New insights into resistance to colistin and third-generation cephalosporins of Escherichia coli in poultry, Portugal: Novel bla(CTX-M-166) and bla(ESAC) genes. - Related Documents




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110101.0000New insights into resistance to colistin and third-generation cephalosporins of Escherichia coli in poultry, Portugal: Novel bla(CTX-M-166) and bla(ESAC) genes. The increasing incidence of intestinal colonization with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Gram negative organisms that has been observed in food animals such as poultry, cattle and pigs, are suggestive that animals, food and environment are potential sources of ESBL-producing bacteria. Hence, the aim of this study was to characterized commensal E. coli obtained from healthy broiler and turkey flocks at slaughter for the presence of penicillinases-, ESBL-, extended-spectrum AmpC (ESAC)-, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance- and MCR-encoding genes. Study of clonal relatedness showed genetic diversity among CTX-M-type, SHV-12 and TEM-52 producing isolates with human isolates of the same type, was also assessed. We detected that eleven (5.4%, 11/202) and forty-five (2.2%, 45/185) E. coli isolates from broilers and turkeys, respectively, carried bla(ESBL) or bla(ESAC) genes and two isolates from turkeys carried mcr-1 gene. A new variant bla(CTX-M-166) was reported in a multidrug resistant isolate from a broiler flock. Overall, we detected a diversity of resistance mechanisms among E. coli from food-producing animals, all of them with high importance at a public health level.201729031106
110010.9998Characterization of ESBL-producing Escherichia spp. and report of an mcr-1 colistin-resistance Escherichia fergusonni strain from minced meat in Pamplona, Colombia. Foods of animal origin are increasingly considered a source of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria which can disseminate throughout the food chain and become a health concern for humans. This work aimed to evaluate the occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in 100 retail minced meat samples taken in markets in Pamplona, Colombia. A total of 19 ESBL-producing isolates were obtained, 18 identified as E. coli and one as E. fergusonii. Fifteen isolates (78.9 %) carried bla(CTX-M) and bla(TEM) genes, one (5.2 %) bla(SHV) and bla(TEM) genes, one isolate (5.2 %) carried bla(CTX-M) and one (5.2 %) bla(SHV) alone. The majority of CTX-M-positive E. coli isolates carried the bla(CTX-M-15) gene (13 isolates), being the bla(CTX-M-9), bla(CTX-M-2), and bla(CTX-M-8) (one isolate each) also detected. Two SHV-positive isolates presented the bla(SHV-5) and bla(SHV-12) allele. The isolate identified as E. fergusonii was positive for bla(CTX-M-65) gene and mcr-1 gene. Sixteen isolates (84.2 %) belonged to phylogroups A and B1 and grouped together in the phylogenetic tree obtained by MLST; phylogroups E and F were also detected. Transfer of ESBL resistance was demonstrated for the E. fergusonii isolate. Whole genome sequencing of this isolate revealed the presence of plasmids carrying additional resistance genes. This investigation showed the high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in retail samples of minced meat. Also, the isolation of a strain of E. fergusonii is an additional concern, as some resistance genes are located in mobile elements, which can be transmitted to other bacteria. These evidences support the increasing public health concern considering the spreading of resistance genes through the food chain.202336931145
109020.9998Distribution of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance determinants in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolated from broilers in southern Japan. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution and diversity of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) resistance determinants in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli obtained from the same cecal samples and to provide evidence of transmission of the resistance determinants among these bacteria in broiler farms in southern Japan. Salmonella enterica and E. coli were characterized by serotyping and multilocus sequence typing, respectively. An antimicrobial susceptibility test, plasmid analysis, and identification and localization of resistance genes were performed to determine the relatedness of ESC resistance determinants among the isolates. Of 48 flocks examined, 14 had S. enterica. In total, 57 S. enterica isolates were obtained, 45 of which showed ESC resistance. Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli were also obtained from all of these ESC-resistant Salmonella-positive samples. β-Lactamase genes, blaTEM-52 (38 isolates), blaCTX-M-14 (1 isolate), and blaCMY-2 (6 isolates), were carried by conjugative untypable or IncP plasmids detected in the S. enterica serovars Infantis and Manhattan. The β-lactamase genes blaCTX-M-14 (3 isolates), blaCTX-M-15 (3 isolates), blaSHV-2 (1 isolate), blaSHV-12 (2 isolates), and blaCMY-2 (32 isolates) associated with IncI1-Iγ, IncFIB, IncFIC, IncK, IncB/O, and IncY plasmids were detected in E. coli co-isolates. Restriction mapping revealed similar plasmids in Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Manhattan and in different sequence types of E. coli. Intraspecies transmission of plasmids was suggested within S. enterica and E. coli populations, whereas interspecies transmission was not observed. This study highlights the importance of plasmids as carriers of ESC resistance determinants.201323687161
263830.9998Prevalence and mechanisms of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in clinical and fecal Enterobacteriaceae isolates from dogs in Ontario, Canada. There is little information on the genetic basis of resistance to the critically important extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) in Enterobacteriaceae from dogs in Canada. This study assessed the frequency of ESC resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from dogs in Ontario and the distribution of major ESC resistance genes in these bacteria. A total of 542 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 506 clinical samples from two diagnostic laboratories in Ontario. Eighty-eight ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and 217 Escherichia coli were isolated from 234 fecal samples from dogs collected at leash-free dog parks. These fecal isolates were tested for ESC resistance along with the clinical isolates. Isolates with reduced ESC susceptibility were screened for bla(CMY), bla(CTX-M), and bla(SHV), and all CTX-M-positive isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. The prevalence of ESC resistance in clinical Enterobacteriaceae was 10.4%. The average frequency of fecal carriage of ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in healthy dogs was 26.5%. The majority of ESC-resistant isolates were E. coli and the other major Enterobacteriaceae carrying ESC resistance genes were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The results show that the same ESC resistance genes can be found in clinical and fecal Enterobacteriaceae in dogs. The identified E. coli sequence types (including ST131 and ST648) and CTX-M variants (including CTX-M-14, -15, and -27) support the hypothesis of transfer of resistant bacteria between humans and dogs. CTX-M-1 was frequently found in canine fecal Enterobacteriaceae, while it is still rare in human Enterobacteriaceae in Canada, thus suggesting transfer of resistant bacteria to dogs from food animals or other sources.201829292008
102040.9998Prevalence and characteristics of Escherichia coli strains producing extended-spectrum β -lactamases in slaughtered animals in the Czech Republic. Resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a global medical problem requiring close cooperation between veterinary and human physicians. Raw materials and foods of animal origin may be not only a source of pathogenic bacteria causing alimentary tract infections but also a source of bacteria with a dangerous extent of resistance to antibiotics, potentially entering the human food chain. This article presents results of the first study in the Czech Republic detecting the presence of Enterobacteriaceae-producing extended-spectrum b -lactamases (ESBLs) in swabs collected in slaughterhouses from surfaces of healthy animal carcasses. In 2012, swabs taken from pig (n = 166) and cattle (n = 140) carcass surfaces were analyzed. In 17 % of 53 studied slaughterhouses, ESBL-producing Escherichia coli strains were isolated. ESBLs were found in 11 and 4 % of porcine and bovine samples, respectively. Swabs collected from pigs yielded 18 ESBL-producing E. coli strains. The bla genes were found to encode production of CTX-M-1 group enzymes in 16 strains, SHV in one case, and both CTX-M-1-like and TEM in another case. In swabs taken from cattle, five ESBL-producing E. coli strains were isolated. In three cases, the bla genes for CTX-M-1-like production were identified; in two cases, genes for both CTX-M-1-like and TEM production were found. The similarity/identity of ESBL-positive isolates was compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This is the first report and characterization of the presence and nature of ESBL-producing E. coli in swabs collected from surfaces of healthy pig and cattle carcasses in slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic.201324112579
109750.9998CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli Isolated from urban pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in Brazil. INTRODUCTION: Worldwide urban pigeons (Columba livia domestica) are an important reservoir of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR). Plasmids are key genetic elements in the dissemination of antimicrobial drug resistance in bacteria, including beta-lactams and quinolones, which are the most important classes of drugs for treatment of Enterobacteriaceae infections in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) harboring plasmids containing extend-spectrum (ESBL) and pAmpC beta-lactamases, also plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in urban pigeons from São Paulo State, Brazil. METHODOLOGY: A collection of 107 isolates of E. coli from urban pigeons from four cities was screened by antimicrobial resistance phenotypic and PCR for genes encoding ESBL, pAmpC and PMQR genes. Clonality was evaluated by ERIC-PCR. RESULTS: We found three strains positive for blaCTX-M genes. In two clonally related CTX-M-8-producing strains, the gene was associated with IncI1 plasmids. An MDR strain harboring blaCTX-M-2, the plasmid could not be transferred. No strain was positive for PMQR genes. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-8-producing E. coli are present in urban pigeons, which could serve as a reservoir for ESBL-producing E. coli in Brazil.201932087078
108160.9998Chromosome-Borne CTX-M-65 Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis, Taiwan. A CTX-M-65‒producing Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis clone, probably originating in Latin America and initially reported in the United States, has emerged in Taiwan. Chicken meat is the most likely primary carrier. Four of the 9 drug resistance genes have integrated into the chromosome: bla(CTX-M-65), tet(A), sul1, and aadA1.202337486207
101870.9998Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevalence of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Dogs and Cats in Northeastern China from 2012 to 2021. (1) Background: there has been a growing concern about pet-spread bacterial zoonosis in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the trend in drug-resistance of canine Escherichia coli isolates in northeast China between 2012-2021 and the differences in drug-resistance of E. coli of different origins in 2021. (2) Methods: E. coli were isolated from feces or anal swab samples from dogs and cats, and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles and phylogenetic grouping were identified. PCR was applied on the extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli for antibiotic resistance genes. (3) Results: five hundred and fifty-four E. coli isolates were detected in 869 samples (63.75%). The multidrug resistance (MDR) rates of E. coli in pet dogs showed a decreasing trend, but working dogs showed the opposite trend. Resistance genes bla(CTX-M) and bla(CTX-M+TEM) were dominant among the ESBL producers (n = 219). The consistency between the resistance phenotypes and genes was high except for fluoroquinolone-resistant ESBL E. coli. All ESBL E. coli-carrying bla(NDM) were isolated from working dogs, and one of the strains carried mcr-1 and bla(NDM-4). Phylogroup B2 was the dominant group in pet cats, and more than half of the isolates from companion cats were ESBL E. coli. (4) Conclusions: the measures taken to reduce resistance in China were beginning to bear fruit. Companion cats may be more susceptible to colonization by ESBL E. coli. The problem of resistant bacteria in working dogs and pet cats warrants concern.202236358160
101180.9998Mechanisms of cephalosporin resistance in indicator Escherichia coli isolated from food animals. Resistance to β-lactams is considered one of the major global problems and recently it became the most frequently studied topic in the area of antimicrobial resistance. The study was focused on phenotypic and genetic characterisation of commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli), including those producing cephalosporinases, isolated from gut flora of healthy slaughter animals. E. coli were cultured simultaneously on MacConkey agar (MCA) and cefotaxime supplemented MCA. The isolates were confirmed with ONPG and indol tube tests as well as PCR targeting uspA gene. Microbroth dilution method was applied for determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations and interpreted according to EUCAST epidemiological cut-off values. Cephalosporin resistance phenotypes were defined by E-tests (BioMerieux) and relevant gene amplicons from selected strains were sequenced. A total of 298 E. coli isolates with cephalosporin resistance (ESC) found in 99 ones, were obtained from 318 cloacal or rectal swabs deriving from broilers, layers, turkeys, pigs and cattle. Both extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and ampC-cephalosporinase resistance phenotypes were noted in all tested animal species but cattle. At least one of the analysed genes was identified in 90 out of 99 cephalosporin-resistant isolates: bla(TEM) (n=44), bla(CMY) (n=38), bla(CTX-M) (n=33) and bla(SHV) (n=12). None of the phenotypes was identified in nine isolates. Sequencing of PCR products showed occurrence of ESBL-genes: bla(CTX-M-1/-61), bla(SHV-12), bla(TEM-1,-52/-92,-135) and ampC-gene bla(CMY-2). They were located on numerous and diverse plasmids and resistance transferability was proved by electroporation of bla(SHV-12) and bla(CTX-M-1/-61) located on X1 plasmids. Detection of cephalosporin resistant E. coli confirms the existence of resistance genes reservoir in farm animals and their possible spread (i.e. via IncX1 plasmids) to other bacteria including human and animal pathogens. The identified genetic background indicates on ecological aspects of selection and dissemination of cephalosporin resistance in E. coli isolated from food-producing animals rather than its potential role for public health threats.201626869096
109890.9998Extended spectrum beta-lactamase and fluoroquinolone resistance genes among Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from children with diarrhea, Burkina Faso. BACKGROUND: The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (MDR) has become a major public health concern worldwide. This resistance is caused by enzymes-mediated genes (i.e., extended spectrum beta-lactamases) that are common in certain Enterobacterioceae species. However, the distribution of these genes is poorly documented in Burkina Faso. This study aims to determine the prevalence and distribution of the resistant genes coding for broad spectrum beta-lactamases and quinolones in rural Burkina Faso. METHODS: Multiplex PCR assays were carried out to detect ESBL-encoding genes, including bla(OXA), bla(TEM), bla(CTX-M), bla(SHV). The assays also assessed the presence of quinolone resistance gene namely qnrA, qnrB and qnrS in the quinolone-resistance DEC and Salmonella strains. RESULTS: The Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) resistance phenotype was reported in all the E. coli isolates (5/5). Cross-resistance phenotype to quinolones (CRQ) was shown by one Salmonella strain (1/9) and three E. coli (3/5). Cross-resistance phenotypes to fluoroquinolones (CRFQ) were harboured by one Salmonella (1/9) and carbapenemase phenotypes were detected in two E. coli strains (2/5). Whilst the bla(OXA) genes were detected in 100% (5/5) of E. coli isolates and in 33.33% (3/9) Salmonella isolates. One strain of E. coli (1/5) harbored the bla(CTX-M) gene and the qnrB gene simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified β-lactam (bla) and quinolone resistance (qnr) genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. in rural Burkina Faso. Our finding which highlighted the enterobacteriaceae strains resistance to β-lactams and quinolones are of high interest for adequate management of antimicrobial resistant genes outbreak in Burkina Faso.202033010801
1099100.9998Prevalence of Beta-Lactam and Quinolone/Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae From Dogs in France and Spain-Characterization of ESBL/pAmpC Isolates, Genes, and Conjugative Plasmids. Quantitative data on fecal shedding of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are crucial to assess the risk of transmission from dogs to humans. Our first objective was to investigate the prevalence of quinolone/fluoroquinolone-resistant and beta-lactam-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in dogs in France and Spain. Due to the particular concern about possible transmission of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant isolates from dogs to their owners, we characterized the ESBL/pAmpC producers collected from dogs. Rectal swabs from 188 dogs, without signs of diarrhea and that had not received antimicrobials for 4 weeks before the study, were quantified for total and resistant Enterobacteriaceae on selective media alone or containing relevant antibiotic concentrations. Information that might explain antibiotic resistance was collected for each dog. Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant isolates were subjected to bacterial species identification (API20E), genetic lineage characterization (MLST), ESBL/pAmpC genes identification (sequencing), and plasmid characterization (pMLST). Regarding beta-lactam resistance, amoxicillin- (AMX) and cefotaxime- (CTX) resistant Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 70 and 18% of the dogs, respectively, whereas for quinolone/fluoroquinolone-resistance, Nalidixic acid- (NAL) and ciprofloxacin- (CIP) resistant Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 36 and 18% of the dogs, respectively. Medical rather than preventive consultation was a risk marker for the presence of NAL and CIP resistance. CTX resistance was mainly due to a combination of specific ESBL/pAmpC genes and particular conjugative plasmids already identified in human patients: bla (CTX-M-1)/IncI1/ST3 (n = 4), bla (CMY-2)/IncI1/ST12 (n = 2), and bla (CTX-M-15)/IncI1/ST31 (n = 1). bla (SHV-12) (n = 3) was detected in various plasmid lineages (InI1/ST3, IncI1/ST26, and IncFII). ESBL/pAmpC plasmids were located in different genetic lineages of E. coli, with the exception of two strains in France (ST6998) and two in Spain (ST602). Our study highlights dogs as a potential source of Q/FQ-resistant and ESBL/pAmpC-producing bacteria that might further disseminate to humans, and notably a serious risk of future acquisition of CTX-M-1 and CMY-2 plasmids by the owners of dogs.201931544108
1094110.9998Detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from layer hens. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from layer hens and to characterize their molecular background. Among 142 E. coli isolates, 86 (60.6%) showed multidrug resistance and 15 (10.6%) were found to be β-lactamase-producing E. coli. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamase genes, blaCTX-M-14 and blaCMY-2, were identified in three and six E. coli isolates, respectively. The non-ESBL or pAmpC gene, blaTEM-1, was found in eight of the isolates. Two isolates had both genes, blaCTX-M-14 and blaTEM-1. Among the 15 β-lactamase-producing E. coli, six PMQR genes, qnrS1 (n = 3) and qnrB4 (n = 3), were identified. Among the six PMQR-positive E. coli isolates, four exhibited double amino acid exchanges at both gyrA and parC with ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations of ≥32 and ≥16 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, five transconjugants (33.3%) showed a transferability of β-lactamase and PMQR genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis was conducted to investigate the 15 β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates. In PFGE, E. coli included three PFGE patterns showing the same farms and in accordance with both β-lactamase and PMQR genes and the antimicrobial resistance pattern. Layer hens may act as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and the PMQR gene in β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates from layer hens has the potential to enter the food chain. Therefore, our findings suggest that comprehensive surveillance of antimicrobial use in laying operation systems is necessary.201930496543
1089120.9998Diversity of plasmids harboring bla(CMY-2) in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in Brazil. Multidrug-resistance (MDR) has been increasingly reported in Gram-negative bacteria from the intestinal microbiota, environment and food-producing animals. Resistance plasmids able to harbor different transposable elements are capable to mobilize antimicrobial resistance genes and transfer to other bacterial hosts. Plasmids carrying bla(CMY) are frequently associated with MDR. The present study assessed the presence of plasmid-encoded ampC genes (bla(cmy), bla(mox), bla(fox), bla(lat), bla(act), bla(mir), bla(dha), bla(mor)) in commensal E. coli isolated from apparently healthy broiler chickens. Furthermore, we characterized the plasmids and identified those harboring the resistance genes. We isolated 144/200 (72%) of E. coli isolates with resistance to cefotaxime and the resistance gene identified was bla(CMY-2). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed high diversity of the genetic profiles. The phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2, and D were identified among E. coli isolates and group D was the most prevalent. The PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) analysis identified four distinct plasmid incompatibility groups (Inc) in MDR isolates. Moreover, plasmids harboring bla(CMY-2), ranged in size from 50kb to 150kb and 51/144 (35%) belonged to IncK, 21/144 (14.5%) to IncB/O, 8/144 (5.5%) to IncA/C, 1/144 (0.5%) to IncI, while 63/144 (44.5%) were not typeable by PBRT. Overall, a high prevalence of bla(CMY-2) genes was found in a diverse population of commensal MDR E. coli from poultry in Brazil, harbored into different plasmids.201728602519
990130.9998Resistance phenotype-genotype correlation and molecular epidemiology of Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Providencia, Salmonella and Serratia that carry extended-spectrum β-lactamases with or without plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase genes in Thailand. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases (pAmpCs) have been increasingly reported among less commonly encountered genera of Enterobacteriaceae. However, little is known regarding the genetic characteristics of resistance genes and epidemiology of these genera. Lack of accurate ESBL and pAmpC detection may adversely affect therapeutic outcomes. This study investigated resistance phenotype-genotype correlation and molecular epidemiology among six genera of Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Providencia, Salmonella and Serratia) that carried ESBL with or without pAmpC genes at a university hospital in Thailand. From a total of 562 isolates, 105 isolates (18.7%) had ESBL-positive phenotype whilst 140 isolates (24.9%) harboured one or more ESBL genes. CTX-M and TEM were common ESBL-related bla genes among these isolates. The sensitivity and specificity of ESBL phenotypic detection as opposed to ESBL gene detection were 70.7% and 98.6%, respectively. pAmpC genes were detected in 96 ESBL gene-carrying isolates (68.6%) and significantly caused false negative detection of ESBL. Molecular typing based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed several clones that may be endemic in this hospital. This study indicated a high prevalence of ESBLs and pAmpCs among less common members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in Thailand and these resistant bacteria need to be monitored.201120880563
2637140.9998Potentially Pathogenic Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli in Lamb Meat. Extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) resistance remains a threat since ESC are important antimicrobials used to treat infections in humans and animals. Escherichia coli is an important source of ESC-resistance genes, such as those encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). E. coli is a common commensal of lambs. Reports that contaminated food can be a source of ESC-resistant bacteria in humans and that ESBL-producing E. coli are found in sheep in Brazil led us to survey their presence in retail lamb meat. Twenty-five samples intended for human consumption were screened for ESC-resistant E. coli, and the isolates were characterized. IncI1-bla(CTX-M-8) and IncHI2-bla(CTX-M-2) were the main plasmids responsible for ESC resistance. The plasmids harbored common ESBL genes in Enterobacteriaceae from food-producing animals in Brazil. IncI1-bla(CTX-M-14) and IncF-bla(CTX-M-55) plasmids, associated with human infections, were also detected. Few CTX-M-producing E. coli have been clustered by typing methods, and some may be genetically pathogenic. The findings indicate the presence of diverse strains of E. coli, harboring important ESBL genes, in lamb meat in Brazil. Surveillance of ESC-resistant bacteria could reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance through the food chain.202133417827
956150.9998Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing and Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria from Mink Feces and Feed in the United States. Antibiotic-resistant infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases are increasing worldwide. Bacteria resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and last resort carbapenems have been reported from food animals and their environments. Other concentrated nonfood-producing animals such as mink farming can be a reservoir of bacteria resistant to these critically important antibiotics. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria and carbapenem-resistant (CR) bacteria from mink fecal (n = 42) and feed (n = 8) samples obtained from a commercial mink farm in the United States. The most prevalent ESBL-producing bacteria identified from the fecal samples were Escherichia coli (93%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (76%), and Proteus species (88%). E. coli (100%) and K. pneumoniae (75%) were also the most prevalent ESBL-producing bacteria identified from feed samples. All ESBL E. coli isolates were resistant to penicillin and most cephem beta-lactam antibiotics. Among the ESBL E. coli isolates, co-resistance was observed to ciprofloxacin (33%) and gentamicin (28%) indicating multidrug resistance. ESBL E. coli isolates predominantly carried bla(CTX-M-14) and bla(CTX-M-15) genes. Although all feed K. pneumoniae isolates carried bla(CTX-M-9), all fecal K. pneumoniae isolates carried bla(SHV). CR Pseudomonas species (7%), Hafnia alvei (24%), and Myroides odoratimimus (9.5%) were detected from fecal samples. H. alvei (37.5%) was the only CR bacteria detected from the feed samples. All CR isolates were polymerase chain reaction negative for the tested carbapenemases that are commonly reported, which may indicate intrinsic rather than acquired resistance. This study indicates that mink production can be a reservoir for bacteria resistant to the highest priority critically important antibiotics for human health.202133978469
1019160.9998First Report of OXA-48 and IMP Genes Among Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Diarrheic Calves in Tunisia. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious threats to human and animal health. Evidence suggests that the overuse of antimicrobial agents in animal production has led to the emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant isolates. The objective of this study was to assess the rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in calf feces and to characterize their resistance genes for antibiotics like beta-lactams and colistin, but also to determine their virulence genes. Fecal samples were collected from 100 diarrheic calves in the region of Bizerte, Tunisia. After isolation, E. coli isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance against 21 antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Characterization of β-lactamase genes and determination of associated resistance genes were performed by polymerase chain reaction. Among 71 E. coli isolates, 26 (36.6%) strains were ESBL-producing. Most of these isolates were multidrug-resistant (92.3%) and the most prevalent beta-lactamase genes detected were bla(CTX-M) (n = 26), bla(SHV) (n = 11), and bla(TEM) (n = 8), whereas only 1 isolate carried the bla(CMY) gene. In addition, resistance to carbapenems was detected in two isolates; one of them harbored both bla(OXA-48) and bla(IMP) genes and the other isolate carried only the bla(IMP) gene. Several resistance genes were identified for the first time in Tunisia from cases of diarrheic calves. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of detection and identification of carbapenem resistance genes and virulence genes from calves in North Africa. A high occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli recovered from fecal samples of calves with diarrhea was observed, highlighting the need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine to decrease the incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria for both animals and humans.202336695709
1049170.9998Multiple Antibiotic-Resistant, Extended Spectrum-β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Enterobacteria in Fresh Seafood. Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae include several human pathogens that can be acquired through contaminated food and water. In this study, the incidence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacteria was investigated in fresh seafood sold in retail markets. The ESBL-positive phenotype was detected in 169 (78.60%) isolates, with Escherichia coli being the predominant species (53), followed by Klebsiella oxytoca (27), and K. pneumoniae (23). More than 90% of the isolates were resistant to third generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and cefpodoxime. Sixty-five percent of the isolates were resistant to the monobactam drug aztreonam, 40.82% to ertapenem, and 31.36% to meropenem. Resistance to at least five antibiotics was observed in 38.46% of the isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis of ESBL-encoding genes detected bla(CTX), bla(SHV), and bla(TEM) genes in 76.92%, 63.3%, and 44.37% of the isolates, respectively. Multiple ESBL genes were detected in majority of the isolates. The recently discovered New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase gene (bla(NDM-1)) was detected in two ESBL⁺ isolates. Our study shows that secondary contamination of fresh seafood with enteric bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics may implicate seafood as a potential carrier of antibiotic resistant bacteria and emphasizes an urgent need to prevent environmental contamination and dissemination of such bacteria.201728867789
1104180.9998Predominance of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Supermarket Retail Seafood in Japan. Reports have documented antimicrobial usage in aquaculture, and the aquatic ecosystem can be considered a genetic storage site for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study assessed the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative bacteria recovered from retail seafood in Hiroshima, Japan. A total of 412 bacteria were isolated and screened for the presence of β-lactamases, acquired carbapenemases, and mobile colistin-resistance (mcr) genes. Forty-five (10.9%) isolates were dominated by Morganella (28%), Proteus (22%), Aeromonas (14%), Citrobacter (8%), and Escherichia (8%) and carried AMR genes. The identified AMR genes included those encoded in integrons (19), aac(6՛)-Ib (11), bla(TEM-1) (7), bla(CTX-M-like) (12), bla(CTX-M-65) (2), bla(SHV-12) (1), bla(SHV-27) (1), bla(OXA-10) (1), bla(OXA-2) (1), and mcr (2). The most common clinical resistances were against ampicillin, colistin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) occurred in 27 (60%) AMR isolates, and multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranged from 0.2 to 0.8. A conjugation experiment showed that 10 of the 11 selected MDR strains harbored conjugable plasmids, although PCR-based replicon typing described seven strains as untypable. IncF replicon was identified in MDR extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli of the pathogenic B2 phylogroup. Our findings suggest that retail seafood harbors MDR bacteria of human interest that require strict resistance surveillance in the seafood production continuum.202338138079
1017190.9998Evaluation of canine raw food products for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria of the order Enterobacterales. OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential contamination of commercial raw dog food products with bacteria of the Enterobacterales order that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase enzymes, determine risk factors for contamination, and understand isolate genetic diversity. SAMPLES: A total of 200 canine raw food products. METHODS: Products were cultured on selective chromogenic agar following enrichment steps. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for isolates that were confirmed to produce an ESBL. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial resistance genes, and multilocus sequences typing, and compared to other isolates in the NCBI database for clonality. Preservation method and protein sources were assessed as potential risk factors for contamination with ESBL and carbapenemase-producing bacteria of the Enterobacterales order. RESULTS: No carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) were identified, but ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria were isolated from 20/200 products (10.0%; 95% CI, 7.3 to 16.5%), all of which were frozen. Pork-derived protein source products were 8.1 times (P = .001; 95% CI, 2.53 to 26.2) more likely to carry ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria than other protein sources. WGS analysis confirmed the presence of ESBL genes in a total of 25 distinct isolates (19 Escherichia coli, 5 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1 Citrobacter braakii). Genes encoding CTX-M type ESBL enzymes were the most common (24/25 isolates, 96.0%) with blaCTX-M-27 being the most common allele (8/25, 32.0%). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Frozen, raw food products may serve as a route of transmission of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria to companion animals. Veterinarians should advise owners about the risks of raw food diets, including potential exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.202235895774