Prevalence, serovars, and risk factors associated with the presence of Salmonella in pork sold in public markets in Quito, Ecuador. - Related Documents




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120301.0000Prevalence, serovars, and risk factors associated with the presence of Salmonella in pork sold in public markets in Quito, Ecuador. BACKGROUND: Salmonella enterica are bacteria that include more than 2,500 serovars. Most of these serovars have been linked to human foodborne illnesses, mainly related to poultry and pigs. Thus, these animals are considered the reservoirs of many Salmonella serovars and strains related to antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, serovars, β-lactam resistance genes, and the risk factors associated with Salmonella enterica in pork commercialized in open markets of Quito city. METHODS: For this, 165 pork meat samples were taken from municipal markets in three areas in the city. These samples were microbiologically processed following the ISO 6579-2014 standardized method. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was used to identify Salmonella serotyping and resistance genes. Strains not identified by PCR were typed by the Kauffman White Le Minor scheme. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with the presence of the microorganism. RESULTS: Salmonella prevalence in pork was 9.1%. Identified serovars were 4, [5], 12: i:- (53.3%), Infantis (33.3%), and Derby (13.4%). Furthermore, the β-lactam resistance genes bla (CTX-M-65) could be identified in three S. infantis isolates. Multivariate analysis showed that temperature (above 8°C) and cutting surfaces (wood) presented significant association values. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, pork in traditional markets of Quito is contaminated with Salmonella enterica, whose main serovars pose a public health concern, and shows beta-lactam resistance.202338882713
120510.9998Prevalence and Genomic Investigation of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolates from Companion Animals in Hangzhou, China. Salmonella is a group of bacteria that constitutes the leading cause of diarrheal diseases, posing a great disease burden worldwide. There are numerous pathways for zoonotic Salmonella transmission to humans; however, the role of companion animals in spreading these bacteria is largely underestimated in China. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella in pet dogs and cats in Hangzhou, China, and characterize the antimicrobial resistance profile and genetic features of these pet-derived pathogens. In total, 137 fecal samples of pets were collected from an animal hospital in Hangzhou in 2018. The prevalence of Salmonella was 5.8% (8/137) in pets, with 9.3% (5/54) of cats and 3.6% (3/83) of dogs being Salmonella positive. By whole-genome sequencing (WGS), in silico serotyping, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 26 pet-derived Salmonella isolates were identified as Salmonella Dublin (ST10, n = 22) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST19, n = 4). All of the isolates were identified as being multidrug-resistant (MDR), by conducting antimicrobial susceptibility testing under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The antibiotics of the most prevalent resistance were streptomycin (100%), cotrimoxazole (100%), tetracycline (96.20%), and ceftriaxone (92.30%). Versatile antimicrobial-resistant genes were identified, including floR (phenicol-resistant gene), blaCTX-M-15, and blaCTX-M-55 (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes). A total of 11 incompatible (Inc) plasmids were identified, with IncA/C2, IncFII(S), and IncX1 being the most predominant among Salmonella Dublin, and IncFIB(S), IncFII(S), IncI1, and IncQ1 being the most prevailing among Salmonella Typhimurium. Our study applied WGS to characterize pet-derived Salmonella in China, showing the presence of MDR Salmonella in pet dogs and cats with a high diversity of ARGs and plasmids. These data indicate a necessity for the regular surveillance of pet-derived pathogens to mitigate zoonotic diseases.202235625269
114520.9998Abundance of Mobilized Colistin Resistance Gene (mcr-1) in Commensal Escherichia coli from Diverse Sources. Aims: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) spreads not only by pathogenic but also by commensal bacteria, and the latter can become a reservoir for resistance genes. This study was aimed to investigate the AMR patterns along with the presence of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes in commensal Escherichia coli circulating in chickens, farm environments, street foods, and human patients. Materials and Methods: By a cross-sectional survey, isolates obtained from 530 samples were tested for their AMR profiles against 9 antimicrobials. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the phenotypically colistin-resistant isolates was determined and screened for a set of mcr genes followed by sequencing of mcr-1 gene in the multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Results: A total of 313 E. coli strains were isolated and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that about 98% (confidence interval [95% CI] 95-99) of the isolates were MDR, and 58% (95% CI 52-63) isolates exhibited resistance to colistin. MIC values of colistin against the isolates ranged from 4 to 64 mg/L. Except for human patients, 20.4% colistin-resistant isolates from other sources of isolation had mcr-1 gene. Conclusions: There is abundance of commensal MDR E. coli strains with the acquisition of mcr-1 gene circulating in chickens and farm environments in Bangladesh.202133909471
114330.9998Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Profiles of mcr-1-Positive Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine Farms in Heilongjiang Province of China. ABSTRACT: The emergence and global distribution of the mcr-1 gene for colistin resistance have become a public concern because of threats to the role of colistin as the last line of defense against some bacteria. Because of the prevalence of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolates in food animals, production of these animals has been regarded as one of the major sources of amplification and spread of mcr-1. In this study, 249 E. coli isolates were recovered from 300 fecal samples collected from swine farms in Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China. Susceptibility testing revealed that 186 (74.70%) of these isolates were colistin resistant, and 86 were positive for mcr-1. The mcr-1-positive isolates had extensive antimicrobial resistance profiles and additional resistance genes, including blaTEM, blaCTX-M, aac3-IV, tet(A), floR, sul1, sul2, sul3, and oqxAB. No mutations in genes pmrAB and mgrB were associated with colistin resistance. Phylogenetic group analysis revealed that the mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates belonged to groups A (52.33% of isolates), B1 (33.72%), B2 (5.81%), and D (8.14%). The prevalence of the virulence-associated genes iutA, iroN, fimH, vat, ompA, and traT was moderate. Seven mcr-1-positive isolates were identified as extraintestinal pathogenic. Among 20 mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates, multilocus sequence typing revealed that sequence type 10 was the most common (five isolates). The conjugation assays revealed that the majority of mcr-1 genes were transferable at frequencies of 7.05 × 10-7 to 7.57 × 10-4. The results of this study indicate the need for monitoring and minimizing the further dissemination of mcr-1 among E. coli isolates in food animals, particularly swine.202032730609
297240.9998Genetic characterisation of class 1 integrons among multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes in broiler chicken farms. OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella serotypes has been reported. Integrons play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria. Scarce literature is available on the identification of integrons in Salmonella isolated from broiler chickens. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and characterisation of class 1 integrons among multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serotypes in broiler chicken farms in Egypt were performed. METHODS: Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. PCR was performed to detect antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integrons in the tested Salmonella serotypes. Gene sequencing of the variable region of a class 1 integron was performed. RESULTS: Salmonella spp. were detected in 26 (13.5%) of 192 broiler samples, with Salmonella Enteritidis being the most frequently detected serotype, followed by Salmonella Kentucky and Salmonella Typhimurium and other serotypes. A very high resistance rate was observed to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100%), whilst a low resistance rate was observed to cefuroxime (57.7%). MDR S. enterica isolates displayed resistance to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. Class 1 integrons were detected in 20 (76.9%) of the 26 Salmonella isolates. A high prevalence of class 1 integrons, as the first recorded percentage in the literature, associated with MDR Salmonella isolates was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial resistance rates in Salmonella serotypes from broiler chicken farms were alarming, especially for ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. Thus, another therapeutic strategy other than antimicrobials is recommended to prevent outbreaks of MDR Salmonella.201829684574
119750.9998Sink survey to investigate multidrug resistance pattern of common foodborne bacteria from wholesale chicken markets in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among foodborne bacteria is a well-known public health problem. A sink survey was conducted to determine the AMR pattern of common foodborne bacteria in cloacal swab of broiler chickens and sewage samples from five wholesale chicken markets of Dhaka city in Bangladesh. Bacteria were identified by culture-based and molecular methods, and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance genes were identified by multiplex PCR and sequencing. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 93.2% of E. coli, 100% of Salmonella spp., and 97.2% of S. aureus from cloacal swab samples. For sewage samples, 80% of E. coli, and 100% of Salmonella and S. aureus showed MDR. Noteworthy, 8.3% of S. aureus from cloacal swab samples showed possible extensively drug resistance. Antimicrobial resistance genes (beta-lactamase-blaTEM, blaSHV; quinolone resistance gene-qnrS) were detected in a number of E. coli and Salmonella isolates from cloacal swab and sewage samples. The methicillin resistance gene (mecA) was detected in 47.2% and 25% S. aureus from cloacal swab and sewage samples, respectively. The findings envisage the potential public health risk and environmental health hazard through spillover of common foodborne MDR bacteria.202235752640
114660.9998Molecular detection and prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in poultry and humans: a one health perspective. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria significantly threaten humans and animals worldwide. Colistin is the last resort of antibiotics against gram-negative bacterial infections. Its irrational use in poultry is a major factor in transmitting MDR bacteria to humans. The present study investigated the risk factors, prevalence, and molecular detection of colistin resistance associated with poultry and humans. A total of (n = 140) cloacal swabs from chickens and human stool samples (n = 140) were processed to identify E. coli using conventional methods, followed by genotypic confirmation. Phenotypic and genotypic confirmation of antibiotic resistance genes qnrA, blaTEM, tetA, aadA, and mcr genes was performed on these E. coli isolates. These isolates were confirmed at 69.3% and 62.8% in chickens and humans, respectively. Limited education and poor hygiene significantly increased the infection rate (p = 0.0001). The E. coli isolates from commercial poultry showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 98.9% to ampicillin, and 93.8% to tetracycline. The E. coli isolates from humans exhibited 90% resistance to ciprofloxacin, 88% to ampicillin, and 85% to ceftriaxone. Among these, MDR E. coli isolates of both commercial poultry and humans, colistin resistance was found in 78.6% and 48.1%, respectively. Genotypic confirmation of mcr genes such as mcr-1 (42%), mcr-2 (19.6%), mcr-3 (15.1%), mcr-4 (7.6%), and mcr-5 (4.5%) in commercial poultry. However, only the mcr-1 (15.6%) gene was found in human isolates. The current study findings highlight the prevalence of mcr genes in E. coli, potentially contributing to broader antibiotic resistance concerns.202540956559
296770.9998Antibiotic susceptibility and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in poultry meat in Romania. INTRODUCTION: The occurrence of pathogenic strains in poultry meat is of growing concern in Romania. Another problem found on a global level is the continuous increase of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in poultry carcasses obtained in Romania in 2012-2013 and to reveal the most prevalent patterns of antimicrobial resistance in the isolated strains. METHODOLOGY: A total of 144 broiler chicken carcasses were evaluated according to classical microbiological methods. The DNA was extracted from the bacterial colonies and the resistance genes were identified by PCR. RESULTS: In 2012, 47.2% of the samples revealed at least one of the following bacteria: Campylobacter jejuni (9.72%; n = 7), Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (4.17%; n = 3), Listeria monocytogenes (15.28%; n = 11), and Escherichia coli (16.67%; n = 12). In 2013, the number of positive samples of pathogenic bacteria decreased, although Campylobacter jejuni was isolated in a higher percentage (20.8% vs. 9.72%). The percentage of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was high (23%); the most prevalent pattern included resistance to tetracycline, sulfonamides, and quinolones/fluoroquinolones. All the resistant Salmonella and E. coli strains were tested for the presence of characteristic resistance genes (Kn, bla(TEM), tetA, tetB, tetG, DfrIa, aadA1a, Sul) and revealed that these isolates represent an important reservoir in the spread of this phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that Romania urgently needs an integrated surveillance system within the entire chain, for drug-resistant pathogens isolated from poultry meat.201525596569
101380.9998Molecular detection and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli in broiler chicken farms in Malaysia. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major public health threats globally. This challenge has been aggravated with the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in food animals and humans. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from broiler chickens in Kelantan, Malaysia. A total of 320 cloacal swabs were collected from farms in different districts of Kelantan and were analyzed using routine bacteriology, antimicrobial susceptibility test, and molecular techniques for further identification and characterization of ESBL encoding genes. Based on PCR detection for the E. coli species-specific Pho gene, 30.3% (97/320) of isolates were confirmed as E. coli, and 84.5% (82/97) of the isolates were positive for at least one ESBL gene. Majority of the isolates, 62.9% (61/97) were harboring blaCTX-M followed by 45.4% (44/97) of blaTEM genes, while 16.5% (16/97) of the isolates were positive for both mcr-1 and ESBL genes. Overall, 93.8% (90/97) of the E. coli were resistant to three or more antimicrobials; indicating that the isolates were multi-drug resistance. 90.7% of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value greater than 0.2, would also suggest the isolates were from high-risk sources of contamination. The MLST result shows that the isolates are widely diverse. Our findings provide insight into the alarmingly high distribution of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, mainly ESBL producing E. coli in apparently healthy chickens indicating the role of food animals in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, and the potential public health threats it may pose.202337205716
270790.9998Emergence of colistin resistance and characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio cholerae isolated from hybrid red tilapia cage culture. BACKGROUND: Tilapia is a primary aquaculture fish in Thailand, but little is known about the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio cholerae colonizing healthy tilapia intended for human consumption and the co-occurrence of these AMR bacteria in the cultivation water. METHODS: This study determined the phenotype and genotype of AMR, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production, and virulence factors of A. hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and V. cholerae isolated from hybrid red tilapia and cultivation water in Thailand. Standard culture methods such as USFDA's BAM or ISO procedures were used for the original isolation, with all isolates confirmed by biochemical tests, serotyping, and species-specific gene detection based on PCR. RESULTS: A total of 278 isolates consisting of 15 A. hydrophila, 188 Salmonella spp., and 75 V. cholerae isolates were retrieved from a previous study. All isolates of A. hydrophila and Salmonella isolates were resistance to at least one antimicrobial, with 26.7% and 72.3% of the isolates being multidrug resistant (MDR), respectively. All A. hydrophila isolates were resistant to ampicillin (100%), followed by oxytetracycline (26.7%), tetracycline (26.7%), trimethoprim (26.7%), and oxolinic acid (20.0%). The predominant resistance genes in A. hydrophila were mcr-3 (20.0%), followed by 13.3% of isolates having floR, qnrS, sul1, sul2, and dfrA1. Salmonella isolates also exhibited a high prevalence of resistance to ampicillin (79.3%), oxolinic acid (75.5%), oxytetracycline (71.8%), chloramphenicol (62.8%), and florfenicol (55.3%). The most common resistance genes in these Salmonella isolates were qnrS (65.4%), tetA (64.9%), bla (TEM) (63.8%), and floR (55.9%). All V. cholerae isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, while the most common resistance gene was sul1 (12.0%). One isolate of A. hydrophila was positive for int1, while all isolates of Salmonella and V. cholerae isolates were negative for integrons and int (SXT). None of the bacterial isolates in this study were producing ESBL. The occurrence of mcr-3 (20.0%) in these isolates from tilapia aquaculture may signify a serious occupational and consumer health risk given that colistin is a last resort antimicrobial for treatment of Gram-negative bacteria infections. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study on AMR bacteria in hybrid red tilapia suggest that aquaculture as practiced in Thailand can select for ubiquitous AMR pathogens, mobile genetic elements, and an emerging reservoir of mcr and colistin-resistant bacteria. Resistant and pathogenic bacteria, such as resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, or MDR Salmonella circulating in aquaculture, together highlight the public health concerns and foodborne risks of zoonotic pathogens in humans from cultured freshwater fish.202336855429
1614100.9998Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Commensal Escherichia coli in Feedlot Lambs in Southeastern Brazil. Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a public health issue since it limits the choices to treat infections by Escherichia coli in humans and animals. In Brazil, the ovine meat market has grown in recent years, but studies about AR in sheep are still scarce. Thus, this study aims to investigate the presence of AR in E. coli isolated from lambs during feedlot. To this end, feces from 112 lambs with 2 months of age, after weaning, were collected on the first day of the animals in the feedlot (day 0), and on the last day before slaughtering (day 42). Isolates were selected in MacConkey agar supplemented with 4 mg/L of ceftiofur and identified by biochemical methods. Isolates were submitted to an antimicrobial susceptibility test by disc-diffusion and PCR to investigate genes for phylogenetic group, virulence determinants and resistance to the several antimicrobial classes tested. The genetic localization of the bla genes detected was elucidated by S1-PFGE followed by Southern blot-hybridizations. The isolates were typed by XbaI-PFGE and MLST methods. Seventy-eight E. coli were isolated from 8/112 (7.1%) animals on day 0, and from 55/112 (49.1%) animals on day 42. Since only fimH was present in almost all E. coli (97.4%) as a virulence gene, and also 88.5% belonged to phylogroups B1 or A, we consider that isolates represent intestinal commensal bacteria. The dendrogram separated the 78 non-virulent isolates in seven clusters, two of which comprised 50 E. coli belonging to ST/CC 1727/446 or ST 3994 recovered on day 42 commonly harboring the genotype bla (CMY -2)-aac(3)-IIa -tetA-sul1-sul2-floR-cmlA. Special attention should be given to the presence of bla (CTX-M-15), a worldwide gene spread, and bla (CTX-M-14), a hitherto undetected gene in Enterobacteriaceae from food-producing animals in Brazil. Importantly, E. coli lineages and plasmids carrying bla genes detected here have already been reported as sources of infection in humans either from animals, food, or the environment, which raises public health concerns. Hence, two types of commensal E. coli carrying important AR genes clearly prevailed during feedlot, but lambs are also reservoirs of bacteria carrying important AR genes such as bla (CTX-M-14) and bla (CTX-M-15), mostly related to antimicrobial treatment failure.201931293542
1153110.9998Antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from household water supply in Dhaka, Bangladesh. BACKGROUND: Unsafe water supplies continue to raise public health concerns, especially in urban areas in low resource countries. To understand the extent of public health risk attributed to supply water in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, Escherichia coli isolated from tap water samples collected from different locations of the city were characterized for their antibiotic resistance, pathogenic properties and genetic diversity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 233 E. coli isolates obtained from 175 tap water samples were analysed for susceptibility to 16 different antibiotics and for the presence of genes associated with virulence and antibiotic resistance. Nearly 36% (n = 84) of the isolates were multi-drug(≥ 3 classes of antibiotics) resistant (MDR) and 26% (n = 22) of these were positive for extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Of the 22 ESBL-producers, 20 were positive for bla CTX-M-15, 7 for bla OXA-1-group (all had bla OXA-47) and 2 for bla CMY-2. Quinolone resistance genes, qnrS and qnrB were detected in 6 and 2 isolates, respectively. Around 7% (n = 16) of the isolates carried virulence gene(s) characteristic of pathogenic E. coli; 11 of these contained lt and/or st and thus belonged to enterotoxigenic E. coli and 5 contained bfp and eae and thus belonged to enteropathogenic E. coli. All MDR isolates carried multiple plasmids (2 to 8) of varying sizes ranging from 1.2 to >120 MDa. Ampicillin and ceftriaxone resistance were co-transferred in conjugative plasmids of 70 to 100 MDa in size, while ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline resistance were co-transferred in conjugative plasmids of 50 to 90 MDa. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed diverse genetic fingerprints of pathogenic isolates. SIGNIFICANCE: Multi-drug resistant E. coli are wide spread in public water supply in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Transmission of resistant bacteria and plasmids through supply water pose serious threats to public health in urban areas.201323573295
2969120.9998Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Houseflies and Feces of Cattle and Pigs at a Slaughterhouse in Lima, Peru. Background: Pigs and cattle have been implicated as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) that can spread to humans, and houseflies are considered potential carriers of bacteria with ARGs that could contribute to their spread to the environment, including food, animals, and humans. Methods: In this study, 107, 145, and 127 Escherichia coli strains were isolated from houseflies, pigs, and cattle, respectively, from a slaughterhouse in Lima, Peru. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer method, where thirteen antibiotics were used. Strains were also plated on CHROMagar COL-APSE agar, and colistin's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Colistin-resistant E. coli strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing. Results: 7.8% (8/107), 1.38% (2/145), and 0.79% (1/127) of E. coli strains isolated from houseflies, pigs, and cattle, respectively, were resistant to colistin (MIC ≥ 4 µg/mL). ARGs associated with resistance to more than 6 different antibiotic classes were identified, including tetracyclines, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, nitroimidazoles, trimethoprim and amphenicols. Conclusions: This study suggests that flies could contribute to the dissemination of ARG carrying bacteria and shows the potential risk of animals and meat production systems as reservoirs of ARG carrying bacteria.202540868012
1622130.9998Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Frequency of bla and qnr Genes in Salmonella enterica Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs. Salmonella enterica is known as one of the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide. While salmonellosis is usually self-limiting, severe infections may require antimicrobial therapy. However, increasing resistance of Salmonella to antimicrobials, particularly fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, is of utmost concern. The present study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. enterica isolated from pork, the major product in Philippine livestock production. Our results show that both the qnrS and the bla(TEM) antimicrobial resistance genes were present in 61.2% of the isolates. While qnrA (12.9%) and qnrB (39.3%) were found less frequently, co-carriage of bla(TEM) and one to three qnr subtypes was observed in 45.5% of the isolates. Co-carriage of bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M) was also observed in 3.9% of the isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the majority of isolates were non-susceptible to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and 13.5% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). MDR isolates belonged to either O:3,10, O:4, or an unidentified serogroup. High numbers of S. enterica carrying antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG), specifically the presence of isolates co-carrying resistance to both β-lactams and fluoroquinolones, raise a concern on antimicrobial use in the Philippine hog industry and on possible transmission of ARG to other bacteria.202134943653
2974140.9998Diversity of Virulence Genes in Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli from a Hospital in Western China. BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli strains are the most commonly isolated bacteria in hospitals. The normally harmless commensal E. coli can become a highly adapted pathogen, capable of causing various diseases both in healthy and immunocompromised individuals, by acquiring a combination of mobile genetic elements. Our aim was to characterize E. coli strains from a hospital in western China to determine their virulence and antimicrobial resistance potential. METHODS: A total of 97 E. coli clinical isolates were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from 2015 to 2016. Microbiological methods, PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were used in this study. RESULTS: The frequency of occurrence of the virulence genes fimC, irp2, fimH, fyuA, lpfA, hlyA, sat, and cnf1 in the E. coli isolates was 93.81, 92.78, 91.75, 84.54, 41.24, 32.99, 28.86, and 7.22%, respectively. Ninety-five (97.9%) isolates carried two or more different virulence genes. Of these, 44 (45.4%) isolates simultaneously harbored five virulence genes, 24 (24.7%) isolates harbored four virulence genes, and 17 (17.5%) isolates harbored six virulence genes. In addition, all E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant and had a high degree of antimicrobial resistance. CONCLUSION: These results indicate a high frequency of occurrence and heterogeneity of virulence gene profiles among clinical multidrug resistant E. coli isolates. Therefore, appropriate surveillance and control measures are essential to prevent the further spread of these isolates in hospitals.201931824179
1653150.9998Resistance Genes, Plasmids, Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), and Phenotypic Resistance of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) Isolated from Slaughtered Chickens in Burkina Faso. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in developing countries increases risks to the health of both such countries' residents and the global community due to international travel. It is consequently necessary to investigate antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in countries such as Burkina Faso, where surveillance data are not available. To study the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella, 102 Salmonella strains isolated from slaughtered chickens were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to obtain information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and other genetic factors. Twenty-two different serotypes were identified using WGS, the most prevalent of which were Hato (28/102, 27.5%) and Derby (23/102, 22.5%). All strains analyzed possessed at least one and up to nine AMR genes, with the most prevalent being the non-functional aac(6')-Iaa gene, followed by aph(6)-Id. Multi-drug resistance was found genotypically in 36.2% of the isolates for different classes of antibiotics, such as fosfomycin and β-lactams, among others. Plasmids were identified in 43.1% of isolates (44/102), and 25 plasmids were confirmed to carry AMR genes. The results show that chicken can be considered as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains. Due to the prevalence of these drug-resistant pathogens and the potential for foodborne illnesses, poultry processing and cooking should be performed with attention to prescribed safe handling methods to avoid cross-contamination with chicken products.202235740187
1017160.9998Evaluation of canine raw food products for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria of the order Enterobacterales. OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential contamination of commercial raw dog food products with bacteria of the Enterobacterales order that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase enzymes, determine risk factors for contamination, and understand isolate genetic diversity. SAMPLES: A total of 200 canine raw food products. METHODS: Products were cultured on selective chromogenic agar following enrichment steps. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for isolates that were confirmed to produce an ESBL. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial resistance genes, and multilocus sequences typing, and compared to other isolates in the NCBI database for clonality. Preservation method and protein sources were assessed as potential risk factors for contamination with ESBL and carbapenemase-producing bacteria of the Enterobacterales order. RESULTS: No carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) were identified, but ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria were isolated from 20/200 products (10.0%; 95% CI, 7.3 to 16.5%), all of which were frozen. Pork-derived protein source products were 8.1 times (P = .001; 95% CI, 2.53 to 26.2) more likely to carry ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria than other protein sources. WGS analysis confirmed the presence of ESBL genes in a total of 25 distinct isolates (19 Escherichia coli, 5 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1 Citrobacter braakii). Genes encoding CTX-M type ESBL enzymes were the most common (24/25 isolates, 96.0%) with blaCTX-M-27 being the most common allele (8/25, 32.0%). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Frozen, raw food products may serve as a route of transmission of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria to companion animals. Veterinarians should advise owners about the risks of raw food diets, including potential exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.202235895774
1005170.9998Prevalence and Characterization of Beta-Lactam and Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Organic Fresh Produce Retailed in Eastern Spain. Fresh fruits and vegetables are potential reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance determinants, but few studies have focused specifically on organic vegetables. The present study aimed to determine the presence of third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)- and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria on fresh organic vegetables produced in the city of Valencia (Spain). Main expanded spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-encoding genes were also detected in the isolates. One hundred and fifteen samples were analyzed using selective media supplemented with cefotaxime and meropenem. Resistance assays for twelve relevant antibiotics in medical use were performed using a disc diffusion test. A total of 161 isolates were tested. Overall, 33.5% presented multidrug resistance and 16.8% were resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics tested. Imipenem resistance was observed in 18% of isolates, and low resistance levels were found to ceftazidime and meropenem. Opportunistic pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter spp., Raoultella sp., and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were detected, all presenting high rates of resistance. PCR assays revealed bla(VIM) to be the most frequently isolated ESBL-encoding gene, followed by bla(TEM) and bla(OXA-48). These results confirm the potential of fresh vegetables to act as reservoirs for 3GC- and carbapenem-producing ARB. Further studies must be carried out to determine the impact of raw organic food on the spread of AMRs into the community.202336830297
1198180.9998Third-Generation Cephalosporin- and Tetracycline-Resistant Escherichia coli and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes from Metagenomes of Mink Feces and Feed. American mink (Neovison vison) is a significant source of global fur production. Except for a few studies from Denmark and Canada reporting antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from clinical cases, studies from the general mink population are scarce and absent in the United States. Mink feces (n = 42) and feed (n = 8) samples obtained from a mink farm were cultured for the enumeration and detection of tetracycline-resistant (TET(r))- and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (TGC(r))-Escherichia coli. Isolates were characterized phenotypically for their resistance to other antibiotics and genotypically for resistance genes. TET(r)E. coli were detected from 98% of feces samples (mean concentration = 6 log(10)) and from 100% of feed samples (mean concentration = 3.2 logs). Among TET(r)E. coli isolates, 44% (n = 41) of fecal- and 50% (n = 8) of feed isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes), and 96% (n = 49) of TET(r) isolates were positive for tet(A) and/or tet(B). TGC(r)E. coli were detected from 95% of feces and 75% of feed samples with 78% (n = 40) of fecal isolates, and all six of the feed isolates were MDR. Nearly two-thirds (65%) of the TGC(r)E. coli isolates (n = 46) were positive for bla(CMY-2); the remaining 35% were positive for bla(CTX-M,) with the bla(CTX-M-14) being the predominant (75%, n = 16) variant detected. Metagenomic DNA was extracted directly from feces and feed samples, and it was tested for 84 antimicrobial resistance genes by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array; selected genes were also quantified by droplet digital PCR. The genes detected from the fecal samples belonged mainly to five antimicrobial classes: macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS(B); 100% prevalence), TETs (88.1%), β-lactams (71.4%), aminoglycosides (66.7%), and fluoroquinolones (47.6%). β-Lactam, MLS(B), and TET resistance genes were also detected from feed samples. Our study serves as a baseline for further studies and to streamline antimicrobial use in mink production in accordance with current regulations as in food animals.202133085531
1152190.9998Gut Commensal Escherichia coli, a High-Risk Reservoir of Transferable Plasmid-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance Traits. BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli (E. coli), the main human gut microorganism, is one of the evolved superbugs because of acquiring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). PURPOSE: This study aimed to screen isolates of gut commensal E. coli from healthy adult individuals for antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid-mediated AMR encoding genes. METHODS: Gut commensal E. coli bacteria were isolated from fecal samples that were taken from healthy adult individuals and investigated phenotypically for their antimicrobial susceptibility against diverse classes of antimicrobials using the Kirby Bauer disc method. PCR-based molecular assays were carried out to detect diverse plasmid-carried AMR encoding genes and virulence genes of different E. coli pathotypes (eaeA, stx, ipaH, est, elt, aggR and pCVD432). The examined AMR genes were β-lactam resistance encoding genes (bla (CTX-M1), bla (TEM), bla (CMY-2)), tetracycline resistance encoding genes (tetA, tetB), sulfonamides resistance encoding genes (sul1, sulII), aminoglycoside resistance encoding genes (aac(3)-II, aac(6')-Ib-cr) and quinolones resistance encoding genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS). RESULTS: PCR results revealed the absence of pathotypes genes in 56 isolates that were considered gut commensal isolates. E. coli isolates showed high resistance rates against tested antimicrobial agents belonging to both β-lactams and sulfonamides (42/56, 75%) followed by quinolones (35/56, 62.5%), tetracyclines (31/56, 55.4%), while the lowest resistance rate was to aminoglycosides (24/56, 42.9%). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles revealed that 64.3% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). High prevalence frequencies of plasmid-carried AMR genes were detected including bla (TEM) (64%) sulI (60.7%), qnrA (51.8%), aac(3)-II (37.5%), and tetA (46.4%). All isolates harbored more than one gene with the most frequent genetic profile among isolates was bla (TEM)-bla (CTX-M1-like)-qnrA-qnrB-tetA-sulI. CONCLUSION: Results are significant in the evaluation of plasmid-carried AMR genes in the human gut commensal E. coli, suggesting a potential human health risk and the necessity of strict regulation of the use of antibiotics in Egypt. Commensal E. coli bacteria may constitute a potential reservoir of AMR genes that can be transferred to other bacterial species.202235321080