Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance of Canine Otitis Pathogens in the Iberian Peninsula (2010-2021). - Related Documents




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196101.0000Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance of Canine Otitis Pathogens in the Iberian Peninsula (2010-2021). Background: The close relationship between humans and petsraises health concerns due to the potential transmission of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria and genes. Bacterial otitis is an emerging health problem in dogs, given its widespread prevalence and impact on animal welfare. Early detection of resistance is vital in veterinary medicine to anticipate future treatment challenges. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of AMR bacteria involved in 12,498 cases of otitis in dogs from the Iberian Peninsula and the evolution of AMR patterns over an 11-year period. Methods: Data was provided by the Veterinary Medicine Department of a large private diagnostic laboratory in Barcelona. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the standard disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing. Results: The frequency of the principal bacterial agents was 35% Staphylococcus spp. (principally S. pseudointermedius), 20% Pseudomonas spp. (P. aeruginosa), 13% Streptococcus spp. (S. canis), and 11% Enterobacterales (Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed P. aeruginosa (among Gram-negatives) and Enterococcus faecalis (among Gram-positives) as the species with the highest AMR to multiple antimicrobial classes throughout the years. According to the frequency and time evolution of multidrug resistance (MDR), Gram-negative bacteria like P. mirabilis (33%) and E. coli (25%) presented higher MDR rates compared to Gram-positive strains like Corynebacterium (7%) and Enterococcus (5%). The AMR evolution also showed an increase in resistance patterns in Proteus spp. to doxycycline and Streptococcus spp. to amikacin. Conclusions: This information can be useful for clinicians, particularly in this region, to make rational antimicrobial use decisions, especially when empirical treatment is common in companion animal veterinary medicine. In summary, improving treatment guidelines is a key strategy for safeguarding both animal and human health, reinforcing the One Health approach.202540298475
196010.9999Phenotypic Investigation and Detection of Biofilm-Associated Genes in Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates, Obtained from Companion Animals. Bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter, especially Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab), have emerged as pathogens of companion animals during the last two decades and are commonly associated with hospitalization and multidrug resistance. A critical factor for the distribution of relevant strains in healthcare facilities, including veterinary facilities, is their adherence to both biotic and abiotic surfaces and the production of biofilms. A group of 41 A. baumannii isolates obtained from canine and feline clinical samples in Greece was subjected to phenotypic investigation of their ability to produce biofilms using the tissue culture plate (TCP) method. All of them (100%) produced biofilms, while 23 isolates (56.1%) were classified as strong producers, 11 (26.8%) as moderate producers, and 7 (17.1%) as weak producers. A correlation between the MDR and XDR phenotypes and weak or moderate biofilm production was identified. Moreover, the presence of four biofilm-associated genes bap, bla(PER), ompA, and csuE was examined by PCR, and they were detected in 100%, 65.9%, 97.6%, and 95.1% of the strains respectively. All isolates carried at least two of the investigated genes, whereas most of the strong biofilm producers carried all four genes. In conclusion, the spread and persistence of biofilm-producing Ab strains in veterinary facilities is a matter of concern, since they are regularly obtained from infected animals, indicating their potential as challenging pathogens for veterinarians due to multidrug resistance and tolerance in conventional eradication measures. Furthermore, considering that companion animals can act as reservoirs of relevant strains, public health concerns emerge.202438787042
559920.9999Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus spp. contaminating raw goat milk. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to global public health. Foodstuff of animal origin can serve as potential vehicles for the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes to consumers. In view of the lack of knowledge about antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with goat milk, the aim of this study was to report species-level identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of a large collection of Staphylococcus spp. isolates recovered from raw goat milk in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 434 Staphylococcus spp. isolates originated from 510 goat milk samples in Northeast Brazil were investigated. The isolates were obtained by conventional microbiological methods. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed by means of a semi-automated system using a panel for biochemical tests and broth microdilution method for 19 antimicrobial drugs. RESULTS: Although Staphylococcus aureus (22.6%) accounted for the majority of the isolates, a total of 13 different non-aureus staphylococci spp. were identified. High resistance rates against erythromycin (40.8%), and the beta-lactams ampicillin (45.9%) and penicillin (42.9%) were observed among S. aureus isolates. The most significant findings were related to the resistance against quinupristin-dalfopristin, a drug of last resort used in human medicine to treat infections caused by vancomycin-resistant S. aureus and enterococci. CONCLUSION: The high diversity of Staphylococcus spp. showing phenotypic resistance against different antimicrobial drugs encourages further investigations on the real impact of these bacteria as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes to consumers. Furthermore, the potential impact of technological processes, such as pasteurization, fermentation, and maturation, on the maintenance and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among the microbial populations in milk and dairy products must also be investigated.202134220106
196430.9999Antimicrobial resistance of pet-derived bacteria in China, 2000-2020. With the rapid growth of the pet industry in China, bacterial infectious diseases in pets have increased, highlighting the need to monitor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pet-derived bacteria to improve the diagnosis and treatment. Before the establishment of the China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network for Pets (CARPet) in 2021, a comprehensive analysis of such data in China was lacking. Our review of 38 point-prevalence surveys conducted between 2000 and 2020 revealed increasing trends in AMR among pet-derived Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and other bacterial pathogens in China. Notable resistance to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones, which are largely used in both pets and livestock animals, was observed. For example, resistance rates for ampicillin and ciprofloxacin in E. coli frequently exceeded 50.0%, with up to 41.3% of the isolates producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases. The emergence of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and E. coli, carrying bla(NDM) and bla(OXA) genes, highlighted the need for vigilant monitoring. The detection rate of SCCmec (Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec), a genetic element associated with methicillin resistance, in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from pets in China was found to be over 40.0%. The resistance rate of E. faecalis to vancomycin was 2.1% (5/223) in East China, which was higher than the detection rate of human-derived vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (0.1%, 12/11,215). Establishing the national AMR surveillance network CARPet was crucial, focusing on representative cities, diverse clinical samples, and including both commonly used antimicrobial agents in veterinary practice and critically important antimicrobial agents for human medicine, such as carbapenems, tigecycline, and vancomycin.202540135877
196340.9999Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from diseased horses in France. BACKGROUND: Horses are one of the potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants that could be transferred to human subjects. OBJECTIVE: To describe the AMR patterns of major bacteria isolated from diseased horses in France. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. METHODS: Data collected between 2012 and 2016 by RESAPATH, the French national surveillance network for AMR, were analysed. Only antimicrobials relevant in veterinary and human medicine for the isolated bacteria were considered. Mono- and multidrug resistance were calculated. The resistance proportions of major equine diseases were assessed and compared. Where data permitted, resistance trends were investigated using nonlinear analysis (generalised additive models). RESULTS: A total of 12,695 antibiograms were analysed. The five most frequently isolated bacteria were Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pantoea spp. and Klebsiella spp. The highest proportions of resistance to gentamicin were found for S. aureus (22.1%) and Pseudomonas spp. (26.9%). Klebsiella spp. and E. coli had the highest proportions of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (15.5 and 26.2%, respectively). Proportions of resistance to tetracycline were among the highest for all the bacteria considered. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was below 10% for all Enterobacteriaceae. The highest proportions of multidrug resistance (22.5%) were found among S. aureus isolates, which is worrying given their zoonotic potential. From 2012 to 2016, resistance proportions decreased in Pseudomonas spp. isolates, but remained the same for S. aureus. For Streptococcus spp. and E. coli, resistance proportions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Since antibiograms are not systematic analyses, any selection bias could impact the results. CONCLUSIONS: Such studies are essential to estimate the magnitude of the potential threat of AMR to public health, to design efficient control strategies and to measure their effectiveness. These findings may also guide the initial empirical treatment of horse diseases.202031033041
253450.9999Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence gene profile of Escherichia coli strains shared between food and other sources in Africa: A systematic review. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Foodborne diseases caused by Escherichia coli are prevalent globally. Treatment is challenging due to antibiotic resistance in bacteria, except for foodborne infections due to Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, for which treatment is symptomatic. Several studies have been conducted in Africa on antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolated from several sources. The prevalence and distribution of resistant pathogenic E. coli isolated from food, human, and animal sources and environmental samples and their virulence gene profiles were systematically reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bibliographic searches were performed using four databases. Research articles published between 2000 and 2022 on antibiotic susceptibility and virulence gene profile of E. coli isolated from food and other sources were selected. RESULTS: In total, 64 articles were selected from 14 African countries: 45% of the studies were conducted on food, 34% on animal samples, 21% on human disease surveillance, and 13% on environmental samples. According to these studies, E. coli is resistant to ~50 antimicrobial agents, multidrug-resistant, and can transmit at least 37 types of virulence genes. Polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize E. coli and determine virulence genes. CONCLUSION: A significant variation in epidemiological data was noticed within countries, authors, and sources (settings). These results can be used as an updated database for monitoring E. coli resistance in Africa. More studies using state-of-the-art equipment are needed to determine all resistance and virulence genes in pathogenic E. coli isolated in Africa.202338023276
190960.9999Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from the Poultry Farm Environment. The indiscriminate use and overuse of various antibiotics have caused the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in poultry products and the surrounding environment, giving rise to global public health issues. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) found in the environment of poultry farms and to evaluate the risk of contamination in these farms based on multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values. Soil and effluent samples were collected from 13 poultry farms. The VITEK 2 system was used for bacterial identification and susceptibility testing of the isolates. The identified Gram-negative isolates were Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Providencia spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. The results showed that Enterobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., and Providencia spp. exhibited the highest MDR rates and MAR indices; 14% of K. pneumoniae isolates (3/21 isolates) were resistant to 13 antibiotics and found to be extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria. As for the tested antibiotics, 96.6% of the isolates (28/29 isolates) demonstrated resistance to ampicillin, followed by ampicillin-sulbactam (55.9% [33/59 isolates]) and cefazolin (54.8% [57/104 isolates]). The high percentage of MDR bacteria and the presence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains suggested the presence of MDR genes from the poultry farm environment, which poses an alarming threat to the effectiveness of the available antibiotic medicines to treat infectious diseases. Therefore, the use of antibiotics should be regulated and controlled, while studies addressing One Health issues are vital for combating and preventing the development and spread of ARB. IMPORTANCE The occurrence and spread of ARB due to high demand in poultry industries are of great public health concern. The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance, particularly MDR among bacterial pathogens, poses challenges in clinical treatment. Some pathogens are now virtually untreatable with current antibiotics. However, those pathogens were rarely explored in the environment. In alignment with the concept of One Health, it is imperative to study the rate of resistance in the environment, because this domain plays an important role in the dissemination of bacteria to humans, animals, and other environmental areas. Reliable data on the prevalence of MDR bacteria are crucial to curb the spread of bacterial pathogens that can cause antimicrobial-resistant infections.202235467407
556470.9999Epidemiology of the colonization and acquisition of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in dogs hospitalized in a clinic veterinary hospital in Spain. Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to human and animal health. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) are of increasing importance in hospital and/or nosocomial infections and represent a potential risk of transmission to humans from infected or colonized companion animals. Studies on the risk factors associated with colonization by multiresistant bacteria in animals are scarce. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of MRS and VRE in canine patients hospitalized in a veterinary hospital and to identify the risk factors for its acquisition and persistence. Nasal and perianal swabs were obtained from 72 dogs. Antimicrobial susceptibility assays and molecular detection of mecA and van genes were performed. A prevalence of 13.9% and incidence of 26.5% was observed in dogs colonized by MRS at hospital admission and release, respectively, higher values than those described in most veterinary studies. Thirty-five Staphylococcus isolates had mecA gene and showed higher resistance levels to most of the antimicrobials evaluated. Previous and concomitant use of antibiotics and corticosteroids has been associated with an increase in MRS colonization. The use of antibiotics in other animals living with the canine patients has also been identified as an associated factor, suggesting cross transmission. The presence of van-resistant genes from Enterococcus spp. was not detected. Pets should be considered possible vehicles of transmission and reservoirs for MRS bacteria and veterinary hospitals should be considered high-risk environments for the occurrence and spread of nosocomial infections and resistant bacteria.202032535110
196280.9999European multicenter study on antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from companion animal urinary tract infections. BACKGROUND: There is a growing concern regarding the increase of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in companion animals. Yet, there are no studies comparing the resistance levels of these organisms in European countries. The aim of this study was to investigate geographical and temporal trends of antimicrobial resistant bacteria causing urinary tract infection (UTI) in companion animals in Europe. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 22 256 bacteria isolated from dogs and cats with UTI was determined. Samples were collected between 2008 and 2013 from 16 laboratories of 14 European countries. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of the most common bacteria was determined for each country individually in the years 2012-2013 and temporal trends of bacteria resistance were established by logistic regression. RESULTS: The aetiology of uropathogenic bacteria differed between dogs and cats. For all bacterial species, Southern countries generally presented higher levels of antimicrobial resistance compared to Northern countries. Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli were found to be more prevalent in Southern countries. During the study period, the level of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolated in Belgium, Denmark, France and the Netherlands decreased significantly. A temporal increase in resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate and gentamicin was observed among E. coli isolates from the Netherlands and Switzerland, respectively. Other country-specific temporal increases were observed for fluoroquinolone-resistant Proteus spp. isolated from companion animals from Belgium. CONCLUSIONS: This work brings new insights into the current status of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from companion animals with UTI in Europe and reinforces the need for strategies aiming to reduce resistance.201627658466
225490.9998Hospitalized Pets as a Source of Carbapenem-Resistance. The massive and irrational use of antibiotics in livestock productions has fostered the occurrence and spread of resistance to "old class antimicrobials." To cope with that phenomenon, some regulations have been already enforced in the member states of the European Union. However, a role of livestock animals in the relatively recent alerts on the rapid worldwide increase of resistance to last-choice antimicrobials as carbapenems is very unlikely. Conversely, these antimicrobials are increasingly administered in veterinary hospitals whose role in spreading bacteria or mobile genetic elements has not adequately been addressed so far. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 105 hospitalized and 100 non-hospitalized pets with the aim of measuring the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) colonizing dogs and cats, either hospitalized or not hospitalized and estimating the relative odds. Stool samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar plates containing 1 mg/L imipenem which were then incubated aerobically at 37°C ± 1 for 48 h. Isolated bacteria were identified first by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and were confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The genetic basis of resistance was investigated using PCR methods, gene or whole genome sequencing (WGS). The prevalence of pets harboring carbapenem-resistant bacteria was 11.4 and 1.0% in hospitalized and not-hospitalized animals, respectively, with an odds ratio of 12.8 (p < 0.01). One pet carried two diverse isolates. Overall, 14 gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria, specifically, one Acinetobacter radioresistens, five Acinetobacter baumannii, six Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were isolated. The Acinetobacter species carried acquired carbapenemases genes encoded by bla (NDM-1) and bla (OXA-23). In contrast, Pseudomonas phenotypic resistance was associated with the presence of mutations in the oprD gene. Notably, inherent carbapenem-resistant isolates of S. maltophilia were also resistant to the first-line recommended chemotherapeutic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. This study estimates the risk of colonization by carbapenem-resistant non-fermenting GNB in pets hospitalized in veterinary tertiary care centers and highlights their potential role in spreading resistance genes among the animal and human community. Public health authorities should consider extending surveillance systems and putting the release of critical antibiotics under more strict control in order to manage the infection/colonization of pets in veterinary settings.201830574124
851100.9998Looking for ESKAPE Bacteria: Occurrence and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Wild Birds from Northern and Central Italy Sites. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial resistance is a critical global health challenge. Among resistant pathogens, the group of bacteria collectively referred to as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) is of particular concern due to their ability to evade multiple classes of antimicrobials. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and resistance patterns of ESKAPE bacteria in wild birds from Northern and Central Italy sites, and to assess the presence of other bacteria of public health relevance. METHODS: Cloacal swabs were collected from 141 wild birds. Samples were processed on selective and differential media, and bacterial identification was performed using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assays and interpreted according to international guidelines. RESULTS: Thirty-seven isolates belonging to the ESKAPE group were identified: E. faecium (n = 10), K. pneumoniae (n = 9), P. aeruginosa (n = 8), Enterobacter spp. (n = 7), S. aureus (n = 2), and A. baumannii (n = 1). Multidrug-resistant isolates were observed among K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter hormaechei. Escherichia coli, although not included in the ESKAPE group, was frequently detected and often co-isolated with clinically relevant bacteria, highlighting its potential role as a reservoir of resistance genes. CONCLUSIONS: Wild birds can harbor resistant bacteria of clinical importance, including multidrug-resistant ESKAPE species. Their presence in avian populations underscores the role of wildlife in the environmental dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, with implications for both animal and human health.202541148717
2253110.9998Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Carbapenemase-Producing Gram-Negative Rods-A Comparative Analysis between Screening and Pathological Isolates. (1) Background: Carbapenem-resistant (CR) bacteria pose a significant global public health challenge due to their ability to evade treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems. This study investigates the biofilm-forming capabilities of CR clinical bacterial isolates and examines the impact of serum on biofilm formation. Additionally, the study evaluates the resistance profiles and genetic markers for carbapenemase production. (2) Methods: Bacterial isolates were collected from the microbiology laboratory of Mures County Clinical Hospital between October 2022 and September 2023. Pharyngeal and rectal swabs were screened for carbapenem-resistant bacteria using selective media. Lower respiratory tract samples were also analyzed for CR Gram-negative bacteria. The isolates were tested for their ability to form biofilms in the presence and absence of fetal bovine serum at 24 and 48 h. Carbapenemase production was detected phenotypically and confirmed via PCR for relevant genes. (3) Results: Out of 846 screened samples, 4.25% from pharyngeal swabs and 6.38% from rectal swabs tested positive for CR bacteria. Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common species isolated. Biofilm formation varied significantly between clinical isolates and standard strains, with clinical isolates generally showing higher biofilm production. The presence of serum had no significant effect on biofilm formation in Klebsiella spp., but stimulated biofilm formation for Acinetobacter spp. Carbapenemase genes bla(KPC), bla(OXA-48-like), and bla(NDM) were detected in various isolates, predominantly in Klebsiella spp., but were not the main determinants of carbapenem resistance, at least in screening isolates. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the variability in biofilm formation among CR clinical isolates and underscores the differences between the bacteria found as carriage versus infection. Both bacterial species and environmental factors variably influence biofilm formation. These insights are crucial for the development of effective treatment and infection control strategies in clinical settings.202439199988
1695120.9998Presence of the blaTEM Gene in Commensal Neisseria spp.: A Possible Cause for the Acquired Drug Resistance Among Pathogenic Respiratory Bacteria. Background The oral microbiome consists of various bacterial genera, with Neisseria spp. being a prominent part of this niche. While Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis are human-restricted pathogens, non-pathogenic Neisseria species like Neisseria sicca, Neisseria perflava, etc., are primarily commensals that can also behave as opportunistic pathogens. With increasing penicillin resistance in commensal Neisseria, there is a concern that these bacteria might harbor resistance genes that can be transferred to other pathogens. This study aimed to characterize the blaTEM gene (encodes for the plasmid-mediated β-lactamase enzyme that hydrolyzes the β-lactam ring) of commensal Neisseria spp. isolated from respiratory samples. Methodology The research was conducted in the Department of Clinical Microbiology at Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai. The specimens used were sputum and throat swabs, which were subjected to a series of phenotypic methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) for speciation. The antibiogram was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and a PCR assay was utilized to identify the blaTEM( )gene responsible for β-lactamase production. Results Out of 274 processed samples, 65 unique commensal Neisseria spp. were identified. The study highlighted the presence of the blaTEM gene in 93.9% (61) of the isolates, which is responsible for β-lactamase production. All isolates exhibited resistance to penicillin. Most blaTEM-positive commensal Neisseria spp. were susceptible to cefuroxime (83.6%), ceftriaxone (85.2%), and cefotaxime (85.2%). The high prevalence of the blaTEM gene in commensal Neisseria is alarming. The gene, found on plasmids, could potentially transfer to other related species like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, as well as other Gram-negative bacilli. Conclusion The presence of resistance genes in commensal bacteria is of concern, as they might be reservoirs for resistance transfer to pathogenic strains. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and deeper investigations into commensal bacteria, emphasizing the need for a broader community screening approach to understand resistance mechanisms in the normal microbiome.202338146567
1599130.9998Colistin Resistance Genes in Broiler Chickens in Tunisia. Colistin is a polymyxin antibiotic that has been used in veterinary medicine for decades, as a treatment for enterobacterial digestive infections as well as a prophylactic treatment and growth promoter in livestock animals, leading to the emergence and spread of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and to a great public health concern, considering that colistin is one of the last-resort antibiotics against multidrug-resistant deadly infections in clinical practice. Previous studies performed on livestock animals in Tunisia using culture-dependent methods highlighted the presence of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In the present survey, DNA extracted from cloacal swabs from 195 broiler chickens from six farms in Tunisia was tested via molecular methods for the ten mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes known so far. Of the 195 animals tested, 81 (41.5%) were mcr-1 positive. All the farms tested were positive, with a prevalence ranging from 13% to 93%. These results confirm the spread of colistin resistance in livestock animals in Tunisia and suggest that the investigation of antibiotic resistance genes by culture-independent methods could be a useful means of conducting epidemiological studies on the spread of antimicrobial resistance.202337106971
1965140.9998Phenotypic Investigation of Florfenicol Resistance and Molecular Detection of floR Gene in Canine and Feline MDR Enterobacterales. Florfenicol is a promising antibiotic for use in companion animals, especially as an alternative agent for infections caused by MDR bacteria. However, the emergence of resistant strains could hinder this potential. In this study, florfenicol resistance was investigated in a total of 246 MDR Enterobacterales obtained from canine and feline clinical samples in Greece over a two-year period (October 2020 to December 2022); a total of 44 (17,9%) florfenicol-resistant strains were recognized and further investigated. Most of these isolates originated from urine (41.9%) and soft tissue (37.2%) samples; E. coli (n = 14) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 12) were the predominant species. The strains were examined for the presence of specific florfenicol-related resistance genes floR and cfr. In the majority of the isolates (31/44, 70.5%), the floR gene was detected, whereas none carried cfr. This finding creates concerns of co-acquisition of plasmid-mediated florfenicol-specific ARGs through horizontal transfer, along with several other resistance genes. The florfenicol resistance rates in MDR isolates seem relatively low but considerable for a second-line antibiotic; thus, in order to evaluate the potential of florfenicol to constitute an alternative antibiotic in companion animals, continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance profiles is needed in order to investigate the distribution of florfenicol resistance under pressure of administration of commonly used agents.202438393089
2245150.9998Biofilm Formation Status in ESBL-Producing Bacteria Recovered from Clinical Specimens of Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BACKGROUND: Recently, the emergence and spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) bacteria have become a global health concern. In addition, the ability to form biofilm due to less impermeability to antibiotics and the horizontal transformation (conjugation) of genes involved in antibiotic resistance have exacerbated the concerns. With a comprehensive meta-analysis, this study evaluated the potential relationship between ESBL and biofilm formation. METHODS: A literature search was performed using global databases, such as PubMed and Scopus, up to November 2021. We retrieved all relevant documents and selected eligible articles based on inclusion criteria. Finally, the potential association between the biofilm formation capacity and resistance of ESBL-producing bacteria was measured with an odds ratio and a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: In the present study, 17 articles, including 2,069 Gram-negative isolates, were considered as eligible. The prevalence of biofilm formation in all clinical isolates of ESBL and non-ESBL pathogens was 72.4% (95% CI: 60.7-81.6) and 40.5% (95% CI: 30.2-51.8), respectively. Our results showed a positive relationship between the ability for biofilm formation and conferring antibiotic resistance in ESBL-producing bacteria (OR: 3.35; 95% CI: 1.67-6.74; p-value: 0.001). CONCLUSION: In general, we showed the rate of biofilm formation to be significantly higher in ESBLproducing strains. Given the current results, the updated therapeutic guidelines should consider the role of biofilm production for optimal therapy, treatment course, and clinical outcomes rather than the recommendation of antimicrobial agents by focusing on the results of the antibiotic susceptibility test.202336125823
1968160.9998Multidrug-resistant pattern of food borne illness associated bacteria isolated from cockroaches in meal serving facilities, Jimma, Ethiopia. INTRODUCTION: An increase in the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in recent years is becoming worrisome. Domestic cockroaches can play a significant role in the dissemination of such bacteria between the environment and human beings. This study aimed at determining anti-microbial resistance pattern of food borne illness associated bacteria identified from cockroaches trapped in restaurants and cafeterias. METHODS: Trapped cockroaches were picked with surgical gloves, sealed in sterile plastic bags and transported to the Microbiology laboratory. Standard microbiological techniques were used to isolate and identify bacteria. Anti-microbial susceptibility testing was done using Kirby Bauer diffusion technique. RESULT: A total of five species of food borne illness associated bacteria were detected. Majority (57.1%) of the bacteria were isolated from the gut of cockroaches. More than 89% of the isolates were multi drug resistance (MDR). MDR was higher on gram positive bacteria. S. aureus showed 53.3% resistance against oxacillin(MRSA) and 33.3% against vancomycin. CONCLUSION: A very high percentage of MDR bacteria was seen in this study. Most of the bacteria tested were isolated from the gut of cockroaches. Potential factors associated with cockroaches that contributed to this high MDR rate of the isolates should be investigated in future.201829977255
5688170.9998Isolation and molecular identification of bacteria from sheep with eye infections. BACKGROUND: Ocular disease in sheep is a severe concern for the health and welfare of livestock animals, as well as losses of productivity and value to the livestock industry. AIM: This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria in sheep with eye disease on the molecular level. METHODS: One hundred fifty sheep with eye infections were treated, and tissue samples were taken for microbiological studies. We isolated bacteria from traditional cultures and discovered molecules by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of single bacterial genes. RESULTS: A total of 150 ocular samples were collected from sheep, with bacterial growth observed in 120 samples, resulting in an isolation rate of 80%. Staphylococcus aureus was the most bacteria isolated in this study, which PCR also confirmed. We found antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pasteurella multocida. These results reveal that preventing sheep ocular infections requires the effective use of antibiotics. CONCLUSION: This study suggests the prevalence of bacterial infection in sheep eyes and argues the utility of molecular methods in veterinary diagnosis. Record levels of antibiotic resistance must be maintained in animal husbandry and the use of antibiotic stewardship programs.202439927373
5571180.9998ESβL E. coli isolated in pig's chain: Genetic analysis associated to the phenotype and biofilm synthesis evaluation. Resistance to new generation cephalosporins is an important public health problem globally, in terms of economic and social costs, morbidity and mortality. Βeta-lactamase enzymes are mainly responsible for the antibiotic resistance of Gram negative bacteria and extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESβLs) are one of the major determinants of resistance against oxymino-cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae. Food-producing animals represent one of the sources of antibiotic resistant bacteria, including pigs. Here we analysed the presence of E. coli resistant to III generation cephalosporins isolated from different matrices collected from intensively bred pigs. A total of 498 E. coli were isolated from faeces and carcasses of pigs at slaughterhouse as well as from pork meat and sausages. Among these, 73 were phenotypically confirmed to be ESβL producers. Genetic analysis revealed that all except two harboured at least one of the three selected genes: bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), and bla(SHV). Furthermore, six of the E. coli ESβL isolated from faeces and carcasses swabs, were also able to produce biofilm, highlighting the virulence potential of these strains. The presence of Multi-Drug-Resistance patterns (MDR) recorded by the 73 ESβL E. coli was significant (60% of the strains were resistant to more than six antibiotics in MIC test). Results from the present study show that the transmission of resistant bacteria is possible along the food chain, including production of pork, one the most highly consumed meats around the world. Transmission is possible through the ingestion of raw meat products, and following cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods during preparation. The potential risk for human health demonstrated here, associated with the consumption of pork contaminated with bacterial strains characterized by multidrug resistance patterns, and the ability to produce ESβL and biofilm, is cause for concern. It is imperative to study future control strategies to avoid or limit as much as possible the transmission of these highly pathogenic strains through food consumption and/or contact with the environment.201930245289
1679190.9998Analysis of ESKAPE pathogens in clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in China from 2018 to 2023. The widespread use of antimicrobial agents correlated with the increasing incidence of nosocomial infections and bacterial antibiotic resistance. These have become major challenges in the prevention and control of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. The aims of this study were to analyze the distribution and characteristics of ESKAPE pathogenic bacteria and their antibiotic resistance profile among clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital in China from 2018 to 2023. The results showed that a total of 20,472 non-duplicated pathogenic bacteria were isolated from clinical specimens in this hospital between 2018 and 2023, of which the top five pathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii. In case of E. coli the main detected resistance genes were blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaOXA. K. pneumoniae mainly carried blaOXA, blaKPC and blaNDM genes. P. aeruginosa was mainly positive for blaOXA, AmpC type beta-lactamases and blaVIM genes. A. baumannii mainly carried ArmA, blaTEM and cas3 genes. S. aureus was mainly positive for mecA, erm(C) and erm(A) genes. In this study, we have found that the antibiotic resistance of common pathogens from clinical isolates in a tertiary hospital in China in the past 6 years is severe, and A. baumannii was particularly a prominent pathogen. There is an urgent need to strengthen the prevention and control of nosocomial infections and antimicrobial drug management in order to curb the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria.202540522743