Molecular Surveillance and Dissemination of Klebsiella pneumoniae on Frequently Encountered Surfaces in South African Public Hospitals. - Related Documents




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100301.0000Molecular Surveillance and Dissemination of Klebsiella pneumoniae on Frequently Encountered Surfaces in South African Public Hospitals. Bacteria that cause life-threatening illnesses in humans are also capable of contaminating hospital surfaces, thus pose as a potential source of infection. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, genetic diversity, virulence, and antibiotic resistance profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae in South Africa. In a nonoutbreak setting involving four public hospitals, 777 samples were collected in three different wards from 11 different sites. Phenotypic and genotypic methods were used for isolation and identification. The Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method was used to examine antibiotic resistance followed by the combination disk method to characterize extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were screened using PCR and clonality was investigated using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR. Seventy-five (10%) K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered. These isolates were obtained from all four hospitals and all three wards involved. However, only six frequently touched surfaces were contaminated. Thirty (40%) isolates were characterized as ESBLs showing high resistance to antibiotics and mostly harboring the bla(CTX-M) group one gene. Virulence genes were highly prevalent among all the isolates. ERIC-PCR showed that the isolates recovered from different sites within the same hospital were genetically similar. The study highlighted that K. pneumoniae can contaminate various surfaces and this persistence allows for the dissemination of bacteria within the hospital environment. The information from this study can assist hospitals to evaluate and improve current infection prevention and control interventions in place.202234170205
100510.9999Prevalence and Characterization of Beta-Lactam and Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Organic Fresh Produce Retailed in Eastern Spain. Fresh fruits and vegetables are potential reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance determinants, but few studies have focused specifically on organic vegetables. The present study aimed to determine the presence of third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)- and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria on fresh organic vegetables produced in the city of Valencia (Spain). Main expanded spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-encoding genes were also detected in the isolates. One hundred and fifteen samples were analyzed using selective media supplemented with cefotaxime and meropenem. Resistance assays for twelve relevant antibiotics in medical use were performed using a disc diffusion test. A total of 161 isolates were tested. Overall, 33.5% presented multidrug resistance and 16.8% were resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics tested. Imipenem resistance was observed in 18% of isolates, and low resistance levels were found to ceftazidime and meropenem. Opportunistic pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter spp., Raoultella sp., and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were detected, all presenting high rates of resistance. PCR assays revealed bla(VIM) to be the most frequently isolated ESBL-encoding gene, followed by bla(TEM) and bla(OXA-48). These results confirm the potential of fresh vegetables to act as reservoirs for 3GC- and carbapenem-producing ARB. Further studies must be carried out to determine the impact of raw organic food on the spread of AMRs into the community.202336830297
100420.9999Hospital Wastes as Potential Sources for Multi-Drug-Resistant ESBL-Producing Bacteria at a Tertiary Hospital in Ethiopia. The hospital environment is increasingly becoming an important reservoir for multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria, posing serious challenges to efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to investigate the role of hospital waste as a potential source of MDR ESBL-producing bacteria. Samples were collected from multiple sources within a hospital and its vicinity, including surface swabs, houseflies, and sewage samples. The samples were subsequently processed in a microbiology laboratory to identify potential pathogenic bacteria and confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS. Bacteria were isolated from 87% of samples, with the predominant isolates being E. coli (30.5%), Klebsiella spp. (12.4%), Providencia spp. (12.4%), and Proteus spp. (11.9%). According to the double disc synergy test (DDST) analysis, nearly half (49.2%) of the bacteria were identified as ESBL producers. However, despite exhibiting complete resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, 11.8% of them did not test positive for ESBL production. The characterization of E. coli revealed that 30.6% and 5.6% of them carried blaCTX-M group 1 type-15 and blaNDM genes, respectively. This finding emphasizes the importance of proper hospital sanitation and waste management practices to mitigate the spread of AMR within the healthcare setting and safeguard the health of both patients and the wider community.202438667050
161030.9999Antimicrobial resistance and metallo-beta-lactamase producing among commensal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy children of Khuzestan and Fars provinces; Iran. BACKGROUND: The emergence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing isolates is alarming since they carry mobile genetic elements with great ability to spread; therefore, early detection of these isolates, particularly their reservoir, is crucial to prevent their inter- and intra-care setting dissemination and establish suitable antimicrobial therapies. The current study was designed to evaluate the frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), MBL producers and identification of MBL resistance genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from fecal samples of the healthy children under 3 years old. A total of 412 fecal E. coli isolates were collected from October 2017 to December 2018. The study population included healthy infants and children aged < 3 years who did not exhibit symptoms of any diseases, especially gastrointestinal diseases. E. coli isolates were assessed to determine the pattern of AMR. E. coli isolates were assessed to determine the pattern of AMR, the production of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and MBL by phenotypic methods. Carbapenem-resistant isolates were investigated for the presence of MBL and carbapenemase genes, plasmid profiling, and the ability of conjugation. RESULTS: In sum, AMR, multi-drug resistance (MDR) and ESBL production were observed in more than 54.9, 36.2 and 11.7% of commensal E. coli isolates, respectively. Out of six isolates resistant to imipenem and meropenem, four isolates were phenotypically detected as MBL producers. Two and one E. coli strains carried the bla(NDM-1) and bla(VIM-2) genes, respectively and were able to transmit imipenem resistance through conjugation. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that children not exposed to antibiotics can be colonized by E. coli isolates resistant to the commonly used antimicrobial compounds and can be a good indicator for the occurrence and prevalence of AMR in the community. These bacteria can act as a potential reservoir of AMR genes including MBL genes of pathogenic bacteria and lead to the dissemination of resistance mechanisms to other bacteria.202033256594
86940.9999The Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Phenotypes and Genotypes in Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Isolates from the Academic Hospital of Jaén, Spain. The heterogenicity of antimicrobial resistance genes described in clinically significant bacterial isolates and their potential role in reducing the efficacy of classically effective antibiotics pose a major challenge for global healthcare, especially in infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. We analyzed 112 multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates from clinical samples in order to detect high resistance profiles, both phenotypically and genotypically, among four Gram-negative genera (Acinetobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas). We found that 9.8% of the total selected isolates were classified as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) (six isolates identified as A. baumannii and five among P. pneumoniae isolates). All other isolates were classified as MDR. Almost 100% of the isolates showed positive results for bla(OXA-23) and bla(NDM-1) genes among the A. baumannii samples, one resistance gene (bla(CTX-M)) among E. coli, and two genetic determinants (bla(CTX-M) and aac(6')-Ib) among Klebsiella. In contrast, P. aeruginosa showed just one high-frequency antibiotic resistance gene (dfrA), which was present in 68.42% of the isolates studied. We also describe positive associations between ampicillin and cefotaxime resistance in A. baumannii and the presence of bla(VEB) and bla(GES) genes, as well as between the aztreonam resistance phenotype and the presence of bla(GES) gene in E. coli. These data may be useful in achieving a better control of infection strategies and antibiotic management in clinical scenarios where these multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens cause higher morbidity and mortality.202438786157
103750.9999Genetic Background of β-Lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Environmental Samples. The prevalence of β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae has increased worldwide. Although antibiotic-resistant bacteria are usually associated with hospitals, there are a growing number of reports of resistant bacteria in other environments. Concern about resistant microorganisms outside the hospital setting highlights the need to investigate mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in isolates collected from the environment. The present study evaluated the resistance mechanism to β-lactam antibiotics in 40 isolates from hospital sewage and surface water from the Dilúvio Stream, Porto Alegre City, Southern Brazil. The multiplex PCR technique was used to detect several resistance genes of β-lactamases: extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), carbapenemases, and β-lactamase AmpC. After genes, detection amplicons were sequenced to confirm their identification. The clonal relationship was established by DNA macrorestriction using the XbaI enzyme, followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results indicated that resistance genes were present in 85% of the isolates. The most prevalent genes encoded narrow-spectrum β-lactamase, such as TEM-1 and SHV-1 with 70% of the strains, followed by carbapenemase KPC and GES (45%), ESBL types SHV-5 and CTX-M-8 (27.5%), and AmpC (ACT-1/MIR-1) (2.5%). Twelve isolates contained only one resistance gene, 14 contained two, and eight isolates had three resistance genes. PFGE indicated a clonal relationship among K. pneumoniae isolates. It was not possible to establish a clonal relationship between Enterobacter sp. isolates. The results highlight the potential of these resistance genes to spread in the polluted environment and to present a health risk to communities. This report is the first description of these resistance genes present in environmental samples other than a hospital in the city of Porto Alegre/RS.201728378066
100760.9999ESBL-producing Gram-negative organisms in the healthcare environment as a source of genetic material for resistance in human infections. BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the healthcare setting and in the community despite established infection control guidelines indicates that these microorganisms may possess survival strategies that allow them to persist in the environment. AIMS: To determine the extent and variation in endemic ESBL-carrying species in different ward environments, and to investigate the potential for cephalosporin resistance to be transferred from environmental isolates to human pathogens. METHODS: Conventional microbiological methods were used to sample 1436 environmental surfaces for ESBL-producing bacteria. Transconjugation assays (broth mating experiments) were performed using environmental ESBL-producing isolates as donors and streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli (NCTC 50237) as the recipient. FINDINGS: The prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria on surfaces in a non-outbreak setting was low (45/1436; 3.1%). The sites most likely to be contaminated were the drains of handwash basins (28/105; 26.7%) and floors (14/160; 8.8%). Fifty-nine ESBL-carrying organisms were isolated. Of these, Klebsiella spp. (33.9%), Enterobacter spp. (20.3%), Pantoea spp. (15.3%) and Citrobacter spp. (13.6%) were the most common isolates. ESBL determinants were transferred successfully from three representative environmental isolates (Pantoea calida, Klebsiella oxytoca, Raoultella ornithinolytica) to the human pathogen E. coli. CONCLUSION: ESBL-producing Gram-negative isolates were recovered from the hospital environment in the absence of any ESBL infection on the wards. The drains of handwash basins should be considered potential long-term reservoirs of multi-drug-resistant bacteria and drug resistance genes. These genes can reside in various genera of hardy environmental organisms and be a potential source of ESBL for more common human pathogens.201727771149
103470.9999Detection of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing genes bla(SPM) and bla(NDM) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wastewater in Southern Brazil. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly associated with the ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance. The surveillance of resistance genes in various environmental matrices has gained prominence in recent years, being seen as a potential threat to public health. The objective of this study was to investigate genes encoding metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs), which confer resistance to carbapenems, in wastewater. Fifteen isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected for five months from samples obtained from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Rio Grande do Sul. These isolates were subjected to disk diffusion testing using 10 different antimicrobials. Phenotypic enzymatic tests for MBLs were conducted, and positive isolates underwent DNA extraction and gene detection using the polymerase chain reaction. The resistance rate to ceftazidime was 100%, cefepime 73.3%, piperacillin-tazobactam 66.67%, imipenem 53.30%, levofloxacin 46.67%, tobramycin 40%, and ciprofloxacin and amikacin 13.33%. Both meropenem and aztreonam resistances were rare accounting for 6.60% of the tested isolates. Among these isolates, 20% were classified as multidrug-resistant and were found to carry the bla(NDM) and bla(SPM) genes. The results suggest that evaluating resistance genes in bacteria from urban raw sewage can provide data that assist in surveillance, as this environment can stimulate increased bacterial resistance.202438678422
103380.9998Antimicrobial Resistance and β-Lactamase Production in Clinically Significant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Hospital and Municipal Wastewater. Hospital and municipal wastewater contribute to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in the environment. This study aimed to examine the antibiotic resistance and β-lactamase production in clinically significant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospital and municipal wastewater. The susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics was tested using the disk diffusion method, and the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases was determined using an enzyme inhibitor and standard multiplex PCR. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance of total bacterial strains (n = 23) revealed that most of them were resistant to cefotaxime (69.56%), imipenem (43.47%), meropenem (47.82%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (43.47%), gentamicin (39.13%), cefepime and ciprofloxacin (34.78%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (30.43%). A total of 8 of 11 phenotypically confirmed isolates were found to have ESBL genes. The bla(TEM) gene was present in 2 of the isolates, while the bla(SHV) gene was found in 2 of the isolates. Furthermore, the bla(CTX-M) gene was found in 3 of the isolates. In one isolate, both the bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) genes were identified. Furthermore, of the 9 isolates that have been phenotypically confirmed to have carbapenemase, 3 were confirmed by PCR. Specifically, 2 isolates have the bla(OXA-48) type gene and 1 have the bla(NDM-1) gene. In conclusion, our investigation shows that there is a significant rate of bacteria that produce ESBL and carbapenemase, which can promote the spread of bacterial resistance. Identifying ESBL and carbapenemase production genes in wastewater samples and their resistance patterns can provide valuable data and guide the development of pathogen management strategies that could potentially help reduce the occurrence of multidrug resistance.202337107015
100690.9998Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for acquisition and colonization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from dogs attended at a veterinary hospital in Spain. The last 10 years have seen a progressive increase in antibiotic resistance rates in bacteria isolated from companion animals. Exposure of individuals to resistant bacteria from companion animals, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) and carbapenemase- (CPE) producing Enterobacteriaceae, can be propitiated. Few studies evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria in dogs. This work aims to estimate the prevalence, incidence and risk factors associated with colonization of ESBL-E and CPE-E in 44 canine patients hospitalized in a veterinary hospital. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae strains was analyzed and the molecular detection of resistant genes was performed. A prevalence of 25.0% and an incidence of ESBL-E of 45.5% were observed in dogs colonized by Enterobacteriaceae at hospital admission and release, respectively. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter koseri and Morganella morganii were identified as ESBL-producing bacterial species. Resistance genes were detected for ESBL-producing strains. No CPE isolates were obtained on the CPE-selective medium. The administration of corticosteroids prior to hospitalization and the presence of concomitant diseases were associated with colonization by these bacteria in dogs. Considering that one-quarter of the patients evaluated were colonized by ESBL-E, companion animals should be considered as potential transmission vehicles and ESBL-E reservoirs for humans. Special care should be taken in animals attended at veterinary hospitals, as the length of stay in the hospital could increase the risks.202336509030
931100.9998Epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility among carbapenem-resistant non-fermenting bacteria in Brazil. INTRODUCTION: Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are widespread in the environment and are increasingly associated with nosocomial infections. Extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in hospitals has contributed to an increased number of infections caused by these microorganisms, that are resistant to a wide variety of antimicrobials, including β-lactams. This study aimed to isolate and identify carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa from hospitalized patients, to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and to screen for blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-58, and blaOXA-143 genes among the isolated bacteria. METHODOLOGY: Antimicrobial resistance patterns were performed using the disk-diffusion method. Genetic markers related to carbapenem resistance were screened by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. (n = 44) and P. aeruginosa (n = 28) samples were isolated from patients admitted to a tertiary hospital. Polymyxin B was the only effective drug for all isolates. Considering the oxacillinase gene screening, genetic markers were observed only in Acinetobacter isolates. The most frequent genotype observed was blaOXA-23+/blaOXA-51+ (45.5%), followed by blaOXA-51+/blaOXA-143+ (41%). The oxacillinase genes blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-58 were not detected. High mortality rates (> 70%) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest the need for rational use of antimicrobials associated with early diagnosis of multidrug-resistant bacteria, especially considering non-fermenting Gram-negative rods, which are widespread in hospitals. The findings of blaoxa-51(-) strains suggest the occurrence and spread of non-A. baumannii species throughout our hospitals. Effective implementation of surveillance programs in hospitals is needed to reduce infectious and resistant intra- and inter-species bacteria.201627367001
1700110.9998The Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae among Neonates in Kuwait. Increasing numbers of neonates with serious bacterial infections, due to resistant bacteria, are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the neonatal population and their mothers in Farwaniya Hospital in Kuwait and to determine the basis of resistance. Rectal screening swabs were taken from 242 mothers and 242 neonates in labor rooms and wards. Identification and sensitivity testing were performed using the VITEK(®) 2 system. Each isolate flagged with any resistance was subjected to the E-test susceptibility method. The detection of resistance genes was performed by PCR, and the Sanger sequencing method was used to identify mutations. Among 168 samples tested by the E-test method, no MDR Enterobacteriaceae were detected among the neonates, while 12 (13.6%) isolates from the mothers' samples were MDR. ESBL, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and folate pathway inhibitor resistance genes were detected, while beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations, carbapenems, and tigecycline resistance genes were not. Our results showed that the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae obtained from neonates in Kuwait is low, and this is encouraging. Furthermore, it is possible to conclude that neonates are acquiring resistance mostly from the environment and after birth but not from their mothers.202337189605
980120.9998Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase, Plasmid-Mediated- AmpC, and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Companion and Production Animals in Brazil. The crisis of bacterial resistance is an emerging One Health challenge, driven by the overuse of antimicrobials in medical and agricultural settings. This study aimed to investigate extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), Ampicillinase (AmpC), and carbapenemase production, and the presence of genes encoding these enzymes in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp., major contributors to infections and resistance isolates from animals. From 2016 to 2021, 130 multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates were recovered from the secretions, excretions, and organs of companion and production animals with active infections. Antibacterial sensitivity tests, along with phenotypic and genotypic detection of resistance enzymes, were performed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Brazil to estimate the prevalence of XDR Enterobacteriales isolated from companion and production animals, which accounted for 13.8% of the strains. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in resistant bacteria between different classes and within the same class of antibacterial bacteria were found. The statistical probability between genotypic detection of ESBL (OR = 3.1) and phenotypic tests for AmpC (OR = 2.3) was also established. Approximately 32.3%, 17.6%, and 16.8% of the strains had positive phenotypic tests for ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemases, respectively. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of bla(CTX-M) (60.0%), bla(AmpC) (9.18%), bla(KPC-2) (0.76%), and bla(NDM) (1.52%). AmpC genes were identified in 8.46% of the samples, with bla(CMY) being the most frequent (6.92%), followed by bla(DHA) (0.77%), and bla(FOX) (0.77%). The sequenced amplicons were deposited in NCBI. This study reveals critical data on Enterobacteriaceae with antibacterial resistance genes isolated from animals and may pose a significant threat to One health.202539903315
1038130.9998Isolation of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria from Urban Surface Waters in Malaysia. BACKGROUND: This was a preliminary study to test for the presence of multiple antibiotic-resistant extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in Malaysian urban surface waters. Although the literature review revealed several published papers on clinical ESBL isolates in Malaysia, none were found on ESBL isolates obtained from local surface waters. METHODS: Isolated bacterial species were tested for resistance to cefotaxime, amoxicillin/clavulanate and aztreonam, and susceptibility to imipenem and meropenem using antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) by disc diffusion. This served as a screening step to detect bacteria that could be potential ESBL species. 16S ribose ribonucleic acid (rRNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing with two clusters of bla (β-lactamase) gene primers was used to test for the bla genes CTX-M (Groups 1, 2, 9), OXA-1, SHV and TEM. RESULTS: A total of 19 isolates were found, possessing at least one of the bla genes tested for. There was a relatively high occurrence of CTX-M genes (84.2%) among these, followed by TEM genes (47.4%). The isolates were identified as Enterobacteriaceae (89.5%), predominantly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. CONCLUSION: There appears to be a high occurrence of ESBL-bacteria in local surface waters, among these being opportunistic pathogens. The persistence and spread of these species in the environment poses a threat to exposed human populations.201323966820
868140.9998Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in Northwest China. INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, widespread multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a serious problem in healthcare facilities. METHODS: To systematically summarize and investigate the prevalence and genomic features of clinical MDR Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) clinical isolates recovered from the first hospital of Lanzhou University, we collected 50 MDR A. baumannii isolates isolated in the first quarter of 2022 and using whole-genome sequencing investigate the genotypic characteristics. RESULTS: All of these isolates were generally resistant to the common β-lactamase antibiotics. Resistance to cefoperazone-sulbactam varies greatly between different clones. The proportion of CC208 isolates resistant and mediated to cefoperazone-sulbactam is as high as 84.6%. There were no isolates resistant to tigecycline and colistin. The presence of bla(OXA - 23) (94.0%) and bla(OXA - 66) (98.0%) were the most frequent determinants for carbapenem resistance. Two main endemic clones were identified, one (ST469(oxf)) was predominantly circulating in ICUs and carried the same resistance genes, virulence genes and transposons, and the other clone (CC208) carried more resistance genes and had more widely disseminated. DISCUSSION: Our study showed that clinical MDR A. baumannii isolates circulating in our hospital exhibited highly similar genetic features. We should take timely and effective measures to control the further epidemic of these isolates.202438746749
1618150.9998Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli from Fecal Samples of Wild Animals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from wildlife is crucial for monitoring the spread of this microorganism in the environment and for developing effective AMR control strategies. Wildlife can act as carriers of AMR bacteria and spread them to other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans; thus, they have public health implications. A total of 128 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from 66 of 217 fecal samples obtained from different wild animals using media without antibiotic supplementation. Antibiograms were performed for 17 antibiotics to determine the phenotypic resistance profile in these isolates. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was tested using the double-disc synergy test, and 29 E. coli strains were selected for whole genome sequencing. In total, 22.1% of the wild animals tested carried multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates, and 0.93% (2/217) of these wild animals carried E. coli isolates with ESBL-encoding genes (bla(CTX-M-65), bla(CTX-M-55), and bla(EC-1982)). The E. coli isolates showed the highest resistance rates to ampicillin and were fully susceptible to amikacin, meropenem, ertapenem, and imipenem. Multiple resistance and virulence genes were detected, as well as different plasmids. The relatively high frequency of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates in wildlife, with some of them being ESBL producers, raises some concern regarding the potential transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among these animals. Gaining insights into antibiotic resistance patterns in wildlife can be vital in shaping conservation initiatives and developing effective strategies for responsible antibiotic use.202439453061
2302160.9998Antibiotic resistance and its correlation with biofilm formation and virulence genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from wounds. Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most important species of the Klebsiella genus and often causes hospital infections. These bacteria have a high resistance to most of the available drugs, which has caused concern all over the world. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic resistance profile and the ability to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among K. pneumoniae isolates, and then we investigated the relationship between these two factors with biofilm formation and the prevalence of different virulence genes. In this study, 130 isolates of K. pneumoniae isolated from wounds were investigated. The antibiotic resistance of the isolates was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. The microtiter plate method was used to measure biofilm formation. The prevalence of virulence genes was detected by multiplex PCR. Among the examined isolates, 85.3% showed multidrug resistance. 87.6% of the isolates were ESBL-positive. Imipenem, meropenem, and fosfomycin were the most effective drugs. The ability of the isolates to produce biofilm was strong (80%), moderate (12.3%), and weak (7.6%), respectively. fimH, mrKD, entB, and tolC virulence genes were observed in all isolates. High prevalence of antibiotic resistance (especially multidrug resistance), high prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates, the ability of all isolates to biofilm formation, and the presence of fimH, mrKD, entB, and tolC virulence genes in all isolates show the importance of these factors in the pathogenesis of K. pneumoniae isolates in Iraq.202439031267
1611170.9998Molecular Typing of Enterobacteriaceae from Pig Holdings in North-Western Germany Reveals Extended- Spectrum and AmpC β-Lactamases Producing but no Carbapenem Resistant Ones. The increase of extended- spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) in humans and in food-producing animals is of public health concern. The latter could contribute to spreading of these bacteria or their resistance genes to humans. Several studies have reported the isolation of third generation cephalosporin resistant bacteria in livestock animals. However, the number of samples and the methodology used differ considerably between studies limiting comparability and prevalence assessment. In the present study, a total of 564 manure and dust samples were collected from 47 pig farms in Northern Germany and analysed to determine the prevalence of ESBL-E. Molecular typing and characterization of resistance genes was performed for all ESBL-E isolates. ESBL-E isolates were found in 55.3% of the farms. ESBL-Escherichia coli was found in 18.8% of the samples, ESBL-Klebsiella pneumoniae in 0.35%. The most prevalent ESBL genes among E. coli were CTX-M-1 like (68.9%), CTX-M-15 like (16%) and CTX-M-9 group (14.2%). In 20% of the latter two, also the OXA-1 like gene was found resulting in a combination of genes typical for isolates from humans. Genetic relation was found between isolates not only from the same, but also from different farms, with multilocus sequence type (ST) 10 being predominant among the E. coli isolates. In conclusion, we showed possible spread of ESBL-E between farms and the presence of resistance genes and STs previously shown to be associated with human isolates. Follow-up studies are required to monitor the extent and pathways of ESBL-E transmission between farms, animals and humans.201526225428
2253180.9998Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Carbapenemase-Producing Gram-Negative Rods-A Comparative Analysis between Screening and Pathological Isolates. (1) Background: Carbapenem-resistant (CR) bacteria pose a significant global public health challenge due to their ability to evade treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems. This study investigates the biofilm-forming capabilities of CR clinical bacterial isolates and examines the impact of serum on biofilm formation. Additionally, the study evaluates the resistance profiles and genetic markers for carbapenemase production. (2) Methods: Bacterial isolates were collected from the microbiology laboratory of Mures County Clinical Hospital between October 2022 and September 2023. Pharyngeal and rectal swabs were screened for carbapenem-resistant bacteria using selective media. Lower respiratory tract samples were also analyzed for CR Gram-negative bacteria. The isolates were tested for their ability to form biofilms in the presence and absence of fetal bovine serum at 24 and 48 h. Carbapenemase production was detected phenotypically and confirmed via PCR for relevant genes. (3) Results: Out of 846 screened samples, 4.25% from pharyngeal swabs and 6.38% from rectal swabs tested positive for CR bacteria. Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common species isolated. Biofilm formation varied significantly between clinical isolates and standard strains, with clinical isolates generally showing higher biofilm production. The presence of serum had no significant effect on biofilm formation in Klebsiella spp., but stimulated biofilm formation for Acinetobacter spp. Carbapenemase genes bla(KPC), bla(OXA-48-like), and bla(NDM) were detected in various isolates, predominantly in Klebsiella spp., but were not the main determinants of carbapenem resistance, at least in screening isolates. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the variability in biofilm formation among CR clinical isolates and underscores the differences between the bacteria found as carriage versus infection. Both bacterial species and environmental factors variably influence biofilm formation. These insights are crucial for the development of effective treatment and infection control strategies in clinical settings.202439199988
1675190.9998Phenotypic and genetic extended spectrum beta lactamase profiles of bacterial isolates from ICU in tertiary level hospital in Kenya. BACKGROUND: Bacterial infections in the Intensive Care Units are a threat to the lives of critically ill patients. Their vulnerable immunity predisposes them to developing bacteria-associated sepsis, deteriorating their already fragile health. In the face of increasing antibiotics resistance, the problem of bacterial infection in ICU is worsening. Surveillance of bacterial infections in ICUs and drug resistance will help to understand the magnitude of the problem it poses and inform response strategies. We assessed bacterial infections in ICU setting by identifying prevalent Gram-negative bacterial species and characterized their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. METHODS: Cross-sectional samples collected from Kenyatta National Hospital ICU between January and June 2021 were cultured and phenotypic identification of culture-positive samples performed using VITEK 2. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined based on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) results. Cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria were assessed by PCR to detect the presence of ESBL genes including ( (bla) CTX-M, (bla) SHV, (bla) TEM, (bla) OXA). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Out of the 168 Gram-negative isolates, Acinetobacter baumanii was the most abundant (35%). Other isolates that were present at frequencies more than 15% are Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia. coli. A. baumaniii is known to be a notorious bacterium in ICU due to its multidrug resistance nature. Indeed, A. baumanii isolates from Kenyatta National Hospital showed significantly high level of phenotypic resistance. Concordant with the high level of phenotypic resistance, we found high carriage of the ESBL genes among the isolates analysed in this study. Moreover, majority of isolates harboured all the four ESBL genes. CONCLUSION: A high rate of phenotypic and genetic resistance was detected among the tested isolates. Resistance to cephalosporins was primarily driven by acquisition of the ESBL genes. The high prevalence rate of ESBL genes in ICU bacterial isolates shown in this study has a important implication for ICU patient management and general antibiotics use.202339850338