Should we leave the paper currency? A microbiological examination. - Related Documents




#
Rank
Similarity
Title + Abs.
Year
PMID
012345
127601.0000Should we leave the paper currency? A microbiological examination. OBJECTIVE: Pathogens can be transmitted to banknotes due to the personal unhygienic habits. The aim of study was to find the possible pathogens on the banknotes circulating in the market and also to present their antibacterial resistance and their various virulence factors using genotypic and phenotypic methods. METHODS: A total of 150 samples of bank-notes were randomly collected between August 2017 and March 2018. VITEK systems were used for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing respectively. Antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA, van, extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL] and carbapenemases) and staphyloccoccal virulence genes (staphyloccoccal enterotoxins [SEs], pvl, and tsst-1) were determined using with real-time PCR. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Enterococcus spp., Gram-negative enteric bacteria, non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria and Candida spp. were detected 48%, 54.7%, 56%, 21.3%, 18.7%, and 4%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and ESBL producing Gram-negative were found 46.8%, 1.3%, and 28.7%, respectively. Pvl, tsst-1, and SEs genes were found in a 2.8/4.9%, 1.4/1.2%, and 100/ 87.8% of the S. aureus/CoNS strains, respectively. The sea gene was found the most common enterotoxigenic gene. blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-1, blaKPC, and blaOXA-48 were found 55.8%, 46.5%, 41.2%, 18.6%, 18.6%, and 18.6%, respectively in Gram-negative strains. CONCLUSIONS: These results is very important to highlight hygienic status of paper currencies. This can be considered as an indication that banknotes may contribute to the spread of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, we may need to start using alternative products instead of banknotes.202032066229
146910.9998Investigation of Bacterial Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns Among Clinical Isolates in the Center of Iran. Introduction: Bacterial infection is a considerable problem in hospitals. Thus, this study was executed to appraise the rampancy of bacterial infections, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and molecular characterization of isolates among patients in Bafgh Hospital in Yazd, Iran, in 2020. Methods: In the current study, we surveyed 103 isolates of 400 clinical specimens from early March 2020 to September 2020 in Bafgh Hospital. We assessed phenotypic traits and antibiotic resistance with standard microbiological methods. Phenotypic methods were also performed to identify extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Gram-negative bacilli, inducible clindamycin resistance, and methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus according to CLSI guidelines. Molecular identification of isolates was done by conventional PCR 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, we investigated the prevalence of resistant genes including bla (TEM), bla (PER-2), bla (CTX-M), bla (SHV), and bla (VEB-1) in Gram-negative bacteria and the mecA gene in staphylococcal species. Results: From 400 different clinical specimens, 103 isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated. Based on phenotypic and molecular methods, most common isolates were Escherichia coli (53 isolates), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18 isolates), and Staphylococcus aureus (16 isolates). The highest resistance was found in Gram-positive bacteria to erythromycin (66.67%) and penicillin (55.56%), while considering Gram-negative bacteria, the most resistant was cefixime (49.41%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (47.05%). In addition, out of 16 S. aureus isolates, 62.5% and 17.65% were resistant to methicillin and clindamycin, respectively. Among 83 Gram-negative isolates, 22.89% were ESBL-positive. The prevalence of bla (SHV), bla (PER2), bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), and bla (VEB-1) genes was 78.31%, 59.03%, 40.96%, 30.12%, and 0%, respectively. Conclusions: The outbreak of bacterial infections is relatively high in hospitals. Recognizing risk agents for bacterial infections and restricting the administration of multidrug-resistant antibiotics is a substantial measure that must be taken to prevent patient mortality.202540822981
147020.9998Occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in Gram-negative bacterial isolates from high vaginal swabs in a teaching hospital in Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in isolates from vaginal discharge of symptomatic female patients. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANT: Pregnant and non-pregnant women between 18 and 50 years who presented with genital tract infection and had not received antimicrobial therapy in the two weeks prior. INTERVENTIONS: The study determines the prevalence of bacteria in the vaginal discharge of female patients of reproductive age, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates and the incidence of ESBL genes in Gram-negative isolates from the sample. RESULTS: Bacteria were found in 74 (80.4%) and 88 (81.5%) samples from pregnant and non-pregnant women, respectively. Escherichia coli (n=48; 27.6%) occurred mostly in the samples, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (n=38; 21.8%). Among the Gram-positive, all Streptococcus. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus. epidermidis were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem (100%). S. aureus was the most resistant to cephalexin (71.4%), cefoxitin (60.5%) carbenicillin (60.5%) and ceftazidime (57.9%). Escherichia coli was highly resistant to carbenicillin (85.4%), cephalexin (64.6%) and cefotaxime (56.3%). Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the highest level of imipenem resistance (31.6%), followed by E. coli (29.2%). The prevalence of ESBL genes in Gram-negative isolates from pregnant women was 25.6% (11/43), compared to 30.3% (23/76) in non-pregnant women. Both bla (TEM) and bla (SHV) had the highest occurrence of 14.3% (17/119) of the isolates. CONCLUSION: This study found Gram-negative pathogens isolated from the vaginal tract of both pregnant and non-pregnant women to be resistant to multiple antibiotics and have ESBL genes. FUNDING: None declared.202440585516
127530.9998Analysis of the Frequency, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Related Genes among Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Hospital Refrigerators in Tehran, Iran. BACKGROUND: Hospital refrigerators as essential food storage can be important source of food contamination. We aimed to investigate the frequency and antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogenic bacteria in three hospital refrigerators in Tehran. METHODS: This study was performed on 254 samples, collected from 60 refrigerators of the various wards of three hospitals, A, B, and C, in Tehran, Iran from 2020 to 2021. Following isolation and identification of isolates, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined. PCR-based assays were used to screen the presence of antibiotic resistance genes of resistant isolates. RESULTS: From 254 collected samples, 236 samples (92.9%) were contaminated. Most strains were isolated from refrigerators with poorly cleaned, temperatures above 8 °C in non-critical wards. Most bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (68.8%), followed by Staphylococcus (11.9%), and Enterococcus (10.6%), while the frequency of non-Enterobacteriaceae isolates was 8.9%. The highest antibiotic resistant bacteria were in extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) 9.7%, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) 5.3%, methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) 0.4%, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 0.4%, respectively. The bla (OXA-48), bla (CTX), and bcla (TEM) genes were found only in 10% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The bla (OXA-51) gene was found in all non-Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The vanA and mecA genes were detected in antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus and Staphylococcus. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggests major concern about cross-contamination and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates as a potential health threat with hospital refrigerators origin. More attention to hospital refrigerators cleaning is necessary to prevent foodborne diseases and nosocomial infections.202438919309
237640.9997Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical samples and asymptomatic nasal carriers in Istanbul (Turkey). BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been a widespread problem in Turkish hospitals. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the staphylococcal toxin genes of the clinical and nasal MRSA isolates, and their antibiotic resistance profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isolation of nasal and clinical bacteria was done following standard microbiological methods. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (mec A, pvl, tsst-1, and SEs genes) was determined using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. RESULTS: Among nasal MRSA isolates, 66.7% were toxigenic. The distribution of genes was as follows: pvl 26.7%, tsst-1 3.3%, and SEs 36.7%. Therefore, the nasal MRSA isolates had a rate of 23.3% multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern to the non-beta-lactams antibiotics. All (100%) clinical MRSA isolates were found to be toxigenic. The distribution of genes was as follows; pvl 10%, tsst-1 6.7%, and SEs 100%. The clinical MRSA isolates had a rate of 60% MDR. CONCLUSIONS: Following detection of pvl, tsst-1, and SEs among nasal and clinical MRSA isolates, and the presence of high antimicrobial resistance, the spread of these strains may be an additional factor contributing to the emergence of community-acquired (CA)-MRSA and hospital-acquired (HA)-MRSA. This study is the first to determine the resistance to linezolid and tigecycline in both nasal and clinical MRSA isolates, for the first time in Turkey. All nasal and clinical MRSA isolates were uniformly susceptible to vancomycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin. Our findings show that MRSA infections in Turkey can be empirically treated with vancomycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin based on the lack of demonstrable resistance to these drugs.202134290175
112650.9997Comparison of beta-lactamase genes in clinical and food bacterial isolates in India. BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of human disease-causing enteric bacteria on raw vegetables, fruits, meats, and milk products sold in Indian markets. The study further aimed to analyze antibiotic resistance rates and the presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-three food-borne and 23 clinical isolates were compared for antibiotic resistance rates and the presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC. Swabs were taken from unwashed and washed food items, as well as from some chopped food specimens, and inoculated on appropriate culture medium. Bacterial isolates were identified, antibiotic susceptibility was performed, and bla genes were detected by PCR. RESULTS: Thirty-eight bacterial isolates were obtained from the food specimens, of which 36 (94.7%) were Gram-negative and two (5.3%) were Gram-positive bacterial species. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent (52.6%; 20/38) bacterial species isolated, followed by Citrobacter koseri (18.4%; 7/38). In food isolates, the majority of the isolates were resistant to gentamicin (33.3%) followed by amikacin (11.1%). Resistance to a third-generation cephalosporin was noticed in only 5.6% isolates. However, in clinical isolates, maximal resistance was noticed against third-generation cephalosporins followed by ofloxacin in 91.3% and 86.9% isolates, respectively, and resistance to gentamicin and amikacin was noticed in 78.3% and 52.2% isolates, respectively. The presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC in clinical isolates was noticed in 52.2%, 60.9%, 21.7%, and 43.5%, respectively. None of the isolates from food showed the presence of any of the above-cited genes. CONCLUSIONS: Probably bla genes have not yet disseminated to raw-food vegetation in India.200919801801
112860.9997Molecular detection of ESBLs production and antibiotic resistance patterns in Gram negative bacilli isolated from urinary tract infections. BACKGROUND: β-lactam resistance is more prevalent in Gram negative bacterial isolates worldwide, particularly in developing countries. In order to provide data relating to antibiotic therapy and resistance control, routine monitoring of corresponding antibiotic resistance genes is necessary. AIMS: The aim of this study was the characterization of β-lactam resistance genes and its plasmid profile in bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 298 Gram negative bacteria isolated from 6739 urine specimens were identified by biochemical standard tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains were also detected by the double-disk synergy test. The presence of blaTEM and blaSHV genes in the strains studied was ascertained by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of all Gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (69.1%) was the most common strain, followed by Klebsiella sp. (12.1%), Enterobacter sp. (8.4%), Proteus sp. (4.4%), Citrobacter (4%) and Pseudomonas sp. (2%). The most antibiotic resistance was shown to tetracycline (95.16%), nalidixic acid (89.78%) and gentamycin (73.20%) antibiotics. Among all the strains tested, 35 isolates (11.75%) expressed ESBL activity. The prevalence of TEM and SHV positivity among these isolates was 34.29%, followed by TEM (31.43%), TEM and SHV negativity (20.0%) and SHV (14.29%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Regular monitoring of antimicrobial drug resistance seems necessary to improve our guidelines in the use of the empirical antibiotic therapy.201424943757
237770.9997Multidrug-resistant and enterotoxigenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk of cows at small-scale production units. OBJECTIVE: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has evolved as one of the most significant bacteria causing food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity, virulence, and enterotoxin production of S. aureus in raw milk of cow from small-scale production units and house-raised animals in Damietta governorate, Egypt. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The samples were examined bacteriologically, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out. Moreover, isolates were characterized by the molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and enterotoxin genes. RESULTS: Out of 300 milk samples examined, S. aureus was isolated from 50 samples (16.7%). Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that isolates were resistant to β-lactams (32%), tetracycline (16%), and norfloxacin (16%); however, they showed considerable sensitivity to ceftaroline and amikacin (72%). Multidrug-resistance (MDR) has been observed in eight isolates (16%), with a MDR index (0.5) in all of them. Of the total S. aureus isolates obtained, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been confirmed molecularly in 16/50 (32%) and was found to carry mecA and coa genes, while virulence genes; hlg (11/16, 68.75%) and tsst (6/16, 37.5%) were amplified at a lower percentage, and they showed a significant moderate negative correlation (r = -0.59, p-value > 0.05). Antibiotic resistance genes have been detected in resistant isolates relevant to their phenotypic resistance: blaZ (100%), tetK (50%), and norA (50%). Fifty percent of MRSA isolates carried the seb enterotoxin gene. CONCLUSION: High detection rate of MRSA and MDR isolates from milk necessitates the prompt implementation of efficient antimicrobial stewardship guidelines, especially at neglected small-scale production units.202235445112
218380.9997Prevalence and multidrug resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from chickens at slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Enterococcus is a commensal bacteria found in humans and animals, which can cause human nosocomial infections. One of the most contaminated enterococcal sources is poultry meat. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of Enterococcus from chickens and their meat products at local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2021 to March 2022, 558 samples from 279 cloacal swabs and breast meat were collected from 31 local slaughterhouses in the area. Then, the samples were screened for Enterococcus using modified de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. Next, selected Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and cocci-shaped colonies were investigated for enterococcal confirmation using Enterococcosel Agar (EA). We also cultivated the samples directly on EA. However, the disk diffusion method was used to investigate positive Enterococcus resistance profiles to 16 antimicrobial agents. Finally, selected phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus isolates were further assessed to identify AMR genes by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Investigations showed that the prevalence of Enterococcus isolates from the chicken cloacal swabs and meat samples were 29.75% (83/279) and 28.32% (78/279), respectively. Most Enterococcus positive isolates were resistant to colistin, followed by cefoxitin, cephalexin, and streptomycin. These isolates also showed a prevalence of MDR species (65.22%; 105/161) and 66 patterns. Furthermore, selected MDR Enterococcus (MDRE) from cloacal swabs and breast meat were positive for the resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM genes at 71.43% (20/28) and 78.26% (18/23), respectively, whereas other AMR genes detected in the selected MDR enterococci from the cloacal swabs and breast meat were beta-lactamase TEM (bla (TEM) [0%, 1.96%]), Class 1 integrase (intI1 [14.28%, 0%]), colistin (mrc-1 [3.57%, 0%]), and vancomycin (vanA [14.28%, 0%]). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that phenotypic MDRE correlated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM gene presence, leading to an AMR reservoir that can be transferred to other bacteria.202236590124
218590.9997Isolation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. from dogs in Chattogram Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES: Antibacterial resistance is a great concern in human and food animal medicine, and it poses a significant concern in pet animals like dogs. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. along with the carryover of some resistance genes in E. coli from dogs in the Chattogram metropolitan area, Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rectal swab (n = 50), nasal swab (n = 50), and skin swab (n = 50) samples were collected from dogs having respiratory infections, skin infections, and/or enteritis, respectively. Three types of bacteria were identified and isolated by conventional bacteriological techniques and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out against 12 antimicrobials by disk diffusion methods. Six resistance genes, namely bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II, were screened for phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates by the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 39 (78%) E. coli, 25 (50%) Staphylococcus spp., and 24 (48%) Streptococcus spp. isolates were isolated from the rectal swab, nasal swab, and skin swab samples, respectively. In the cultural sensitivity test, the E. coli isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone (79%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (64%). Doxycycline (80%) demonstrated the highest resistance among Staphylococcus isolates, followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (60%). Streptococcus isolates showed the highest resistance to penicillin (63%), followed by ceftriaxone (54%), while no isolate showed resistance to gentamycin. The prevalence of bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II genes in phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates were 100%, 61.29%, 100%, 8.33%, 56%, and 72%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Spillover of such multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes from pet dogs pose a serious public health risk.202033409311
2156100.9997Antimicrobial resistance in urinary pathogens and culture-independent detection of trimethoprim resistance in urine from patients with urinary tract infection. BACKGROUND: Although urinary tract infections (UTIs) are extremely common, isolation of causative uropathogens is not always routinely performed, with antibiotics frequently prescribed empirically. This study determined the susceptibility of urinary isolates from two Health and Social Care Trusts (HSCTs) in Northern Ireland to a range of antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of UTIs. Furthermore, we determined if detection of trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA) could be used as a potential biomarker for rapid detection of phenotypic trimethoprim resistance in urinary pathogens and from urine without culture. METHODS: Susceptibility of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates (n = 124) to trimethoprim, amoxicillin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, co-amoxiclav and nitrofurantoin in addition to susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis (n = 61) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 17) to trimethoprim was determined by ETEST® and interpreted according to EUCAST breakpoints. PCR was used to detect dfrA genes in bacterial isolates (n = 202) and urine samples(n = 94). RESULTS: Resistance to trimethoprim was observed in 37/124 (29.8%) E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates with an MIC(90) > 32 mg/L. DfrA genes were detected in 29/37 (78.4%) trimethoprim-resistant isolates. Detection of dfrA was highly sensitive (93.6%) and specific (91.4%) in predicting phenotypic trimethoprim resistance among E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates. The dfrA genes analysed were detected using a culture-independent PCR method in 16/94 (17%) urine samples. Phenotypic trimethoprim resistance was apparent in isolates cultured from 15/16 (94%) dfrA-positive urine samples. There was a significant association (P < 0.0001) between the presence of dfrA and trimethoprim resistance in urine samples containing Gram-negative bacteria (Sensitivity = 75%; Specificity = 96.9%; PPV = 93.8%; NPV = 86.1%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that molecular detection of dfrA genes is a good indicator of trimethoprim resistance without the need for culture and susceptibility testing.202235610571
1280110.9997Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcus spp. Harbored by Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Central Italy. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are present in areas where there is human activity; therefore, they can be a source of pathogens for other animals and humans. METHODS: Eighteen hedgehog carcasses were collected and analyzed for Staphylococcus spp. Isolated strains were typed and analyzed for exfoliative toxins genes and the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of antimicrobial resistance. RESULTS: A total of 54 strains were isolated and typed as S. aureus, S. xylosus, S. sciuri, S. pseudintermedius, S. simulans, S. chromogenes, S. epidermidis, S. hyicus, and S. lentus. No strains had the eta and etb genes coding for exfoliative toxins. Overall, 39/54 (72.20%) isolates showed phenotypic resistance to at least one antimicrobial and 21/54 (38.80%) showed more than one resistance. The lowest efficacy was observed for erythromycin, with 40/54 (74.08%) strains classified as intermediate and 6/54 (11.11%) classified as resistant. Among the 29 isolates shown to be penicillin-resistant, 11 (37.93%) were oxacillin-resistant, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Among the 54 staphylococcal strains, 2 (3.70%) were resistant to vancomycin, both with an MIC value equal to the maximum concentration of the antibiotic tested (256 μg/mL) and 2 (3.70%) had an intermediate resistance profile with an 8 μg/mL MIC value. No strains had the genes vanA and vanB. Two of the 29 (6.90%) penicillin-resistant strains had the blaZ gene; 8 (27.13%) strains had the mecA gene. Overall, 2/54 (3.70%) isolates were classified as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and 9/54 (16.66%) were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). CONCLUSIONS: Hedgehogs can harbor antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci and can be sources of these bacteria for other animals and humans. They can also serve as bioindicators of the pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria circulating in a given habitat.202540724026
2157120.9997Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections in Northern Iran. BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the bacteria associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates during 2013-2015 in Northern Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Overall 3798 patients with clinical symptoms of UTI were subjected as samples, and they were cultured and pure isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical tests and subjected to antibiogram assessment using disc diffusion method. RESULTS: Totally, 568 (14.96%) from 3798 patients had positive UTI. Four hundred and ninety-seven (87.5%) from 568 isolated bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were the most prevalent bacteria. Isolated bacteria indicated the highest antibiotic resistance to methicillin (76.06%) and ampicillin (89.29%) and also revealed the most sensitivity to imipenem (99.1%) and amikacin (91.57%). Statistical analysis of the resistance pattern trend during 3 years indicated the insignificant increase (P > 0.05) in antibiotic resistance of the isolates. CONCLUSION: The results of this study revealed a great concern for emerging UTI-related multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria causing UTI in Iran.201729026424
1044130.9997Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Bacterial Pathogens from Bovine and Caprine Mastitis in Northern Lebanon. Mastitis is an infectious disease encountered in dairy animals worldwide that is currently a growing concern in Lebanon. This study aimed at investigating the etiology of the main mastitis-causing pathogens in Northern Lebanon, determining their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and identifying their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. A total of 101 quarter milk samples were collected from 77 cows and 11 goats presenting symptoms of mastitis on 45 dairy farms. Bacterial identification was carried out through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Molecular characterization included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for genes encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC among Enterobacterales isolates, and virulence factors among Staphylococcus isolates. Escherichia coli isolates were subjected to phylogenetic typing by a quadruplex PCR method. The most frequently identified species were Streptococcus uberis (19.2%), Streptococcus agalactiae (15.1%), E. coli (12.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (10.96%). Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to macrolides and tetracycline, whereas gram-negative bacteria displayed resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. Two ESBL genes, bla(TEM) (83.3%) and bla(OXA) (16.7%), and one AmpC beta-lactamase gene, bla(CMY-II) (16.7%), were detected among six E. coli isolates, which mainly belonged to phylogenetic group B1. Among Staphylococcus spp., the mecA gene was present in three isolates. Furthermore, four isolates contained at least one toxin gene, and all S. aureus isolates carried the ica operon. These findings revealed the alarming risk of AMR in the Lebanese dairy chain and the importance of monitoring antimicrobial usage.202134071800
1467140.9997Detection of bla (CTX-M15) and bla (OXA-48) genes in Gram-negative isolates from neonatal sepsis in central of Iran. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of neonatal sepsis with a focus on antibiotic resistance and the frequency of the bla (CTX-M-15) and bla (OXA-48) genes in Gram-negative isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 108 Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) and 153 peripheral blood samples were cultured via BACTEC from May 2017 to June 2018. The bacterial isolates were identified using phenotypic and genotypic analyses. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined by disk diffusion. PCR was used to determine the frequency of β-lactamase genes. RESULTS: Among the 153 infants, 21 (13.7%) proved positive for sepsis. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most frequent isolates in the peripheral blood cultures. E. coli and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were isolated from two UCB cultures. The highest resistance among the Gram-positive strains was to cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and clindamycin. In the Gram-negative bacteria the highest rates of resistance were to ampicillin (91.7%). The frequency of bla (OXA-48) and bla (CTX-M-15) genes was 25% and 50%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The high antibiotic resistance among the isolates reveals the importance of monitoring antibiotic consumption and improving control standards in the health care system, especially in neonatal wards.201931719958
2204150.9997Multidrug resistance pattern of bacterial agents isolated from patient with chronic sinusitis. BACKGROUND: Treatment of chronic sinusitis is complicated due to increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern of the bacteria causing chronic sinusitis in north of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out on patients with chronic sinusitis. Bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined according to the CLSI 2013 standards. Double-disk synergy (DDS) test was performed for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria; also methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) strains were identified by MRSA screen agar. The MDR isolates were defined as resistant to 3 or more antibiotics. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 software. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the features of the data in this study. RESULTS: The rate of ESBL-producing bacteria was 28.75-37.03% among enterobacteriaceae and the rate of MRSA was 42.75%-60% among Staphylococcus strains. The most detectable rate of the MDR bacterial isolates was Gram-negative bacteria 39 (76.47%) and Enterobacter spp. 19(70.37%) was the most multidrug resistant isolate among Gram negative bacteria. Also 36 (73.46%) of the gram positive bacterial isolated were multidrug resistance and Staphylococcus aureus 9(90%) was the most MDR among Gram positive bacteria. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance is increasing in chronic bacterial sinusitis. The emergence of MRSA and ESBL bacteria causing chronic sinusitis is increasing.201627386063
1129160.9997Genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from hospitalised patients in Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES: Characterisation of resistance phenotype and genotype is crucial to understanding the burden and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aims to determine the spectrum of AMR and associated genes encoding aminoglycoside, macrolide and β-lactam classes of antimicrobials in bacteria isolated from hospitalised patients in Bangladesh. METHODS: 430 bacterial isolates from patients with respiratory, intestinal, wound infections and typhoid fever, presenting to clinical care from 2015 to 2019, were examined. They included Escherichia coli (n = 85); Staphylococcus aureus (n = 84); Salmonella typhi (n = 82); Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 42); Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 36); coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 28); Enterococcus faecalis (n = 27); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 26); and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 20). Reconfirmation of these clinical isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility tests was performed. PCR amplification using resistance gene-specific primers was done, and the amplified products were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: 53% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), including 97% of Escherichia coli. There was a year-wise gradual increase in MDR isolates from 2015 to 2018, and there was an almost twofold increase in the number of MDR strains isolated in 2019 (P = 0.00058). Among the 5 extended-spectrum β-lactamases investigated, CTX-M-1 was the most prevalent (63%) followed by NDM-1 (22%); Escherichia coli was the major reservoir of these genes. The ermB (55%) and aac(6')-Ib (35%) genes were the most frequently detected macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance genes, respectively. CONCLUSION: MDR pathogens are highly prevalent in hospital settings of Bangladesh.202133838068
1300170.9997Genotypic and Phenotypic-Based Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Profile of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec in the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Recovered from Raw Milk. BACKGROUND: Multidrug resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria are determined to be one of the chief causes of foodborne diseases around the world. PURPOSE: This research was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance and distribution of Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types amongst the MRSA bacteria recovered from raw milk. METHODS: Five-hundred and ninety raw milk samples were collected and examined. MRSA bacteria were recognized using susceptibility evaluation toward oxacillin and cefoxitin disks. Profile of antibiotic resistance genes and SCCmec types were determined using the PCR. Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was examined using the disk diffusion. RESULTS: Thirty-nine out of 590 raw milk samples (6.61%) were positive for S. aureus. Twenty-eight out of 39 (71.79%) bacteria were defined as MRSA bacteria. Raw buffalo (80%) milk samples had the maximum incidence of MRSA, while raw camel (33.33%) had the minimum. MRSA bacteria harbored the maximum incidence of resistance toward penicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), erythromycin (82.14%), gentamicin (78.57%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (78.57%). Incidence of resistance toward more than eight classes of antibiotic agents was 28.57%. The most frequently distinguished antibiotic resistance markers were blaZ (100%), tetK (85.71%), dfrA1 (71.42%), aacA-D (67.85%), ermA (50%) and gyrA (42.85%). SCCmec IVa (29.62%), V (25%), III (14.81%) and IVb (11.11%) were the most frequently distinguished types. CONCLUSION: Raw milk of dairy animals maybe sources of multidrug resistant MRSA which pose a hygienic threat concerning the consumption of raw milk in Iran. Nevertheless, further investigations are necessary to understand supplementary epidemiological features of MRSA in raw milk.202032099419
1125180.9997Detection of emerging antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitis in cattle in West Bengal. AIM: The aim of this work was to detect antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitis in cattle in West Bengal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The milk samples were collected from the cattle suffering with subclinical mastitis in West Bengal. The milk samples were inoculated into the nutrient broth and incubated at 37°C. On the next day, the growth was transferred into nutrient agar and MacConkey agar. All the pure cultures obtained from nutrient agar slant were subjected to Gram-staining and standard biochemical tests. All the bacterial isolates were tested in vitro for their sensitivity to different antibiotics commonly used in veterinary practices. All Gram-negative isolates including positive control were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(VIM), tetA, tetB, tetC, and tetM genes considered for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-β-lactamase, and tetracycline resistance. RESULTS: In total, 50 Gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter) were isolated from milk samples of subclinical mastitis infected cattle. Among these Gram-negative isolates, 48% (24/50) were found either ESBL producing or tetracycline resistant. Out of total 50 Gram-negative isolates, bla(CTX-M) was detected in 18 (36%) isolates, and 6 (12%) harbored bla(TEM) genes in PCR. None of the isolates carried bla(SHV) genes. Further, in this study, 5 (10%) isolates harbored tet(A) gene, and 8 (16%) isolates carried tet(B) gene. No tet(C) gene was detected from the isolates. CONCLUSION: This study showed emerging trend of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in cattle in West Bengal, India.201728620255
1288190.9997Assessment of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance among the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from animal meat and carcass samples. BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria are emerging causes of food spoilage and foodborne diseases. Raw meat of animal species may consider a reservoir of P. aeruginosa strains. OBJECTIVES: The present survey was done to assess the prevalence, antibiotic resistance properties and distribution of virulence factors among the P. aeruginosa strains isolated from raw meat and carcass surface swab samples of animal species. METHODS: Five hundred and fifty raw meat and carcass surface swab samples were collected from cattle and sheep species referred to as slaughterhouses. P. aeruginosa bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined by disk diffusion. The distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes was determined using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Forty-seven of 550 (8.54%) examined samples were contaminated with P. aeruginosa. The prevalence of P. aeruginosa in raw meat and carcass surface swab samples were 6.57 and 12%, respectively. P. aeruginosa isolates showed the maximum resistance rate toward penicillin (87.23%), ampicillin (85.10%), tetracycline (85.10%), gentamicin (65.95%) and trimethoprim (57.44%). The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes were BlaCTX-M (53.19%), blaDHA (42.55%) and blaTEM (27.65%). The most commonly detected virulence factors was ExoS (42.55%), algD (31.91%), lasA (31.91%), plcH (31.91%) and exoU (25.53%). CONCLUSIONS: Meat and carcass surface swab samples may be sources of resistant and virulent P. aeruginosa, which pose a hygienic threat in their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of P. aeruginosa in meat and carcass surface samples.202336418165