The characteristic of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi isolated from tertiary care hospital in Faisalabad. - Related Documents




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113001.0000The characteristic of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi isolated from tertiary care hospital in Faisalabad. Salmonella Typhi, a human-restricted pathogen, is demonstrating multi-drug resistance (MDR) due to widespread and inappropriate antibiotic use. This study aims to molecular identify the pattern of antibiotic resistance. Blood samples from 2456 suspected patients were assessed. Molecular identification of Salmonella Typhi was performed by amplifying the fliC gene. The Disc diffusion method was used to measure the susceptibility of antibiotics. 2456 patient samples, bacterial growth and Salmonella Typhi were 152 (6.2 %) positive. PCR analysis confirmed that all 152 isolated strains were Salmonella Typhi (100%) through the amplification of the fliC gene. Salmonella Typhi isolates showed resistance to trimethoprim (58%), ampicillin (63%), ciprofloxacin (79%) and chloramphenicol (58%). Fifty-eight percent of the isolates showed multi-drug resistance, whereas 26 percent had extensive drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance gene of quinolones was isolated as 44 (36.4%), whereas 88 (57.9 %) were positive for bla(CTX-M) gene were detected among cephalosporin-resistance bacteria 56 (36.8 %) resistance bla(IMP) and bla(OXA-48) were detected among carbapenem-resistance bacteria. For the azithromycin resistance, more genes were detected as a percentage 03 (50 %) from isolates. It concludes that several multidrug resistance and extensive drug-resistance Salmonella Typhi were found. The majority of isolates were sensitive to meropenem, Imipenem and Azithromycin.202540996203
215410.9999Molecular analysis of multidrug-resistant E. coli in pediatric UTIs: findings from a Nigerian Hospital. INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to isolate and characterize antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli from urine samples of children at the Mother and Child Hospital in Ondo State, Nigeria, assessing antibiogram profiling and resistance genes. METHODOLOGY: Three hundred urine samples (158 females, 142 males), aged 3-5 years, were collected, transported on ice, and analyzed bacteriologically. E. coli and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated using Eosin Methylene Blue agar and identified through colony morphology and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined via Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion, and resistance genes were detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Of the 300 samples, 40 (13.3%) yielded E. coli with varying antibiotic resistance profiles. The highest resistance was against Amoxicillin-clavulanate (87.5%) followed by Ceftriaxone (80%). Susceptibility was observed to Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, and Chloramphenicol. Multiple resistance patterns against 3-4 antibiotic classes were recorded, with 12 distinct patterns observed. Eight isolates harbored blaCTX-M gene, while five carried the aac3-IV gene. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded a high occurrence of E. coli infection and multiple antibiotic resistance in the region. The presence of resistance genes suggests significant economic and health implications, emphasizing prudent antibiotic use under physician guidance to mitigate multiple antibiotic resistance.202438484349
112920.9999Genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from hospitalised patients in Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES: Characterisation of resistance phenotype and genotype is crucial to understanding the burden and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aims to determine the spectrum of AMR and associated genes encoding aminoglycoside, macrolide and β-lactam classes of antimicrobials in bacteria isolated from hospitalised patients in Bangladesh. METHODS: 430 bacterial isolates from patients with respiratory, intestinal, wound infections and typhoid fever, presenting to clinical care from 2015 to 2019, were examined. They included Escherichia coli (n = 85); Staphylococcus aureus (n = 84); Salmonella typhi (n = 82); Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 42); Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 36); coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 28); Enterococcus faecalis (n = 27); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 26); and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 20). Reconfirmation of these clinical isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility tests was performed. PCR amplification using resistance gene-specific primers was done, and the amplified products were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: 53% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), including 97% of Escherichia coli. There was a year-wise gradual increase in MDR isolates from 2015 to 2018, and there was an almost twofold increase in the number of MDR strains isolated in 2019 (P = 0.00058). Among the 5 extended-spectrum β-lactamases investigated, CTX-M-1 was the most prevalent (63%) followed by NDM-1 (22%); Escherichia coli was the major reservoir of these genes. The ermB (55%) and aac(6')-Ib (35%) genes were the most frequently detected macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance genes, respectively. CONCLUSION: MDR pathogens are highly prevalent in hospital settings of Bangladesh.202133838068
215530.9999Resistance Profiles and Virulence Factors of Enteric Escherichia coli in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients at Laquintinie Hospital in Douala, Cameroon. Escherichia coli is commonly found in human feces and is the most prevalent resistant microorganism in patients with chronic kidney disease. Several studies demonstrated that virulence factors were a major cause of the emergence of pathogenic strains of E. coli. This study's objective was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile, detect virulence factors, and assess the prevalence of carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in fecal E. coli isolates obtained from chronic kidney disease patients. This research was carried out in Laquintinie Hospital of Douala between January 2022 and December 2023. In total, 458 patients with (n = 197) or without (n = 261) chronic kidney disease and suffering from gastroenteritis constituted the total population. E. coli isolates were obtained by using eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and identified by the API 20E gallery system. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to determine the isolates' antibiotic resistance profile. The simplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) served to detect virulence factors and resistance genes. It appeared that all antibiotics tested, except nalidixic acid, presented a significant resistance (p < 0.05) in chronic kidney disease patients contrasted to patients without chronic kidney disease. The antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed a high level of resistance to amoxicillin (94.5%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (79.5%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (69.9%), and ofloxacin (65.8%) in patients with chronic kidney disease. E. coli isolates showed (p < 0.001) a significantly high rate of multidrug resistance phenotype in chronic kidney disease patients (74.0%) as compared to patients without chronic kidney disease (35.7%). According to the virulence genes detected, the most prevalent pathotype of E. coli was the enteropathogenic E. coli (40.8%; n = 40), followed by enterotoxigenic E. coli (29.6%; n = 29) and shiga toxin-producing E. coli (29.6%; n = 29). The screening of resistance genes in pathotypes of E. coli has demonstrated that bla (TEM) (76.5%; n = 75) and bla (CTX-M) (75.5%; n = 74) were the more frequent ESBL resistance genes encountered. This study showed that a high rate of resistance, multidrug resistance, and a high frequency of enteropathogenic E. coli and ESBL resistance genes in E. coli were most often found in chronic kidney disease patients. This high level of enteric multidrug-resistant E. coli in chronic kidney disease patients exposes them to hazardous antibiotic treatment and serious public health issues.202540980185
215640.9999Antimicrobial resistance in urinary pathogens and culture-independent detection of trimethoprim resistance in urine from patients with urinary tract infection. BACKGROUND: Although urinary tract infections (UTIs) are extremely common, isolation of causative uropathogens is not always routinely performed, with antibiotics frequently prescribed empirically. This study determined the susceptibility of urinary isolates from two Health and Social Care Trusts (HSCTs) in Northern Ireland to a range of antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of UTIs. Furthermore, we determined if detection of trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA) could be used as a potential biomarker for rapid detection of phenotypic trimethoprim resistance in urinary pathogens and from urine without culture. METHODS: Susceptibility of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates (n = 124) to trimethoprim, amoxicillin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, co-amoxiclav and nitrofurantoin in addition to susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis (n = 61) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 17) to trimethoprim was determined by ETEST® and interpreted according to EUCAST breakpoints. PCR was used to detect dfrA genes in bacterial isolates (n = 202) and urine samples(n = 94). RESULTS: Resistance to trimethoprim was observed in 37/124 (29.8%) E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates with an MIC(90) > 32 mg/L. DfrA genes were detected in 29/37 (78.4%) trimethoprim-resistant isolates. Detection of dfrA was highly sensitive (93.6%) and specific (91.4%) in predicting phenotypic trimethoprim resistance among E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates. The dfrA genes analysed were detected using a culture-independent PCR method in 16/94 (17%) urine samples. Phenotypic trimethoprim resistance was apparent in isolates cultured from 15/16 (94%) dfrA-positive urine samples. There was a significant association (P < 0.0001) between the presence of dfrA and trimethoprim resistance in urine samples containing Gram-negative bacteria (Sensitivity = 75%; Specificity = 96.9%; PPV = 93.8%; NPV = 86.1%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that molecular detection of dfrA genes is a good indicator of trimethoprim resistance without the need for culture and susceptibility testing.202235610571
215050.9999Analysis of drug resistance genes of integrons in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from elderly bloodstream infections. This experiment was carried out to provide a basis for the treatment of clinical bloodstream infections by analyzing the drug resistance characteristics and integrated gene distribution of Escherichia coli in bloodstream infections in elderly patients. For this aim, E. coli were collected for bacterial identification and drug sensitivity testing from bloodstream infections in elderly patients in the hospital from January 2016 to December 2019. ESBLs positive strains were assayed for genotypes and their integron carriage rates by PCR amplification. The characteristics and differences of various genotype rates were compared and analyzed. Results showed that a total of 230 E. coli strains were isolated. The detection rate of ESBLs-producing bacteria was 37.39 %. ESBLs-producing E. coli showed a high rate of resistance to cefepime, levofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (>40%). The resistance rate of 230 strains of E. coli to meropenem, minocycline, amikacin, gentamicin and cefoxitin was less than 20%. Among the ESBLs-producing E. coli in bloodstream infections in elderly patients, CTX-M-9 accounted for 27.91%, CTX-M-2 for 17.44%, and SHV for 13.95%. The detection rate of type I integrated genes was 41.30%, and type II and III integrated genes were not detected. ESBLs-producing genotyping-positive bacteria were detected with more than 50% of type I integrated genes. It was concluded that type I integrated genes in ESBLs-producing E. coli isolated from elderly patients carried resistance genes such as CTX-M-9 and CTX-M-2 aggravating multi-drug resistance in bacteria.202236227675
116360.9999A Three-Year Look at the Phylogenetic Profile, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Associated Virulence Genes of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections, resulting in about 150 million reported annual cases. With multidrug resistance on the rise and the need for global and region surveillance, this investigation looks at the UPEC isolates collected for a 3-year period, with a view of ascertaining their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associated virulence determinants. The identification of bacteria isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) production was determined with a Vitek 2 Compact Automated System (BioMerieux, Marcy L'Etoile, France). ESBLs were confirmed by the combined disc test (CDT) and basic biochemical test. The isolates were distributed into A (11%), B1 (6%), B2 (62.4%), and D (20.6%). Resistance to the penicillin group was high, between 88% and 100%. Additionally, resistance was high to cephalosporins (100%) in 2017 and 2018. The isolates were all sensitive to tigecycline, while resistance against imipenem and meropenem was low, at 4-12% in 2017 and 2018 and 0% in 2019. The results also showed that ESBL isolates were seen in 2017 and 2018. They were confirmed positive to CTX/CLA (88.5%) and CAZ/CLA (85%). By 2019, the number of resistant isolates reduced, showing only 4% ESBL isolates. Two virulence genes, fimH (46%) and papE/F (15%), were detected among the isolates by PCR. In conclusion, this study found that phylogroups B2 and D carried the most virulence genes as well as MDR and ESBL characteristics, suggesting the UPEC strains to be extraintestinal pathogens responsible for UTIs.202235745485
214770.9999Identification of Genes Coding Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzymes in E. coli of UTI Patients in India. This study is to probe the pattern of antibiotic resistance against aminoglycosides and its mechanism in E. coli obtained from patients from Chennai, India. Isolation and identification of pathogens were done on MacConkey agar. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done by disc diffusion test. The identification of genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Out of 98 isolates, 71 (72.45%) isolates were identified as E. coli and the remaining 27 (27.55%) as other bacteria. Disc diffusion method results showed a resistance level of 72.15% for streptomycin, 73.4% for gentamicin, 63.26% for neomycin, 57.14% for tobramycin, 47.9% for netilmicin, and 8.16% for amikacin in E. coli. PCR screening showed the presence of four genes, namely, rrs, aacC2, aacA-aphD, and aphA3, in their plasmid DNA. The results point towards the novel mechanism of drug resistance in E. coli from UTI patients in India as they confirm the presence of genes encoding enzymes that cause resistance to aminoglycoside drugs. This could be an alarm for drug prescription to UTI patients.201627403451
215180.9999Study of the Genomic Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolated From Iraqi Patients with Urinary Tract Infections. Urinary tract infection is one of the last diseases prevalent in humans, with various causative agents affecting 250 million people annually, This study analyzed UTIs in Iraqi patients caused by Escherichia coli. ESBL enzymes contribute to antibiotic resistance. The research aimed to analyze ESBL gene frequency, resistance patterns, and genetic diversity of E. coli strains; Between Dec 2020 and May 2021, 200 urine samples were collected, cultured on blood agar, EMB, and MacConkey's plates, samples incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Positive samples (> 100 cfu/ml) underwent Kirby-Bauer and CLSI antibiotic susceptibility testing. PCR detected virulence genes, Beta-lactamase coding genes, and biofilm-associated resistance genes in E. coli isolates; Out of 200 isolates, 80% comprised Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, 120 isolates (60%) were Gram-negative, while 40 isolates (20%) were Gram-positive. Among Gram-negative isolates, 20% were identified as E. coli. Remarkably, all E. coli strains showed resistance to all tested antibiotics, ranging from 80 to 95% resistance. The E. coli isolates harbored three identified resistance genes: blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTXM. Regarding biofilm production, 10% showed no formation, 12% weak formation, 62% moderate formation, and 16% strong formation; our study found that pathogenic E. coli caused 20% of UTIs. The majority of studied E. coli strains from UTI patients carried the identified virulence genes, which are vital for infection development and persistence.202439011020
216490.9998Tetracycline susceptibility testing and resistance genes in isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-Acinetobacter calcoaceticus complex from a U.S. military hospital. Infections with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-Acinetobacter calcoaceticus complex bacteria complicate the care of U.S. military personnel and civilians worldwide. One hundred thirty-three isolates from 89 patients at our facility during 2006 and 2007 were tested by disk diffusion, Etest, and broth microdilution for susceptibility to tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and tigecycline. Minocycline was the most active in vitro, with 90% of the isolates tested susceptible. Susceptibilities varied significantly with the testing method. The acquired tetracycline resistance genes tetA, tetB, and tetA(39) were present in the isolates.200919307365
2149100.9998Cross-Resistance and the Mechanisms of Cephalosporin-Resistant Bacteria in Urinary Tract Infections Isolated in Indonesia. Urinary tract infection (UTI) by antibiotic-resistant strains has become increasingly problematic, with trends that differ from country to country. This study examined cross-resistance and the mechanisms of cephalosporin resistance in UTI-causative bacteria isolated in Indonesia. Antibiotic susceptibility tests based on Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards were done for UTI-causative strains (n = 50) isolated from patients in Indonesia in 2015-2016 and showed resistance against the third-generation cephalosporin. Mechanistic studies were carried out to confirm the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, carbapenemase-related genes, the fosA3 gene related to fosfomycin resistance, and mutations of quinolone-resistance-related genes. Isolated UTI-causative bacteria included Escherichia coli (64.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.0%), and others (10.0%). These strains showed 96.0% susceptibility to amikacin, 76.0% to fosfomycin, 90.0% to imipenem, 28.0% to levofloxacin, 92.0% to meropenem, and 74.0% to tazobactam/piperacillin. ESBL was produced by 68.0% of these strains. Mechanistic studies found no strains with carbapenemase genes but 6.0% of strains had the fosA3 gene. Seventy-two % of the strains had mutations in the gyrA gene and 74.0% in the parC gene. Most E. coli strains (87.5%) had Ser-83 → Leu and Asp-87 → Asn in gyrA and 93.8% of E. coli had Ser-80 → Ile in parC. There were significant correlations among mutations in gyrA and parC, and fosA3 gene detection (P < 0.05), respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first mechanistic study of antibiotic-cross-resistant UTI-causative bacteria in Indonesia. Further studies with a longer period of observation are necessary, especially for changes in carbapenem resistance without carbapenemase-related genes.202133713209
923110.9998Prevalence of Oxacillinase Genes in Clinical Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. BACKGROUND: The emergence of OXA-type beta-lactamases has become a significant threat to public healthcare systems and may lead to prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality rates among affected patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of oxacillinase resistance (OXA) genes in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. METHODS: One hundred and six clinical isolates were collected from a stock of Gram-negative isolates and were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility and presence of OXA genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The most common detected isolate was Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.8%), followed by Escherichia coli (33%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (14.2%). Out of these isolates, 97.4%, 87.2%, 84.6%, and 79.5% were resistant to ampicillin/sulbactam, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and aztreonam, respectively. PCR results confirmed the presence of one or more OXA genes in 34% of the samples studied. The blaOXA-1 and blaOXA-10 genes were the most highly detected genes, followed by blaOXA-4 and blaOXA-51. The total number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was confirmed to carry at least one OXA gene (70.6%), whereas Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were confirmed to carry at least one OXA gene (53.3, 28.2, and 22.9%, respectively). There was a significant association (p < 0.05) between the resistance genes and the type of isolate. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are the most common MDR Gram-negative strains carrying OXA-type beta-lactamase genes. Monitoring of MDR pathogens in Gram-negative bacteria must be continuously undertaken to implement effective measures for infection control and prevention.202540066541
2159120.9998Involvement of the AcrAB Efflux Pump in Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Clinical Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolates. BACKGROUND: Increasing prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains confines the therapeutic options used to treat bacterial infections. OBJECTIVE: We aimed in this study to investigate the role of AcrAB and qepA efflux pumps and AAC(6')-Ib-cr enzyme in ciprofloxacin resistance and to detect the RAPD-PCR fingerprint of K. pneumoniae isolates. METHODS: A total of , 117 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from hospitalized patients in three hospitals in Tehran, Iran, from August 2013 to March 2014. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion method. Molecular identification and expression level of encoding quinolone resistance genes, acrA, acrB, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, were performed by PCR and real-- time PCR assays, respectively. All the K. pneumoniae isolates containing the mentioned genes were used simultaneously for RAPD-PCR typing. RESULTS: Colistin and carbapenems were the most efficient antibiotics against the clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. PCR assay demonstrated that among the 117 isolates, 110 (94%) and 102 (87%) were positive for acrA and acrB gene and 5 (4%) and 100 (85%) isolates showed to have qepA and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes, respectively. Determination for AcrAB pump expression in 21% of strains demonstrated an increased expression, and the mean increase expression for acrB genes was 0.5-81. The results of RAPD-PCR reflected that in 95% CI, all isolates belonged to a clone. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of genes encoding quinolone resistance in K. pneumoniae was detected in clinical samples. Therefore, the control of infection and prevention of drug-resistant bacteria spread need careful management of medication and identification of resistant isolates.202132888276
2667130.9998Prevalence, virulence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Aeromonas spp. isolated from children with diarrhea. BACKGROUND: Aeromonas spp. cause various intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. These bacteria are usually isolated from fecal samples, especially in children under five years old. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Aeromonas spp. and their antimicrobial resistance profile in children with diarrhea referred to the Children Medical Center in Tehran, between 2013 and 2014. METHODS: A total number of 391 stool samples were collected from children with ages between 1 day and 14 years old, with diarrhea (acute or chronic), referred to the Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between 2013 and 2014. Samples were enriched in alkaline peptone water broth for 24 hours at 37 °C and then cultured. Suspicious colonies were analyzed through biochemical tests. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out for the isolates. Isolates were further studied for act, ast, alt, aerA and hlyA virulence genes using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: In total, 12 isolates (3.1%) were identified as Aeromonas spp.; all were confirmed using the API-20E test. Of these isolates, five A. caviae (42%), four A. veronii (33%) and three A. hydrophila (25%) were identified in cases with gastroenteritis. Second to ampicillin (which was included in the growth medium used), the highest rate of antimicrobial resistance was seen against nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (5 isolates each, 41.6%) and the lowest rate of antimicrobial resistance was seen against gentamicin, amikacin and cefepime (none of the isolates). Results included 76.4% act, 64.7% ast, 71.5% alt, 83.3% aerA and 11.7% hlyA genes. CONCLUSION: Aeromonas spp. are important due to their role in diarrhea in children; therefore, isolation and identification of these fecal pathogens should seriously be considered in medical laboratories. Since virulence genes play a significant role in gastroenteritis symptoms caused by these bacteria, Aeromonas species that include virulence genes are potentially suspected to cause severe infections. Moreover, bacterial antimicrobial resistance is increasing, especially against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic acid.201627622161
2161140.9998Detection of AcrA and AcrB Efflux Pumps in Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumonia that Isolated from Wounds Infection Patients in Al-Diwaniyah Province. Many infections produced by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae are the main cause of death and treatment restrictions worldwide. In K. pneumoniae, the efflux pump system is dangerous in drug resistance. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the involvement of the AcrA and AcrB efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from wound patients. During June 2021-February 2022, 87 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria were obtained from wound samples patients consulted to the hospitals in AL-Diwaniyah province, Iraq. The disc diffusion method performed an antibiotic susceptibility test after microbiological/biochemical identification. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to examine efflux genes' prevalence (acrA and acrB). The results showed that resistance to Carbenicillin 72 (82.7%), Erythromycin 66 (75.8%), Rifampin 58 (66.6%), Ceftazidime 52 (59.7%), Cefotaxime 44 (50.5%), Novobiocin 38 (43.6%), Tetracycline 32 (36.7%), Ciprofloxacin 22 (25.2%), Gentamicin 16 (18.3%), Nitrofurantoin 6 (10.3%) in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. The PCR procedure revealed that the occurrence of the acrA and acrB genes is 55 (100%) and 55 (100%), respectively. The findings of this investigation show that the AcrA and AcrB efflux pumps play a crucial character in antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial isolates. As a result of the unintentional transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes, precise detection of resistance genes using molecular approaches is required to switch the extent of resistant strains.202337312720
1054150.9998Molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of chicken origin from East Java, Indonesia. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the respiratory disease agents in human and chicken. This bacterium is treated by antibiotic, but this treatment may trigger antibiotic resistance. Resistance gene in K. pneumoniae may be transferred to other bacteria. One of the known resistance genes is extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). This research aimed to study K. pneumoniae isolated from chicken farms in East Java, Indonesia, by observing the antibiotic resistance pattern and detect the presence of ESBL coding gene within the isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 11 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 141 chicken cloacal swabs from two regencies in East Java. All isolates were identified using the polymerase chain reaction method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by agar dilution method on identified isolates, which then processed for molecular characterization to detect ESBL coding gene within the K. pneumoniae isolates found. RESULTS: The result of antibiotic sensitivity test in 11 isolates showed highest antibiotic resistance level toward ampicillin, amoxicillin, and oxytetracycline (100%, 100%, and 90.9%) and still sensitive to gentamicin. Resistance against colistin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin is varied by 90.9%, 54.5%, 27.3%, and 18.2%, respectively. All isolates of K. pneumoniae were classified as multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria. Resistance gene analysis revealed the isolates harbored as bla (SHV) (9.1%), bla (TEM) (100%), and bla (CTX-M) (90.9%). CONCLUSION: All the bacterial isolates were classified as MDR bacteria and harbored two of the transmissible ESBL genes. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria has the potential to spread its resistance properties.201931190714
1127160.9998Extended spectrum beta-lactamase and aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes in multi drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria: A snapshot from a tertiary care centre. BACKGROUND: This study aims to enhance the existing knowledge of the prevalence of genes responsible for beta-lactam resistance and aminoglycoside resistance in gram negative organisms by molecular detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase and aminoglycoside modifying enzymes in multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. METHODS: Out of 864 gram-negative isolates, 710 were phenotypically identified as multidrug-resistant by antibiotic susceptibility testing. From the above isolates, 102 representative isolates as per sample size calculated were selected for further molecular studies. The presence of blaTEM, blaCTX-M blaSHV, and five AmpC genes was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Conventional PCR was performed to detect seven aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes namely aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ic, aac(3)-Ia, aac(3)-Ib, aac(3)-IIa, ant(2'')-Ia, and ant(4'')-IIa. RESULTS: Most common multidrug-resistant isolate was Klebsiella pneumoniae (35%) followed by Escherichia coli (30%). Among the 102 selected isolates all harboured blaTEM gene, 71 (69.6%) harboured blaCTX-M gene and 48 (47%) blaSHV gene. Among the selected isolates 60% showed the presence of AmpC genes. Most common aminoglycosie modifying enzyme gene was AAC 6' Ib (51%) followed by ANT 2" Ia (36%). CONCLUSION: This study suggests a wider use of molecular methods using specific PCR amplification of resistance genes. It would be beneficial to perform the molecular identification of antimicrobial resistance genes to effectively monitor and manage antibiotic resistance, administer appropriate antimicrobial medication, practice antimicrobial stewardship and improve hospital infection control procedures.202439734850
1134170.9998Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli among clinical samples isolated in Azerbaijan, Iran. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The immediate emergence of resistant bacteria poses an increasingly growing problem to human society and the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains is one of the most important health problems. This study aimed to review the molecular epidemiology of drug resistance among clinical isolates of E. coli in north-west portion of Iran Azerbaijan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A complete of 219 clinical isolates of E. coli had been collected from the various clinical samples. The disk diffusion and agar dilution assays were used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. The presence of antibiotics resistance genes was carried out by the PCR method. RESULTS: The highest susceptibility was shown to imipenem (3%) and fosfomycin (3%), and the most antibiotic resistance was presented to ampicillin (99%). The highest frequent ESBL gene among isolates was bla (CTXM-15) in 70% followed by bla(CMY-2) in 67%, and bla(TEM-1) in 46%. The most common fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance genes were oqxB (34%), followed by oqxA (25%), and qnrB (18%). The frequency of tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, and tetD) were detected in 24.8%, 31.6%, 1.8%, and 4.2%, respectively. The highest frequent genes to fosfomycin were fosA 10%, fosA3 30%, fosC 40%, and fosX 20%. The dominant founded aminoglycosides resistant genes were armA (12.96%) and npmA (4.93%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of antibiotics resistance in the tested E. coli isolates was high in Azerbaijan, Iran and these findings showed that E. coli is one of the major drug-resistant pathogens.202337448678
2152180.9998Immunological and molecular detection of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections. It is associated with high morbidity and healthcare costs, especially when appropriate antibiotic treatment is delayed. Antibiotic selection for patients with P. aeruginosa infections is challenging due to the bacteria's inherent resistance to many commercially available antibiotics. This study investigated antibiotic-resistance genes in isolated bacteria, which play a key role in disease pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 samples out of the 140 samples collected from urinary tract infections (UTIs) cases between December 15(th), 2022, and April 15(th), 2023, were included in the study. Identification of bacterial isolates was based on colony morphology, microscopic examination, biochemical tests, and the Vitek-2 system. Antibiotic resistance genes; Aph(3)-llla, ParC, Tet/tet(M), and aac(6´)-Ib-cr were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The obtained results were based on bacterial identifications of 81 clinical samples. Only 26 (32%) of these isolates were P. aeruginosa, 21 (26%) were Escherichia coli, and 18 (22.2%) were other bacteria. These isolates were used to detect four genes including tet(M), Aph(3)-llla, Par-c, and aac(6´)-Ib-cr. Four types of primers were used for PCR detection. The results showed that 11/14 (78.57%) carried the tet(M) gene, 10/14 (71.42%) carried the Aph(3)-llla gene, 14/14 (100%) carried the Par-c gene, and 10/14 (71.42%) of the isolates carried the aac(6´)-Ib-cr gene. The biofilm formation examining the esp gene, showed that 9 (64.28) isolates carried this gene. CONCLUSION: The inability of antibiotics to penetrate biofilms is an important factor contributing to the antibiotic tolerance of bacterial biofilms.202540612720
1128190.9998Molecular detection of ESBLs production and antibiotic resistance patterns in Gram negative bacilli isolated from urinary tract infections. BACKGROUND: β-lactam resistance is more prevalent in Gram negative bacterial isolates worldwide, particularly in developing countries. In order to provide data relating to antibiotic therapy and resistance control, routine monitoring of corresponding antibiotic resistance genes is necessary. AIMS: The aim of this study was the characterization of β-lactam resistance genes and its plasmid profile in bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 298 Gram negative bacteria isolated from 6739 urine specimens were identified by biochemical standard tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains were also detected by the double-disk synergy test. The presence of blaTEM and blaSHV genes in the strains studied was ascertained by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of all Gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (69.1%) was the most common strain, followed by Klebsiella sp. (12.1%), Enterobacter sp. (8.4%), Proteus sp. (4.4%), Citrobacter (4%) and Pseudomonas sp. (2%). The most antibiotic resistance was shown to tetracycline (95.16%), nalidixic acid (89.78%) and gentamycin (73.20%) antibiotics. Among all the strains tested, 35 isolates (11.75%) expressed ESBL activity. The prevalence of TEM and SHV positivity among these isolates was 34.29%, followed by TEM (31.43%), TEM and SHV negativity (20.0%) and SHV (14.29%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Regular monitoring of antimicrobial drug resistance seems necessary to improve our guidelines in the use of the empirical antibiotic therapy.201424943757