Staphylococcus spp. isolates originated from 510 goat milk samples in Northeast Brazil were investigated. The isolates were obtained by conventional microbiological methods. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed by means of a semi-automated system using a panel for biochemical tests and broth microdilution method for 19 antimicrobial drugs. RESULTS: Although Staphylococcus aureus (22.6%) accounted for the majority of the isolates, a total of 13 different non-aureus staphylococci spp. were identified. High resistance rates against erythromycin (40.8%), and the beta-lactams ampicillin (45.9%) and penicillin (42.9%) were observed among S. aureus isolates. The most significant findings were related to the resistance against quinupristin-dalfopristin, a drug of last resort used in human medicine to treat infections caused by vancomycin-resistant S. aureus and enterococci. CONCLUSION: The high diversity of Staphylococcus spp. showing phenotypic resistance against different antimicrobial drugs encourages further investigations on the real impact of these bacteria as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes to consumers. Furthermore, the potential impact of technological processes, such as pasteurization, fermentation, and maturation, on the maintenance and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among the microbial populations in milk and dairy products must also be investigated.202134220106
556740.9999Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors among Escherichia coli Isolated from Conventional and Free-Range Poultry. Microbiological contamination in commercial poultry production has caused concerns for human health because of both the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and the increase in antimicrobial resistance in bacterial strains that can cause treatment failure of human infections. The aim of our study was to analyze the profile of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of E. coli isolates from chicken carcasses obtained from different farming systems (conventional and free-range poultry). A total of 156 E. coli strains were isolated and characterized for genes encoding virulence factors described in extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for 15 antimicrobials, and strains were confirmed as extended spectrum of β-lactamases- (ESBLs-) producing E. coli by phenotypic and genotypic tests. The results indicated that strains from free-range poultry have fewer virulence factors than strains from conventional poultry. Strains from conventionally raised chickens had a higher frequency of antimicrobial resistance for all antibiotics tested and also exhibited genes encoding ESBL and AmpC, unlike free-range poultry isolates, which did not. Group 2 CTX-M and CIT were the most prevalent ESBL and AmpC genes, respectively. The farming systems of poultries can be related with the frequency of virulence factors and resistance to antimicrobials in bacteria.201526579536
190950.9998Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from the Poultry Farm Environment. The indiscriminate use and overuse of various antibiotics have caused the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in poultry products and the surrounding environment, giving rise to global public health issues. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) found in the environment of poultry farms and to evaluate the risk of contamination in these farms based on multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values. Soil and effluent samples were collected from 13 poultry farms. The VITEK 2 system was used for bacterial identification and susceptibility testing of the isolates. The identified Gram-negative isolates were Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Providencia spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. The results showed that Enterobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., and Providencia spp. exhibited the highest MDR rates and MAR indices; 14% of K. pneumoniae isolates (3/21 isolates) were resistant to 13 antibiotics and found to be extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria. As for the tested antibiotics, 96.6% of the isolates (28/29 isolates) demonstrated resistance to ampicillin, followed by ampicillin-sulbactam (55.9% [33/59 isolates]) and cefazolin (54.8% [57/104 isolates]). The high percentage of MDR bacteria and the presence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains suggested the presence of MDR genes from the poultry farm environment, which poses an alarming threat to the effectiveness of the available antibiotic medicines to treat infectious diseases. Therefore, the use of antibiotics should be regulated and controlled, while studies addressing One Health issues are vital for combating and preventing the development and spread of ARB. IMPORTANCE The occurrence and spread of ARB due to high demand in poultry industries are of great public health concern. The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance, particularly MDR among bacterial pathogens, poses challenges in clinical treatment. Some pathogens are now virtually untreatable with current antibiotics. However, those pathogens were rarely explored in the environment. In alignment with the concept of One Health, it is imperative to study the rate of resistance in the environment, because this domain plays an important role in the dissemination of bacteria to humans, animals, and other environmental areas. Reliable data on the prevalence of MDR bacteria are crucial to curb the spread of bacterial pathogens that can cause antimicrobial-resistant infections.202235467407
196760.9998Identification of molecular determinants of antibiotic resistance in some fish farms of Ghana. Antimicrobial resistance is a global health challenge caused by the ability of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, protozoans and viruses to survive the effects of drugs that hitherto were effective against them. This study sought to investigate the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their corresponding molecular determinants in fish farms of the Central and Western Regions of Ghana. Management practices and antibiotic use at the fish farms were obtained through the administration of a questionnaire. Coliform and Gram-positive bacterial loads of catfish (Clarias gariepinus), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) intestinal microbiota, and pond water samples recovered on MacConkey Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar were determined. Bacterial isolates were identified using various biochemical assays. Antibiotic resistance profiles and possible responsible genes of bacterial isolates were determined using the disc diffusion and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods respectively. The study revealed that none of the fish farm managers admitted using antibiotics for prevention and treatment of diseases and no major disease outbreak had ever been recorded. Bacterial loads of pond water exceeded the acceptable level of ≤100 E. coli and <10 coliforms per mL for wastewater recommended for use in fish farming. In all, 145 bacterial isolates comprising 99 Gram negative and 46 Gram-positive bacteria were stored and identified. Most isolates were resistant to at least an antibiotic. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were highly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics with a corresponding high percentage detection of the bla (TEM) gene compared to other classes of antibiotics. This study has revealed the presence of various molecular determinants of antibiotic resistance including bla (TEM), cmIA, qnrS, tetB and bla (CTX-M), in multidrug-resistant bacteria at some fish farms in Ghana. There is the need to increase awareness about risks associated with the misuse and overuse of antibiotics by humans and the potential risk of spread of multi-drug resistant-bacteria in the environment.202236097488
196570.9998Phenotypic Investigation of Florfenicol Resistance and Molecular Detection of floR Gene in Canine and Feline MDR Enterobacterales. Florfenicol is a promising antibiotic for use in companion animals, especially as an alternative agent for infections caused by MDR bacteria. However, the emergence of resistant strains could hinder this potential. In this study, florfenicol resistance was investigated in a total of 246 MDR Enterobacterales obtained from canine and feline clinical samples in Greece over a two-year period (October 2020 to December 2022); a total of 44 (17,9%) florfenicol-resistant strains were recognized and further investigated. Most of these isolates originated from urine (41.9%) and soft tissue (37.2%) samples; E. coli (n = 14) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 12) were the predominant species. The strains were examined for the presence of specific florfenicol-related resistance genes floR and cfr. In the majority of the isolates (31/44, 70.5%), the floR gene was detected, whereas none carried cfr. This finding creates concerns of co-acquisition of plasmid-mediated florfenicol-specific ARGs through horizontal transfer, along with several other resistance genes. The florfenicol resistance rates in MDR isolates seem relatively low but considerable for a second-line antibiotic; thus, in order to evaluate the potential of florfenicol to constitute an alternative antibiotic in companion animals, continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance profiles is needed in order to investigate the distribution of florfenicol resistance under pressure of administration of commonly used agents.202438393089
195880.9998Isolation, identification, and characterization of resistant bacteria to antibiotics from pharmaceutical effluent and study of their antibiotic resistance. Pharmaceutical effluents primarily enter aquatic environments through the discharge of treated and untreated wastewater from various sources, including hospitals, pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, and households. Microbes sourced from pharmaceutical effluents such as Pseudomonas spp. pose a significant public health concern because of their high levels of resistance to multiple drugs and extreme multidrug resistance. Therefore, the present study was conducted for the isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of selected isolates from pharmaceutical effluents and also determined their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. From June 2016 to March 2017, a study was conducted on four well-known pharmaceutical companies specializing in antibiotic production in Dhaka and Gazipur. Four wastewater samples were collected from various origins and then brought to the Bacteriology laboratory for microbiological examination. Twelve pure isolates were obtained and characterized through cultural and biochemical tests while molecular identification of Pseudomonas spp. was performed using the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Twelve commercially available antibiotics were used for antibiotic sensitivity tests using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion methods. We isolated the most predominant isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (41.67%), followed by Bacillus spp. (33.33%) and Staphylococcus spp. (25%) respectively. Among 12 antibiotics, ciprofloxacin is 100% sensitive against P. aeruginosa, while the remaining 11 antibiotics are 100% resistant. Bacillus spp. showed 100% resistance to all antibiotics while 50% sensitive to vancomycin and 100% to chloramphenicol, respectively. Staphylococcus spp. was 100% resistant to all antibiotics. Our research suggested that P. aeruginosa is the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes and spreads disease to humans from the environment. The findings of this study, i.e., the isolation, identification, and characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from pharmaceutical effluent have highlighted, comprehended, and mitigated the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and opportunistic bacteria.202338230310
192990.9998Research Note: Detection of antibiotic-resistance genes in commercial poultry and turkey flocks from Italy. Antibiotics are routinely used in commercial poultry farms for the treatment of economically important bacterial diseases. Repeated use of antibiotics, usually administered in the feed or drinking water, may also result in the selection of resistant bacteria in animal feces, able to transfer their antimicrobial-resistance genes (ARG), residing on mobile elements, to other microorganisms, including human pathogens. In this study, single and multiplex PCR protocols were performed to detect tetracycline-, lincomycin-, chloramphenicol-, aminoglycoside-, colistin-, vancomycin-, and carbapenem-resistance genes, starting from 38 litter samples collected from 6 poultry and 2 turkey Italian flocks. The ARG were confirmed for all investigated classes of antimicrobials, except for colistin (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3,mcr-4 mcr-5) and carbapenem (IMP, OXA-48, NDM, KPC), while the vanB gene was only detected for vancomycin. The highest positivity was obtained for tetracycline (tet[L], tet[M], tet[K], tetA[P]] and aminoglycoside (aadA2) ARG, confirming the predominant use of these antimicrobials in the veterinary practice and their potential to enhance the resistance patterns also in humans as a consequence of environmental contamination. On the contrary, the dissemination by poultry of ARG for critically important antimicrobials seems to be of minor concern, suggesting a negligible environmental dissemination by these genes in the Italian poultry industry. Finally, the molecular screening performed in this study using a noninvasive sampling method represents a simple and rapid tool for monitoring the ARG patterns at the farm level.202133799114
2534100.9998Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence gene profile of Escherichia coli strains shared between food and other sources in Africa: A systematic review. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Foodborne diseases caused by Escherichia coli are prevalent globally. Treatment is challenging due to antibiotic resistance in bacteria, except for foodborne infections due to Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, for which treatment is symptomatic. Several studies have been conducted in Africa on antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolated from several sources. The prevalence and distribution of resistant pathogenic E. coli isolated from food, human, and animal sources and environmental samples and their virulence gene profiles were systematically reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bibliographic searches were performed using four databases. Research articles published between 2000 and 2022 on antibiotic susceptibility and virulence gene profile of E. coli isolated from food and other sources were selected. RESULTS: In total, 64 articles were selected from 14 African countries: 45% of the studies were conducted on food, 34% on animal samples, 21% on human disease surveillance, and 13% on environmental samples. According to these studies, E. coli is resistant to ~50 antimicrobial agents, multidrug-resistant, and can transmit at least 37 types of virulence genes. Polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize E. coli and determine virulence genes. CONCLUSION: A significant variation in epidemiological data was noticed within countries, authors, and sources (settings). These results can be used as an updated database for monitoring E. coli resistance in Africa. More studies using state-of-the-art equipment are needed to determine all resistance and virulence genes in pathogenic E. coli isolated in Africa.202338023276
1935110.9998Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and Tetracycline Resistance Genes Detection in Salmonella spp. Strains Isolated from Animals and Food. Salmonella spp. is among the leading causes of foodborne infections in humans and a large number of animals. Salmonella spp. is a pathogen involved in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance because it can accumulate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, the antibiotic resistance profile to 15 antibiotics, belonging to six different classes, of 60 strains of Salmonella spp. collected from pets, farm animals, wildlife, and food in Sicily (Italy) was investigated by the Kirby-Bauer method. Given that almost 33.3% of the Salmonella spp. strains were resistant to tetracycline, Real-Time PCR analysis was applied on all the 60 strains to detect the presence of eight selected tet resistance genes. Besides, the presence of the int1 gene, related to the horizontal gene transfer among bacteria, was also investigated in all the strains by Real-Time PCR analysis. Our data showed that 56% of the isolated strains harbored one or more tet resistance genes and that these strains were most frequently isolated from animals living in close contact with humans. Concerning int1, 17 strains (28.3%) harbored this genetic element and eight of these simultaneously contained tet genes. The results of this study highlight the importance of using a molecular approach to detect resistance genetic determinants, whose spread can increase the diffusion of multidrug-resistant strains. Besides, the study of zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. which significantly contribute to ARGs dissemination should always follow a One Health approach that considers the health of humans, animals, and the environment to be closely related.202134356729
2739120.9998Evaluating the Role of Wastewaters as Reservoirs of Antibiotic-Resistant ESKAPEE Bacteria Using Phenotypic and Molecular Methods. INTRODUCTION: Wastewaters carrying thousands of human specimens from the community and representing the diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) directly from the community mirror the extent of AR spread in the community and environment. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic-resistant ESKAPEE bacteria in the community versus clinical settings through monitoring nonclinical and clinical wastewaters. METHODOLOGY: Seven wastewater samples were collected from different environmental sources. Isolates were obtained on general and selective media, biochemically characterized and antimicrobial-susceptibility tests performed by disk diffusion against 13 antibiotics according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines using MastDisc disk cartridges, and 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis was performed for two water samples. RESULTS: Of 43 isolates, all representatives of the ESKAPEE group were recovered from clinical wastewaters, but Gram-positive cocci were not obtained from nonclinical wastewaters. The most predominant isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=15; 33%), followed by Escherichia coli (n=9; 20%). Complete (100%) resistance to eleven of the tested antibiotics was observed, with only a few isolates being susceptible to clarithromycin, amikacin, and gentamicin. The lowest (79%) resistance rate was observed for linezolid. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated, and the resistance phenotype was independent of the wastewater source, indicated by x (2) (P=0.766). Metagenomic analysis replicated the results, as Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Escherichia spp. were found to be predominant. The integrase gene (IntI1) was also amplified in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSION: Wastewaters are significant carriers of drug-resistant ESKAPEE bacteria and play an important role in their dissemination. This study endorses the periodic surveillance of water systems to evaluate the presence and burden of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.202236199818
1956130.9998Wounds of Companion Animals as a Habitat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria That Are Potentially Harmful to Humans-Phenotypic, Proteomic and Molecular Detection. Skin wounds and their infections by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are very common in small animals, posing the risk of acquiring ARB by pet owners or antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) transfer to the owners' microbiota. The aim of this study was to identify the most common pathogens infecting wounds of companion animals, assess their antibiotic resistance, and determine the ARGs using culture-based, molecular, and proteomic methods. A total of 136 bacterial strains were isolated from wound swabs. Their species was identified using chromogenic media, followed by MALDI-TOF spectrometry. Antibiotic resistance was tested using disc diffusion, and twelve ARGs were detected using PCRs. The dominant species included Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (9.56%), E. coli, and E. faecalis (both n = 11, 8.09%). Enterobacterales were mostly resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (68.3% strains), all Pseudomonas were resistant to ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, and tylosin, Acinetobacter were mostly resistant to tylosin (55.5%), all Enterococcus were resistant to imipenem, and 39.2% of Staphylococci were resistant to clindamycin. Among ARGs, strA (streptomycin resistance), sul3 (sulfonamide resistance), and blaTEM, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase determinant, were the most frequent. The risk of ARB and ARG transfer between animals and humans causes the need to search for new antimicrobial therapies in future veterinary medicine.202438542095
1962140.9998European multicenter study on antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from companion animal urinary tract infections. BACKGROUND: There is a growing concern regarding the increase of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in companion animals. Yet, there are no studies comparing the resistance levels of these organisms in European countries. The aim of this study was to investigate geographical and temporal trends of antimicrobial resistant bacteria causing urinary tract infection (UTI) in companion animals in Europe. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 22 256 bacteria isolated from dogs and cats with UTI was determined. Samples were collected between 2008 and 2013 from 16 laboratories of 14 European countries. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of the most common bacteria was determined for each country individually in the years 2012-2013 and temporal trends of bacteria resistance were established by logistic regression. RESULTS: The aetiology of uropathogenic bacteria differed between dogs and cats. For all bacterial species, Southern countries generally presented higher levels of antimicrobial resistance compared to Northern countries. Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli were found to be more prevalent in Southern countries. During the study period, the level of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolated in Belgium, Denmark, France and the Netherlands decreased significantly. A temporal increase in resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate and gentamicin was observed among E. coli isolates from the Netherlands and Switzerland, respectively. Other country-specific temporal increases were observed for fluoroquinolone-resistant Proteus spp. isolated from companion animals from Belgium. CONCLUSIONS: This work brings new insights into the current status of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from companion animals with UTI in Europe and reinforces the need for strategies aiming to reduce resistance.201627658466
5548150.9998Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Among the Hydrogen Sulfide Producing Bacteria Isolated on XLD Agar from the Poultry Fecal Samples. Poultry products remain as one of the most popular and extensively consumed foods in the world and the introduction of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) producing antibiotic resistant bacterial species into it is an emerging challenge. The current study has been designed to analyze the distribution of antibiotic resistance among the H(2)S producing bacteria isolated from the fecal samples of chickens from different poultry farms. Here, twenty bacterial isolates were selected based on their ability to produce H(2)S on XLD agar, and the16S rDNA sequencing was carried out for their molecular identification. The results showed the isolates as belong to Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. and in the antibiotic susceptibility test (AST), three of the Salmonella strains were found to be resistant to antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline, nalidixic acid, and amikacin. Also, fourteen Citrobacter strains showed resistance towards azithromycin, and furthermore, eleven of them were also resistant to streptomycin. Resistance towards tetracycline was observed among five of the Citrobacter strains, and seven were resistant to doxycycline. Further molecular screening by the PCR has showed three of the Salmonella strains along with eight Citrobacter isolates to have tetA gene along with four of the Citrobacter strains to have co-harbored bla(TEM) gene. The results on biofilm formation have also demonstrated three Salmonella strains along with nine Citrobacter strains to have the ability to form moderate biofilm. The study thus describes the occurrence of H(2)S producing multidrug-resistant bacteria in poultry feces, which might contribute towards the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes to other microorganisms including human pathogens with likely risk to treat disease conditions.202437540287
1966160.9998Identification and characterization of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital wastewaters: evidence of horizontal spread of antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic resistance has become a major threat to human health around the world, but its spread through the aquatic environment has been often overlooked. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital wastewaters and their transmission into public water bodies in Kerala, India. A total of 113 S. aureus were isolated from three hospital effluents in Kerala, India. Standard disc diffusion and the strip method were used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration detection. Plasmid-mediated vancomycin resistance was confirmed by plasmid curing and conjugation; resistant genes were detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nearly 76% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to β-lactams, chloramphenicol, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and glycopeptide class of antibiotics. Among the vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolates, the prevalence rates of vanA and vanB resistance-encoding genes were 46.5 and 59.3%, respectively. Through the broth mating method, vanA gene was successfully transferred from VRSA donor to vancomycin-sensitive S. aureus. The study strongly indicates the contamination of water bodies with antibiotic-resistant bacteria from hospital discharges, their dissemination and possible transfer to microbes in the aquatic environment, posing a serious threat for public health.202134665771
5581170.9998Prevalence of pathogens harbouring mobile antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors in retail beef and mutton. Food safety is always a global issue, due to the increased dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and food poisoning related to foodborne bacterial pathogens. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of potential foodborne bacteria of beef and mutton in retail stores. A total of 134 samples were collected from 24 local markets in Beijing, including raw and cooked beef or mutton, as well as samples derived from the corresponding environment and human beings. We obtained 674 isolates, of which Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were the dominant bacterial species in the meat samples and the environmental samples, respectively. Additionally, environmental bacteria are common in samples from different sources. Based on the results of antimicrobial sensitivity testing, resistance to tetracycline (with a resistance rate of 47.40%), amoxicillin + clavulanate (47.13%) and erythromycin (28.03%) were the major resistant phenotypes. According to the whole genome analysis, the extended spectrum beta-lactamase genes harboured by two K. pneumoniae strains isolated from cooked and raw beef were located on mobile elements. The major toxin genes of Bacillus cereus and adhesion- or invasion-related virulence factors were also shared among isolates from different sources. These factors pose potential risks to public health and need attention.202032510554
5583180.9998High prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli from animals at slaughter: a food safety risk. BACKGROUND: There has been concern about the increase of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and protection of animal and public health, along with food safety. In the present study, we evaluate the incidence of antimicrobial resistance among 192 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from faecal samples of healthy food-producing animals at slaughter in Portugal. RESULTS: Ninety-seven % of the pig isolates, 74% from sheep and 55% from cattle were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents, with the resistances to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole the most common phenotype detected. Genes encoding resistance to antimicrobial agents were detected in most of the resistant isolates. Ninety-three % of the resistant isolates were included in the A or B1 phylogenetic groups, and the virulence gene fimA (alone or in association with papC or aer genes) was detected in 137 of the resistant isolates. Five isolates from pigs belonging to phylogroup B2 and D were resistant to five different antimicrobial agents. CONCLUSION: Our data shows a high percentage of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates from food animals, and raises important questions in the potential impact of antibiotic use in animals and the possible transmission of resistant bacteria to humans through the food chain.201322836880
1963190.9998Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from diseased horses in France. BACKGROUND: Horses are one of the potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants that could be transferred to human subjects. OBJECTIVE: To describe the AMR patterns of major bacteria isolated from diseased horses in France. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. METHODS: Data collected between 2012 and 2016 by RESAPATH, the French national surveillance network for AMR, were analysed. Only antimicrobials relevant in veterinary and human medicine for the isolated bacteria were considered. Mono- and multidrug resistance were calculated. The resistance proportions of major equine diseases were assessed and compared. Where data permitted, resistance trends were investigated using nonlinear analysis (generalised additive models). RESULTS: A total of 12,695 antibiograms were analysed. The five most frequently isolated bacteria were Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pantoea spp. and Klebsiella spp. The highest proportions of resistance to gentamicin were found for S. aureus (22.1%) and Pseudomonas spp. (26.9%). Klebsiella spp. and E. coli had the highest proportions of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (15.5 and 26.2%, respectively). Proportions of resistance to tetracycline were among the highest for all the bacteria considered. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was below 10% for all Enterobacteriaceae. The highest proportions of multidrug resistance (22.5%) were found among S. aureus isolates, which is worrying given their zoonotic potential. From 2012 to 2016, resistance proportions decreased in Pseudomonas spp. isolates, but remained the same for S. aureus. For Streptococcus spp. and E. coli, resistance proportions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Since antibiograms are not systematic analyses, any selection bias could impact the results. CONCLUSIONS: Such studies are essential to estimate the magnitude of the potential threat of AMR to public health, to design efficient control strategies and to measure their effectiveness. These findings may also guide the initial empirical treatment of horse diseases.202031033041